Lecture4漢英翻譯中詞語(yǔ)選擇

1、Lecture 4 Diction in CE Translation漢譯英中詞語(yǔ)的選擇1漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)漢語(yǔ)為弱勢(shì)語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)，但在文字、語(yǔ)音和語(yǔ)法系統(tǒng)上分別由所謂的“代償機(jī)制”，將缺點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化為優(yōu)點(diǎn)。大約分為六點(diǎn)：1）大量使用虛詞。虛詞基本上沒(méi)有固定的詞性，甚至功能意義也不固定，可謂“意隨心轉(zhuǎn)”；2）大量運(yùn)用成語(yǔ)和俗語(yǔ)；3）句子尚短。由于無(wú)形態(tài)語(yǔ)法范疇制約，不利于長(zhǎng)句產(chǎn)生，故崇尚短句，以求言簡(jiǎn)意賅；4）短于推理，長(zhǎng)于直覺(jué)。精短的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，摒棄了機(jī)械式的關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)，讓有關(guān)語(yǔ)詞的意義能鮮明地彼此襯托。其結(jié)構(gòu)是不利于推力思維，卻擅長(zhǎng)于直覺(jué)性的哲理和情感。5）漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法離不開(kāi)上下文脈絡(luò)。漢語(yǔ)的理解基本上以意義為中心

2、，語(yǔ)詞沒(méi)有語(yǔ)音或其他形式上的制約，故應(yīng)置于語(yǔ)意場(chǎng)中才能清楚顯示語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)；6）語(yǔ)法特性不明。故要衡量一個(gè)語(yǔ)詞在語(yǔ)序組合中是否得當(dāng)，必須在語(yǔ)句中認(rèn)清所有相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)的意義。這整體提高了語(yǔ)義問(wèn)題在漢語(yǔ)中的重要性。2英語(yǔ)主要特點(diǎn)1）英語(yǔ)有形態(tài)變化，漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格意義的形態(tài)變化；2）英語(yǔ)詞序較靈活，漢語(yǔ)詞序相對(duì)固定；3）英漢都有大量虛詞，但各有特點(diǎn)；4）英語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)調(diào)(intonation) 語(yǔ)言，漢語(yǔ)是聲調(diào)（tone）語(yǔ)言；5）英語(yǔ)重形合（hypotactic），漢語(yǔ)重意合(paratagtic )3漢英語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)比較英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)為拼音組合文字，字母與音節(jié)多少不一，字形有長(zhǎng)有短，詞不達(dá)意，故重節(jié)奏重音節(jié)、而不重音韻

3、 。而英語(yǔ)表達(dá)必須“清晰、適切、自然、鮮明、生動(dòng)”，切忌邏輯混亂和詞藻堆砌。 漢語(yǔ)四字結(jié)構(gòu)或獨(dú)立成句，成并列排比，或前呼后應(yīng)，結(jié)構(gòu)均稱對(duì)仗，音韻和美，表達(dá)言簡(jiǎn)意賅，音與形柔和一起，極富美感。其排比用法又稱連珠四字句，詞義豐富，文采華麗，語(yǔ)氣連貫，字面意義虛實(shí)相生，重在一股氣勢(shì)和意境。 4漢英語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)比較：形合 v.s.意合形合與意合是語(yǔ)言學(xué)涉及句法問(wèn)題的兩個(gè)重要概念。其相應(yīng)的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)系源于希臘語(yǔ)的hypotaxis 和parataxis。 Hypotaxis(形合): The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of c

4、lauses with connectives; for example, I shall despair if you dont come. (The American Heritage Dictionary p.649) Parataxis(意合): The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house was washed away. (T

5、he World Book Dictionary p.1513) 簡(jiǎn)言之，所謂形合與意合，主要指句與句（包括以聯(lián)合關(guān)系配列及以偏正關(guān)系配列的句與句）之間起連接作用的成分是保留還是省略的一個(gè)句法問(wèn)題。 5漢英語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)比較：形合 v.s.意合英語(yǔ)重“形合” (hypotaxis)1. 以動(dòng)詞為中心的結(jié)構(gòu) （V+NP+Prep./ particles）2. 以名詞為中心的結(jié)構(gòu) （固定詞組+自由詞組）3. 以形容詞為中心的結(jié)構(gòu)4. 以虛詞為中心的結(jié)構(gòu)漢語(yǔ)重“意合” （parataxis）:1.“意合”形成的高度簡(jiǎn)約性使意義濃縮化2. 漢語(yǔ)具有明顯的解釋性和描寫(xiě)性3.審美感性與語(yǔ)言感性的完美嵌合61.

6、 鬢似飛云，面如粉黛，青春健美，秀目顧盼，雨中淋透的花季少女，突然開(kāi)錯(cuò)門(mén)而致謙的慌張神情最美。女人什么時(shí)候最美2. 我看到繁花夾道，流泉淙淙，鳥(niǎo)鳴嚶嚶。（高處何處有？）3. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hur

7、t, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.7漢英翻譯基本要求先讀原文，第一遍主要獲得總體印象，第二遍應(yīng)以雙語(yǔ)者身份逐句深究與分析，對(duì)原文全段意思做深層次的掌握，以便從整體上進(jìn)行翻譯；將原作者通過(guò)帶有漢民族語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)特征的語(yǔ)段（篇）或文本所要表達(dá)的意思、作者的創(chuàng)作意圖、表達(dá)風(fēng)格以及特定的思想傾向性在譯文中再現(xiàn)或表現(xiàn)出來(lái)；翻譯的過(guò)程是一種動(dòng)態(tài)的“忠實(shí)”，尤其是當(dāng)語(yǔ)言文化差異越大，就越需要譯者給予創(chuàng)造性的藝術(shù)再現(xiàn)和表現(xiàn)。8漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及其譯例解析1、意合主軸導(dǎo)向 形合

8、主軸導(dǎo)向：鬢似飛云，面如粉黛，青春健美，秀目顧盼，雨中淋透的花季少女，突然開(kāi)錯(cuò)門(mén)而致謙的慌張神情最美。（女人什么時(shí)候最美）A girl dripping wet from the rain when the door opens discovering her own mistakes, hastily apologizes- eyes animatedly expressive, face as fair as a lily and hair curling like floating clouds, the graceful figure overflowing with blooming

9、 youth.漢語(yǔ)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)的名詞性結(jié)構(gòu) 92. 一夕歸，見(jiàn)二人與師共酌。（嶗山道士）One evening when the disciples came back to the temple, they saw two men drinking with the master.漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句的翻譯10語(yǔ)境意義與翻譯思維1. 任何涂抹都是多余的敗筆。（“人的包裝”）Any attempt to make up would be self-defeating.2. “你不要命了？這水有一人多深吶！”（“遠(yuǎn)去的紅傘”） “Are you crazy? The water is deep enoug

10、h to drown you.”113. 說(shuō)起侄兒和瑩瑩的關(guān)系，還真有一段淵源。（“無(wú)忌的童心”）Speaking of their friendship, there is a story to tell.4. 人生能有幾回搏。（“運(yùn)動(dòng)員的情操”）Chances to compete for championship are few and far between.125. “一只碗值幾個(gè)錢(qián)，也值得你心痛半天，怎么不心痛我割破了手？”（“家是一只瓷碗”） What worth is it to merit your regret? My finger cut by the broken pi

11、ece is no concern of yours!13概念意義的明示與凸顯及虛化與淡化1. 大碗喝茶解渴。 （“飄逸人生”） V1: Drinking tea with a big bowl is a quick way to quench thirst. V2: To drink at a gulp is a quick way to quench thirst. * 文化語(yǔ)境差異與概念語(yǔ)義的嬗變142. 當(dāng)初怎么不把眼睛睜大點(diǎn)！（“家是一只瓷碗”）V1： Why didnt you open your eyes wider when we get married?V2: Do you

12、think you didnt get married with your eyes open wider? 時(shí)間概念的語(yǔ)境照應(yīng)性語(yǔ)義突顯153. 編輯是無(wú)名英雄，應(yīng)當(dāng)受到社會(huì)的尊重。（“談編輯”）V1: Most editors are unsung heroes; they deserve respect of the society.V2: As unsung heroes, editors are entitled to be respected.概念的語(yǔ)境性虛化模糊化164. 我只好用鐵絲來(lái)扎，扎來(lái)扎去也扎不牢，還弄了個(gè)手破血流。（“我需要你”）I tried to bind it

13、with a length of wire, only to end up in an awkward mess, with a bleeding finger. 實(shí)寫(xiě)與虛化的轉(zhuǎn)換 175. 人該年輕就年輕，該年老時(shí)就年老，這是與自然同步。（“人的包裝”）V1: People should look young when they are young, and old when they grow old, synchronizing with the nature.V2: Let your looks change from young to old synchronizing with t

14、he natural ageing process.語(yǔ)義連貫與語(yǔ)句命題的語(yǔ)境化融合；實(shí)寫(xiě)與虛化。18漢語(yǔ)四字詞組和俗語(yǔ)的翻譯漢語(yǔ)的四字詞組是漢語(yǔ)的一大優(yōu)勢(shì)，言簡(jiǎn)意賅，形象生動(dòng)，讀起來(lái)瑯瑯上口，并且具有很強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)力，能給人以美感。四字詞組由四個(gè)詞素組成，通常分為前后兩部分。兩部分之間的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系可以是并列、動(dòng)賓、偏正或主謂關(guān)系。因此，四字詞組又可分為聯(lián)合結(jié)構(gòu)（改革開(kāi)放)、動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)（發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì))、偏正結(jié)構(gòu) (富裕生活) 和主謂結(jié)構(gòu) (市場(chǎng)繁榮)。四字詞組是漢語(yǔ)方塊字的優(yōu)勢(shì)，其他大多數(shù)語(yǔ)言沒(méi)有這種整齊劃一的特點(diǎn)。英譯文沒(méi)有必要保持長(zhǎng)短一致的句式，實(shí)際上也做不到。在英譯時(shí)應(yīng)靈活變通，不受原文形式拘束，只要

15、做到與原文“意義相近，功能相似”。 191直譯：比較完整地保留原詞語(yǔ)的比喻形象、民族色彩和語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格。 1. 中國(guó)有句老話：“瓜熟蒂落”，“水到渠成”。As the Chinese sayings go: “When a melon is ripe, it falls off its stem” and “When water flows, the channel forms.”2. 現(xiàn)在是懸崖勒馬的時(shí)候了。It is time for you to rein/hold the horse on the brim of the escarpment.202. 意譯：犧牲形象，抓住內(nèi)容和喻義，化實(shí)

16、為虛， 化虛為實(shí)。3. 不管是望梅止渴，還是畫(huà)餅充饑，它都會(huì)激勵(lì)你不停手中的漿，去追逐哪怕一星微小的火光。（“盼頭”） Even if there is only a fantasy or an illusion, so long as it shows a ray of hope, it still urges you on in pursuit of the glimmer without let-up.* 特定語(yǔ)境中成語(yǔ)的虛化：望梅止渴：console oneself with vain hopes畫(huà)餅充饑：draw cakes to stave off hunger-feed on i

17、llusions214. 花園里面是人間的樂(lè)園，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的綾羅綢緞，花不完的金銀財(cái)寶。The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.225. 原本干巴巴的一根“光桿司令”如今變成了迎風(fēng)飄舉的綠衣仙子。（“生命的啟示”） Its amazing that a piece of dry and polished rod should have grown into a fairy b

18、eauty clothed in green, waving gently in the breeze! * 文化語(yǔ)境差異與概念語(yǔ)義的嬗變23英漢成語(yǔ)對(duì)比與翻譯 作者： 陳文伯 編著出 版 社： 世界知識(shí)出版社24漢語(yǔ)俗語(yǔ)的翻譯1. 編輯要當(dāng)作者的伯樂(lè)，當(dāng)作者的知音。（“談編輯”）An editor can not only be a good connoisseur of a writers works but also a bosom friend who knows him well.2.她怕碰一鼻子灰，話到嘴邊，又把它吞了下去。She was afraid of being snubb

19、ed, so she swallowed the words that came up to her lips.3. 這事要讓老板知道了，可就要吃不了兜著走了。There will be trouble with a vengeance when the boss hears it.25漢譯英詞語(yǔ)翻譯的其他考慮因素注意漢英詞語(yǔ)褒義、貶義的不同注意漢英詞語(yǔ)輕重的不同注意語(yǔ)體色彩的不同注意文化語(yǔ)境的不同26注意漢英詞語(yǔ)褒義、貶義的不同1. 他們講唯心論，我們講唯物論。They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.2. 我心里暗笑他的迂；他

20、們只認(rèn)得錢(qián)，托他們直是白托！而且我這樣大年紀(jì)的人，難道還不能料理自己么？）唉，我現(xiàn)在想想，那時(shí)真是太聰明了！Oh, when I come to think of it, I can see how smart （smug） I was in those days.27注意漢英詞語(yǔ)輕重的不同1. 他總算把記者招待會(huì)對(duì)付過(guò)去了。He survived the press conference in the end.2. 妻子問(wèn)他，“你為什么同來(lái)得這么晚?干什么去了?” 他說(shuō)道：“難道你要限制我的活動(dòng)自由嗎？”“Why back home so late? What did you do some

21、where?” the wife demanded.“Do you understand you want to hamper my actions?” the husband retorted.28注意語(yǔ)體色彩的不同1. 余冬日往視，但見(jiàn)哀柳寒煙，一水茫茫而已。Chinese is a Language of Artistic Concept . (意境語(yǔ)言)A. I went there in winter and could see nothing but unanimated trees and smokes. There is only a range of poor water.B

22、. While in winter, nothing was enjoyable but the lonely willows and quiet water.C. I went there, however, on a winter day and saw only a stretch of cold water against some sparse willow trees and a frosty sky.29Appropriateness and politeness in business translation1. 今隨函寄上標(biāo)題合同正本一式兩份，請(qǐng)會(huì)簽后寄回一份，以便存檔。 W

23、e are enclosing herewith the captioned contract in two originals, of which please return one copy to us duly countersigned.2. 請(qǐng)告你方市場(chǎng)詳情。We shall be grateful/obliged if you can provide us with all possible information on your market.30注意文化語(yǔ)境的不同1. 布衣蔬食a. wear clothes of cotton and eat vegetables.b. wea

24、r coarse clothes and eat simple food2. 看你紅光滿面。a. Your face is very red.b. You look so healthy and full of pep.3.爭(zhēng)取運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)與精神文明雙豐收 a. For a good harvest in sports record and spiritual civilizationb. For better (athletic) records and sportsmanship . 31漢語(yǔ)新詞語(yǔ)的翻譯1. 新事物、新概念、新現(xiàn)象的詞語(yǔ)翻譯軍嫂暴發(fā)戶倒兒爺 傍大款 安家費(fèi) 安居工程 福利分房打白條soldie