青島濱海學院課程課件

1、英語精品課程 孫敏副教授1第一章 翻譯的性質(zhì)，標準及要求第二章 翻譯的過程第三章 英漢語言對比分析 第四章 英漢文化對比分析第五章 辨證施治第六章 重在交際第七章 慎與修辭第八章力戒“翻譯體”英語精品課程2第二章 翻譯的過程2.1 正確理解2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解 2.3 充分表達目錄32.1.1 正確理解Part One 理論一正確理解：即正確把握原文的思想內(nèi)容、感情和風格等的過程。方法：（1）從整體到局部（2）從局部到整體即先進行宏觀分析，再進行微觀研究，微觀和宏觀相結(jié)合。試譯下述句子：I had not known him for 20 years without learning th

2、at he always kept in the upper left pocket of his waistcoat the little book in which he put down his engagements目錄42.1.1 正確理解二正確理解過程：分析句子的結(jié)構框架弄清各部分之間的語法關系； 此句由一個主句 “I had not known him for 20 years ” 和 兩個分句 “that he always kept in the upper left pocket of his waistcoat the little book”和 “in which he

3、 put down his engagements”組成。 (2) 分析各部分在整個框架中的語義關系;第一個分句是“l(fā)earning”的賓語從句，第二個分句是定語從句，修飾限定 “book”。（3） 根據(jù)漢語表達習慣將全文譯出：我認識他已20年之久，知道他馬甲左上方的那個口袋里，總是放著一個小本本，里面寫著他的約會安排。目錄實踐5Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.1實踐 1 實踐 9 實踐 16實踐 2 實踐 10 實踐 17實踐 3 實踐 11 實踐 18實踐 4 實踐 12 實踐 19實踐 5 實踐 13 實踐 20實踐 6 實踐 14實踐 8 實踐 156Part Two 翻譯實踐

4、練習 2.1.11、After repeated failures and disappointments he was tempted to throw up the sponge, but continued perseverance finally brought success. 多次的失敗和失望險些讓他自暴自棄，但是堅持不懈的努力最終給他帶來了成功。 目錄實踐7Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.12、The passenger declared that he had lost his ticket, but the inspector suspected that he wa

5、s trying it on, and that actually he had not paid for fare. 這位乘客聲稱丟失火車票，檢票員懷疑他實際上沒有買票，而想蒙混過關。 目錄實踐8Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.13.The discussion as to whether or not the defaulting company was liable to pay damages turned upon the meaning of a word in the contract.關于該違約公司是否賠償順勢的討論，取決于合同中一個詞的含義。實踐目錄9Part Two

6、 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.14、If he refuses to take my advice on this occasion, as he has done so often before, I shall wash my hands of the affair, and he can fend for himself.如果他此時像往常那樣拒不接受我的建議，我將不再插手此事，他可自行處理。目錄實踐10Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.15、There are a few creases in the jacket, where it has been folded up in a su

7、itcase, but they will wear out.由于在箱子里折迭存放，夾克衫留下了幾道折痕，但是這些折痕會消失的。目錄實踐11Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.16、A reward of 5 will be paid to anyone who shall give information leading to the apprehension of the thief.凡提供緝拿小偷的線索者，均可獲賞金5英鎊。目錄實踐12Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.17、There are still those who are proud of their old sch

8、ool tie; band who shall say that their pride is not justified? 有些人為老校友的情誼而自豪；誰能說他們的這種自豪感不在情理之中呢？目錄實踐13Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.18、Thing always went smoothly in the office because the three or four clerks that were employed worked in with one another.辦公室里的工作有條不紊，因為三四個雇員配合得很默契。目錄實踐14Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.19、

9、Details of the train alterations were written up inside the main entrance to the station.列車時刻的變動情況貼在火車站的入口處。目錄實踐15Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.110、I used to see him quite frequently, but since he became wrapped up in business, I have lost touch with him.以前我常常見到他，可自從他經(jīng)商后，我們便失去了聯(lián)系。目錄實踐16Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.111

10、、I know it is late to be asking you to reserve places for my three children in your fall class but I trust that in considering this request you will not overlook the outstanding achievements of my two sons during their earlier time with you, and I can assure you that my daughter is in every way thei

11、r equal.我知道，請你在你的秋季開學的班里為我的三個孩子保留位子，為時已晚。但是，我相信你在考慮我的這個請求時，不會忽視這個事實，以前我的兩個兒子在你身邊時成績出眾；我還可以想你保證，我的女兒與我的兒子相比，在哪個方面也不遜色。目錄實踐17Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.112、I will be here for another two weeks and would appreciate a confirming letter from you before my departure.我還將在此停留兩周，離開之前如能受到你的確認書，我將不勝感激。目錄實踐18Part Two

12、翻譯實踐練習 2.1.113、I still treasure your sketch of the fat German tourists staring with such visible lack of appreciation at the Mona Lisa.至今我仍珍藏著你那幾張素描：幾個肥胖的德國游客，兩眼直直地盯著蒙娜麗莎畫像，顯然缺乏欣賞力。目錄實踐19Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.114、Our visit did more to illustrate to Eleanor what marriage to an Italia is like than anyth

13、ing I could have told her.我們此行讓埃莉諾見識了意大利人會是種什么情形，這比說什么都管用。目錄實踐20Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.115、The strenuous sightseeing of the previous weeks left me exhausted and unable to ignore any longer the recurring back pains that are the inevitable toll of cobblestone streets.前幾個星期的觀光游覽弄得我上奔波的結(jié)果。目錄實踐21Part Two 翻譯

14、實踐練習 2.1.116、How I look forward to sitting across from you at supper again, listening to you describe your new profit-sharing plan.我多么希望再次坐在你的對面，一面吃晚餐，一面聆聽你講述你的分享利潤辛計劃呀。目錄實踐22Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.117、I dont know how carefully you read The New York Times but surely you have noticed that the society se

15、ction, in cases where both families are equally prominent, often uses a picture of bride and groom leaving the church in place of the usual bridal portrait.我不知道你讀紐約時報的細心程度，但有一點可以肯定，你一定注意到社交欄目不再像往日那樣刊登新郎和新娘離開教堂的照片。目錄實踐23Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.118.Caution is an admirable quality for a man in your positio

16、n but, based on what I have seen of your character and your ability in the past year, I would say your future in this community is assured.謹慎是處于你這種地位的人的可敬品格，但是根據(jù)過去一年我對你的性格和能力的觀察，不妨說你在這個社區(qū)的未來是有保障的。目錄實踐24Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.119、As we stood waving until your train disappeared in the direction of New Or

17、leans, Sam suddenly took me in his arms and announced we were leaving on a honey-moon of our own at the end of the week.我們站在月臺上，揮動著雙手，目送你們乘車消失在奔向新奧爾良的遠方。這時，薩姆突然把我摟在懷里，說我們將在周末去度蜜月。目錄實踐25Part Two 翻譯實踐練習 2.1.120、Forgive me for conferring the title of grandfather on a man who earned it only through marr

18、iage , but, never having had a child to call him father, Tom is doubly grateful for the role of grandfather.原諒我把祖父的頭銜加在一個只有通過婚姻關系才能獲得的男子頭上，但是湯姆會對沒有兒子喊他父親就當上祖父表示倍加感激。目錄實踐262.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解Part One 理論實現(xiàn)正確理解的方法：進行語言分析，包括語義分析，語境分析和語用分析。1. 語義分析(Semantic Analysis)：說明處在一定語境中、按照一定次序排列的詞項之間的關系，探索語項的意義。盡量把握源出語的

19、全部意義，是翻譯成敗的關鍵。目錄272.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解首先，必須注意詞的概念意義（即詞的本意）和關聯(lián)意義（即詞的轉(zhuǎn)意） 例如：（1）Seat oneself in a wooden chair 坐在木椅里 （本意）（2）accept a university chair 同意在大學里執(zhí)教 （轉(zhuǎn)意）（3）chair the board meeting 主持董事會 （轉(zhuǎn)意）（4）condemned to the chair 被處電刑 （轉(zhuǎn)意）目錄282.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解5.There are a few creases in the jacket, where it has be

20、en folded up in a suitcase, but they will wear out.由于在箱子里折迭存放，夾克衫留下了幾道折痕，但是這些折痕會消失的。目錄292.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解2. 把握意義關系（Sense Relation）,特別注意同義與反義、褒義與貶義、多義與歧義等關系。如：第一組 （一詞多義）a. Ill be back in a couple of days 我?guī)滋旌蠡貋?。b. It was said that they would back the plain. 據(jù)說他們會支持這個計劃。c. Its the last straw that breaks

21、the camels back. 最后添加的一根稻草壓斷了駱駝的脊梁。目錄302.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解第二組 （褒義與貶義）Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. 漢斯對那位先生說他是他所見的最勇敢的人。他明顯是阿諛奉承。（貶義）Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.布朗先生收到邀請他作

22、演講的邀請函感到受寵若驚。目錄312.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解3. 了解文化特性、歷史演變、社會發(fā)展和技術進步的影響。例如：a. “Greek and Latin are all English to me,” said Oscar Wilde.“希臘語和拉丁語對我來說都很容易,” 奧斯卡王爾德說。王爾德是英國著名劇作家。他反用習語It is Greek to me (這對我太困難)，將希臘語和拉丁語比作自己的母語（英語），言下之意是“不難”。目錄322.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef.在地

23、里放牧的是牛，我們在餐桌上吃的是牛肉。在漢語中，動物肉一般由動物名+“肉”字構成，如牛肉、羊肉、豬肉等，但相應的英語卻是beef, mutton, pork等。目錄332.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解It is a white lie.這不是惡意的撒謊/這是善意的撒謊。（這是白色的謊言。）lie 原意為懷有惡意的謊言，但后來獲得了一種沒有惡意的新解釋，為了區(qū)分二者，人們稱前者為black lie,后者為white lie.Stabilization（穩(wěn)定法）, neutralization (中和作用)，chain reaction(連鎖反應) 等詞語的用法都是技術進步的結(jié)果。目錄342.2.2

24、如何實現(xiàn)正確理解4. 了解語言的隨意性和約定俗成性。例如： a. milk the cow 擠牛奶 b. milk the bull 徒勞之舉c. out of question 不成問題 d. out of the question 不可能e. people-to people diplomacy 民間外交 win-win talks 雙贏會談e-commerce 電子商務e-government 電子政務目錄352.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解5. 注意詞語的搭配關系，邏輯關系和上下文關系。例如： a. He wrote his 12th novel at the ripe age of 85

25、. 他85歲高齡時完成了12部小說。 其中ripe 不作mature 或full grown 解，而是advanced in years 之意。 b. -“Well, old boy, ” said the visitor, “ its nice to see you up and about.” “Up, yes, “ the patient said, “but about, noat least mot much.”“喂，老兄，”探視者說?！耙姷侥闫饋碜邉幼邉?，真高興。”“是能下床了，”病人說，“若說走動，還不行至少還不太行?！蹦夸?62.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解二、語境分析 （Anal

26、ysis of Context of Situation）在翻譯中我們從詞典中尋找詞語的對等意思，但詞典給我們的常常是其基本義，或?qū)μ柸胱尼屃x，無法直接用在譯文中，應該根據(jù)語境來確定這句話或詞語怎么說。 所謂語境分析，一是指分析語言內(nèi)部的上下文關系（通過語言環(huán)境分析），二是分析話語與經(jīng)驗世界的關系（通過非語言環(huán)境分析）。目錄372.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解上下文分析分析一詞與周圍的關系 如：a. Today a politician without elbows is as lost as a politician without principles.Elbows意為“勇氣（macho）,

27、指總統(tǒng)候選人應有的品格譯文：如今一個沒有勇氣的政治家就像一個沒有原則的政治家一樣無所作為。目錄382.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解b. This campaign shows that Mondale, far from being a patsy(懦夫), is a politician with elbows.譯文：這次競選表明蒙代爾不是一個懦夫，而是一個勇氣十足的政治家。c. He is always politically incorrect.他總是講話不合時宜。這是美國英語特有的表達法，只能叢社會、文化大環(huán)境中理解詞義。目錄392.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解確認一短語是否是一個語義整體。例

28、如，下述話語中的a good table 就有其獨立的含義，它受上下文的制約；倘若不假思索地譯為“一張質(zhì)地優(yōu)良的桌子“，勢必令人捧腹大笑?！癐 dont know what you do with your brass,” said Mr. Scurridge. “ I spend it on you,” she said, “Always a good table, you must have. Never anything short.“不知你掖著臭錢干什么用,” 史力卡先生說?！肮┠愠院妊?！”她回答道?！澳憧偸且欢ㄒ院煤群?，缺一點也不行?！?目錄402.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解練習：a

29、. The face is the index of the mind. 心中有事，必形于色。b. Far from eye, far from heart. 別久情疏。c. Mr. Lear is trying to oil the judges palm. 李爾王想賄賂法官。d. He has stolen a match on me. 我讓他占了先。e. Today in the New York Stock Exchange, all the brokers are tailed up.在今天的紐約證券交易所大廳里，經(jīng)紀人無不神采飛揚，興致勃勃。目錄412.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解2.

30、 非語境關系：指話語及其組成部分與文化和自然環(huán)境有關方面的各種關系，以及人類社會中人們之間的相互關系；也就是語言與經(jīng)驗世界的關系。（1）研究話語發(fā)生時的整個情況。例如：It Its freezing cold here.此 這句話可能有下列幾種意思：作為直接話語，僅僅提供信息，向在場的聽話者說明那里太冷；作為簡介言語行動，表示請求、希望聽者打開暖氣或給爐子加點煤作為反語，抱怨說話的地方太熱。目錄422.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解（2）注意肢體語言的作用。眼神、手勢、點頭、搖頭等都有傳情達意的作用。例如：“You think we might” he glanced at the hut“have

31、 been like thisyou and I?”She shook her head.“你覺得我們你和我，他掃了一眼那間小屋，“或許像這樣？”她搖了搖頭。文中的 “他”和“她”原來是一對情人，但后來她嫁給了小屋的主人?！八睊咭谎坌∥萁o“像這樣”作了解釋，“她”搖頭說明了她的不同意見。目錄432.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解三、語用分析（Pragmatic Analysis） 所謂語用分析,是通過語用學的思考，對語言的交際意義進行綜合分析的方法之一，旨在了解和確定講話人與所講話語之間的關系，或者說在把握語言符號與使用語言符號的人的關系。這種關系常常表現(xiàn)為簡化人的感情、態(tài)度、情緒、意念等。目錄4

32、42.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解1、把講話人當作言語行動的參與者講話人不僅傳達信息，而且還表達一定的態(tài)度，贊成或反對，請求或命令，威脅或勸誘，褒揚或貶抑，推薦或命令，等等，其中，有的成分見諸字面有的則埋藏于字里行間。閱讀第19頁上的例句，分析其感情色彩。（略）目錄452.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解2、充分考慮語用理據(jù)（Pragmatic Motivation）要對語言變式金雄分析和研究，以便在譯語中尋找對等物。如：- Mr. Smith laid off Miss Black. （一般過去時）史密斯先生把布萊克小姐給解雇了。這是一個基本句，主要回答Who laid off Whom?的問題。目錄4

33、62.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解2.Mr. Smith has laid off Miss Black.(現(xiàn)在完成時)主要回答 What foolish thing has Mr. Smith done to Miss Black? 的問題。3、Miss Black was laid off by Mr. Smith.布萊克小姐被史密斯先生解雇了。主要回答 What happened to Miss Black? 的問題。4、It is Mr. Smith who laid off Miss Black.是史密斯先生解雇了布萊克小姐。主要回答 Who is it that laid off Mi

34、ss Black? 的問題。目錄472.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解弄清講話人的意圖，進而決定表達方式。確認but, even, and 等詞的語用意義。 如：Harry is a professor, but cant spell.哈利是教授，奇怪的是他不會拼寫。其中but表示驚奇，甚至遺憾。Even Max tried on the pants.甚至馬克思也試穿了這條褲子。其中even包含著also和too的意義，但后兩者并無前者的言外之意出乎意料感。And outtalked to him this way after all hed done for you.他不也是為了你嗎？你怎么竟然這

35、樣跟人家講話呢？這里的and表示驚訝、不滿或氣憤。注意something, anything, nothing 的特殊意義目錄482.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解3、確定某些定語從句的狀語化作用。如： They tried to stamp out the fire, which spread all the more furiously throughout the block.他們試圖撲滅大火，結(jié)果火勢愈來愈猛，燒遍了整個街區(qū)。（譯成結(jié)果狀語）4、對某些狀語從句采用變通譯法。如：It will be a couple of years before we meet again.兩年后我們會再見

36、面的。實踐目錄492.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解實踐 1 實踐 9 實踐 17 實踐 2 實踐 10 實踐 18 實踐 3 實踐 11 實踐 19 實踐 4 實踐 12 實踐 20 實踐 5 實踐 13 實踐 21 實踐 6 實踐 14 實踐 22 實踐 7 實踐 15 實踐 23 實踐 8 實踐 16 實踐 24 502.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解Part Two 翻譯實踐練習1、She told me she and Henry made a vow in September when they partedto renounce the limited early love and cons

37、ecrate their lives to art.她告訴我，9月份她與亨利分手時就發(fā)誓結(jié)束這場有限的塵緣，而將自己的一生奉獻給藝術。目錄實踐512.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解2、They had corresponded faithfully all year, each encouraging the others single-minded pursuit of his chosen art form, but it came as quite a shock to Eleanor, who has studied sculpture with the devotion of a man

38、who shares his flat.一年之中他們之間書信來往從未間斷，相互勉勵對方一心一意地追求自己選擇的藝術形式。但是，令埃莉諾感到十分震驚的是，正當她像修女一樣潛心研究雕刻之時，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)亨利在同房間的一個男青年的陪同下寫詩。目錄實踐522.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解3、Old playwrights advise young actors, promising artists question acknowledged geniuses, would be poets fawn over literary lions.年老的劇作家為年輕的演員出謀劃策，有前途的藝術家向公認的天才挑戰(zhàn)，自詡的

39、詩人奉承巴結(jié)文學名流。目錄實踐532.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解4、I cannot argue with your reasoning that television equipment is still in an early stage of development, but at my age I cannot afford to wait for technical refinements.你認為電視尚處在開發(fā)階段，我無力與你爭辯；但是到了我這個年紀，我不能等待技術完善了。目錄實踐542.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解5、My husband made quite a name for hi

40、mself in real estate and insurance circles during the eight years we lived in Dallas.我們在達拉斯生活的八年間，我丈夫在不動產(chǎn)與保險業(yè)界頗負盛名。目錄實踐552.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解6、I am more alive in the presence of a letter from you than in the company of most of the people I encounter in my life.令我感到精神抖擻的與其說是與我一生中交往的大多數(shù)人相遇，毋寧說是見到你的來信 目錄實踐56

41、2.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解7、My first marriage survived many stormsfrom within and withoutbut no turbulence can compare to the agony of being becalmed. Like the Ancient Mariner, I inhabit “a painted ship on the painted sea.”我的第一次婚姻經(jīng)歷了內(nèi)外多次狂風暴雨而維持下來，然而，歸于平靜后的痛苦是任何風暴無法相比的。我就想柯勒律筆下的古舟子那樣，居住在“畫中的船上，漂浮在畫的海洋上?！蹦夸泴嵺`572.

42、2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解8、If children are accorded the respect as adults, they can be counted on to display comparable manners.加假如兒童像成年人那樣受到人們的尊敬，他們會同樣對人彬彬有禮。目錄實踐582.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解9、Old age should be regarded the respect as a reward for a lifetime of hard work, but it can only be a punishment if one insists on do

43、ing the same things one has always done, measuring the present achievements with the past ones, and inevitably falling short.年老應該被當成終生艱苦工作的一種獎賞，但是，對于一個執(zhí)意要重操舊業(yè)，堅持要以過去的豐功偉績衡量今日成就而必然無望的人說，年老只能是一種懲罰。目錄實踐592.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解10、As your future husband has chosen a field of endeavor where the risks areas high a

44、s the potential rewards, be prepared to offer him any support necessary to achieve his goals; only then will you have earned the right to share in his success.如果你的未婚夫選擇了一個報償與風險俱高的奮斗領域，那你就準備著為了實現(xiàn)他的奮斗目標而提供一切必不可少的幫助和支持吧。只有如此，你才能獲得與他分享成功的權利。目錄實踐602.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解11、Farming is an occupation that will never

45、 hold much interest for her ,since she is a city dweller at heart though it took 18 years of her life and marriage to an ambitious man to realize it.辦農(nóng)場絕非是十分令她感興趣的職業(yè)，盡管為此她花費了18年的心血，付出了嫁給一個野心勃勃的男人為妻的代價，因為心底里她是一個城市女 目錄實踐612.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解12、The conductor told the boy off for throwing litter on the floor

46、 of the bus.乘務員責備那個男孩在公共汽車里亂扔東西。目錄實踐622.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解13、The manufacturers have high hopes of the new models performance, but it has yet to be tested out.各廠家對這種新型產(chǎn)品的性能抱有很高的期望，但有待于驗證 目錄實踐6314、Honest and courageous people could be quieted when they came to realize that outspoken opposition was fruitless

47、, the dishonest could band together to divide spoils.正直勇敢的人意識到直言不諱地提出異議毫無結(jié)果時，便緘口不語，而那些無恥小人則會聚集在一起，瓜分他們的 “戰(zhàn)利品?！蹦夸泴嵺`642.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解15、I have found since that time there are countless people over the country willing to commit themselves in the same way, without thinking of personal reward毫不計較個人得失 目錄實踐

48、652.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解16、I remember thinking that, second only to governmental reorganization, improving the criminal justice system in my state could be my greatest contribution as governor.我記得曾經(jīng)想過，除了改組政府以外，作為州長，我的第二大任務時改善本州的刑事司法制度 目錄實踐662.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解17、He seemed delighted to come back South to work at

49、improving Georgias prison system with the full backing of my administration.他似乎很喜歡返回南方工作，在我主持的政府的權利支持下，致力于改善佐治亞州的監(jiān)獄體系。目錄實踐672.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解18、Our radio transmitting equipment was drowned out by the pounding salt water, and we could not send our daily location report to Pacific Fleet Headquarters.連續(xù)不斷

50、沖擊的海水浸壞了我們的無線電發(fā)報機，我們無法向太平洋艦隊司令部報告我們每天的方位。目錄實踐682.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解19、In 1994, the electric consumption in the textile mill went up 15%, while its consumption of coal down 30%.1994年，這家紡織廠的電耗量上升了15%， 而煤耗量減少了30%。目錄實踐692.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解20、Our lives were so interdependent, dependent on every man knowing his job,

51、 that no lack of enthusiasm was tolerated, and that on one who was lackadaisical remained uncriticized and uncondemned.我們的生命彼此息息相關，我們的生命與每個人熟悉自己的職責密切相連，不容漫不經(jīng)心。任何人懈怠懶惰，必將受到批評和譴責。目錄實踐702.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解21、The whole settlement was amazed at the stream of big black Cadillacs, Packards, and Lincolns which h

52、ad come from other states. 來自各州的巨型“凱迪拉克“牌、”柏卡德“牌和”林肯“牌汽車，川流不息，令整個居民點的人驚訝不已。目錄實踐712.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解22、Our farm and sore are about one-half mile east of Archery on the dirt road towards plains. 我們的農(nóng)場和商店坐落在通往平原鎮(zhèn)的土路上，在阿切里以東約半英里的地方。 目錄實踐722.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解23、Our early years of my life in an out-of-the-way vill

53、age full and enjoyable, isolated but not lonely.我的早年是在一個偏僻的農(nóng)村里度過的，生活充實而愉快，雖然與世隔絕，但并不寂寞。目錄實踐732.2.2 如何實現(xiàn)正確理解24、As a 12-year-old boy, I was appalled when I checked the book War and Peace out of the library because it was about 1,400 pages long, written by the Russian novelist Tolstoy, and of course, n

54、ot about cowboys.12歲那年，我從圖書館里借到一本戰(zhàn)爭與和平，不禁大吃一驚。原因是這部由俄國小說家托爾斯泰寫的長達1400多頁的巨著，與牛仔全然無關。目錄實踐742.3.1 充分表達Part one 理論一、充分表達所謂充分表達，即利用對目的語的駕馭能力，完全恰如其分地表達原文的思想內(nèi)容、立場感情和風格筆調(diào)。充分表達要防止兩種傾向：過分表達（over-representation）即，不顧原文本意如何，任意添枝加葉；欠充分表達（under-representation）即：或任意刪減，或不顧作者感情態(tài)度，或不計文體風格。 目錄752.3.1 充分表達Reports of new

55、 successes keep pouring in.捷報頻傳。（充分表達）He sold hard-to-get items.他行賄受賄，兜售緊俏商品。畫線部分為胡亂添加。When we were in port, my crew was responsible for moving, installing and modifying the items to be tested the next week. To compound the problems, our ship Wyoming was declared to be unsafe.原譯：入港后，艦上的官兵們忙著搬運、安裝、調(diào)試

56、儀器和設備，迎接下星期的試驗。就在關鍵時刻，我們的“懷俄明”號被宣布為不安全。原文有兩處漏譯：to compound the problem(使問題復雜化)和good(好端端)。目錄762.3.1 充分表達二、直譯與意譯1、直譯(literal translation): 譯文的語言表達形式，在目的語規(guī)范容許范圍內(nèi)，基本上遵循源語表達的形式，而又忠實于原文的意思。如；The proof of the pudding is in the eating.要知道布丁的滋味，就要親自吃一吃。2、意譯（free translation）: 譯文的語言表達形式，完全遵循目的語的規(guī)范而不考慮源語的表達形式，

57、但又忠實于原文的意思。如：One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一個和尚挑水吃，兩個和尚抬水吃，三個和尚無水吃。目錄772.3.1 充分表達實踐 1 實踐 2 實踐 3實踐 4 實踐 5 實踐 6 實踐 7實踐 8目錄782.3.1 充分表達Part Two 翻譯實踐練習1、The 1.248 billionth Chinese was born in 1999.到了1999年，中國人口已達到12.48億。2.The substance that gives up hydrogen is said to be oxidized and the one, which accepts the hydrogen, is said to be reduced.釋放氫的物質(zhì)被稱為氧化了的物質(zhì)，而吸收氫的物質(zhì)被稱為還原了的物質(zhì)。目錄792.3.1 充分表達3.Too clearly, it is a topic we shall do no justice to in this place. (T.Carlyle:On Heroes and Hero-worship)很顯然，像這樣一個問題，我們在這里是不可能講透徹的4、He had left