公共管理專業(yè)外語（英）課件講義

1、IntroductionWhy do we study English for Public Administration?On one hand, to learn a language is not for tests, but for using. This course will give you a chance to use English. You will have another year to read, listen, speak and write in English, which will certainly be helpful in improving your

2、 English level.On the other hand, you will learn how to read books in English and to read foreigners thoughts in the original language. English is a very important language that be used all around the world. Many books and important articles are written in English, especially in the field of public

3、administration. The course will force you to read a book write by a foreign scholar in English and you will touch the authors thought by reading the original book other than the translation. This will be helpful to your major.How to study English for Public Administration?First of all, try to learn

4、by doing. People learn in different ways. Some people learn by doing things; other people learn by reading about things; others learn by listening to people talk about things. For our course, wed better learn by doing, or learn by using. That means you should work hard to read in English, listen to

5、English, speak in English, write in English, and most important, think in English. Dont rely on the teacher.Secondly, preview and review are very, very important. There are many new words, phrases and difficult sentences in every chapter, which will be your biggest problem in the first 2 or 3 months

6、. Teacher cant explain all of them in the class because we should focus more on the content and ideas. So, if you want to understand the text better and catch up with teachers step, please do preview it well. Review will help you to grasp the important ideas of each chapter, and save you from the mu

7、d of new words and confusion of ideas.Thirdly, dont worry about the course, and keep your self-confidences. At first glance, the text maybe very difficult, but experiences have indicated that you will find it not so hard after 2 or 3 months. At the same time, every one has different levels of Englis

8、h ability. Some are strong in speaking, others are not as strong. Some are good at writing, others not so good. In fact, every individual student has certain strong points, certain weak points. So, dont be ashamed by your English performance. Perhaps another student speaks more fluently than you but

9、 then maybe your reading and writing is better than theirs. Remember, you are taking this course to improve your English, dont always measure your English ability against other students. About the textbook.1) Basic information The whole name: public administration: clashing values in the administrat

10、ion of public policyAuthor: Michael C. LeMay, California state universityPublisher: Wadsworth Groop, 2002 2) Three distinguishing features of the bookFirst, its thematic approach is different. Far from being value-neutral, this text explores the theme that va1ues and the clash of values are at the h

11、eart of public administration. Values are considered here as things thought to be desirable and esteemed for their own sake as intrinsically worthy. Values connote principles, goals, or standards held by individual, a class, an organization, or a society. Students are led to consider how often and i

12、n what ways bureaucrats deal with values and how they must draw a line between competing values as they implement public policy. This theme, moreover, is not just some device to loosely organize the book-it infuses every chapter. The clash of values in the administration of public policy is an inher

13、ently interesting concept, one that should make this textbook more readable.Another area of exploration is the many roles that public administrators play throughout the policy process. Bureaucrats are not seen as mere implementers of policy adopted by the legislative branch or imposed from above by

14、elected executives. Instead, bureaucrats are seen as affecting every stage of the policy process-from perceiving a problem to placing it on the agenda of government, to constructing and constraining the alternatives that elected officials use to make decisions, to sharing in the adoption of policy,

15、to implementing public policy through programs and procedures largely determined by bureaucrats, and to evaluating that policys success or failure.Second, its consistent focus on bureaucrats at all levels of government, especially at the state and local levels. Most textbooks about pub1ic administra

16、tion pay little attention to state and local government bureaucracies-even though they are at least three times larger than national-level bureaucracies, whether measured by the number of programs, the numbers of employees, or the total amount of funding. Especially with devolution, state and local

17、governments and their bureaucracies are where the action is in the administration of public policy. They tend to be more innovative, so this textbook draws from many examples of state- and local-level bureaucracies. As with the theme of the clash of values, a focus on state and local administration

18、constitutes a significant portion of most chapters of this book.Third, its use of pedagogical devices throughout:boxed material, readings, cartoons, tables, figures, glossaries, and InfoTrac references. Almost every chapter illustrates key points or concepts with boxed materials from current and pra

19、ctical experiences of administrators at all levels of government. Readings at the ends of chapters obviate the need to assign a separate reader along with the text. These selections are lively, current, and add interest to the text. Of course, if the instructor prefers to use a reader of longer, sch

20、olarly journal articles and many excellent ones are available with classic articles collected in a single volume. Insightful cartoons are also included to enliven the text for the student-and to make thought-provoking points.Important journals: Administration and Society, American Political Science

21、Review, International Migration Review, Journal of American Planning Association, Journal of Human Resources, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Journal of Social Issues, Journal of Systems Management, National Review, Policy Studies Journal, Political Science Quarterly, Public Innovator, Publi

22、c Interest, Public Relations Review, Science, Social Policy, State Legislatures, Washington Monthly, Washington Quarterly, World Policy Journal, Yale Law Journal, Academy of Management Review, Administrative Law Journal, Administrative Law Review, Administrative Science Quarterly, American Journal o

23、f Political Science, American Review of Public Administration, Civil Service Journal, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Reports, Governing, Harvard Business Review, Intergovernmental Perspectives, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Management Science, Midwest Review of Public Administration, Na

24、tional Law Journal, Public Administration Quarterly, Public Administration Review, Public Personnel Management, Public Policy, Publics, State and Local Government Review, State Government, and Transaction.Each chapters summary recapitulates the main points and presents review questions for the stude

25、nt to consider. One of these questions focuses the student back to the end of chapter reading to consider more fully the points being made or illustrated throughout.Each chapter ends with a collection of valuable Web sites that the student can consult on the chapters subject matter that cover variou

26、s levels and aspects of government and administration.3) Some limitsFirst, it mainly focuses on situation of the United States.Second, there is a little confusion in content arrangement.4) OrganizationThe book is divided into three broad parts. Chapters 1 through 5 discuss the sources of values and

27、value conflicts. Chapter 1 serves as a general introduction, providing an overview of the art and science of balancing values in the administration of public policy. Chapter 2 covers the social, political, economic, and environmental context of public administration-how the political system provides

28、 both values and social change. Chapter 3 presents an anatomy of public organization, discussing bureaucratic power and internal sources of values in administration. Chapter 4 examines the federal system and intergovernmental relations with an emphasis on the constitutional framework of federalism a

29、s a source of values. Chapter 5 discusses the alternative theories of organizational behavior and how these models of organization become sources of predominant values in administration. Chapters 6 through 10 look at internal operations of bureaucracy and how they shape or are affected by values and

30、 value conflict. Chapter 6 concerns decision making in the administration of public policy, and how decision-making processes deal with the problem of goals and values. Chapter 7 deals with the management of bureaucratic organizations and the strategic use of values in policy making and administrati

31、on. Chapter 8 covers personnel issues and unionism in public administration with an emphasis on unions as a source of value conflict. Chapter 9 concerns leadership, the relationship of the chief executive and bureaucracy, and the political the lesson values associated with the search for accountabil

32、ity. Chapter 10 discusses communication flows in administration and what one might well call the fuzzing of values. Chapters 11 through 14 look broadly at the use of values to control and evaluate public policy processes and administration. Chapter 11 examines financial management-taxing, budgeting,

33、 and spending processes-and the productivity challenge of the budget process. It illustrates budgetary politics and financial management as placing monetary values on the priorities of any given administration. Chapter 12 looks at administrative law and the use of courts and the law to control publi

34、c agencies. It stresses law and ethics as important sources of values and value conflict in public administration. Chapter 13 covers clientele pressures and governmental regulatory administration. It examines interest groups as sources of values and the use of regulatory politics for governmental at

35、tempts to determine societal values. Chapter 14 discusses evaluation of public policy implementation. It views evaluation as the swinging of the pendulum of administrative politics between and among competing values. 5) Values as ThemesConsistent throughout the text and integrated in each chapter ar

36、e the following values: freedom, equality, order, responsiveness, efficiency, neutrality, tolerance, societal versus individual rights, limited government, popular sovereignty, separation of powers and checks and balances, judicial review, judicial activism or restraint, federalism, freedom of expre

37、ssion, the right to assemble, functional administration, chain of command, standard operating procedures, national versus local standards, accountability, comparable worth, affirmative action, reverse discrimination, entitlement, rationality, and maximum participation. In conclusion, this course is

38、a challenge for both you and me. I hope we can cooperate well and improve our English ability and knowledge of public administration together. Hope you enjoy the lesson!Chapter 1Balancing Values in the Administration of Public PolicyKey Termsvalue Something thought of as being desirable or useful; a

39、 thing esteemed for its own sake as being intrinsically worthy; the principles, goals, or standards held by or accepted by an individual, class, organization, or society.administration The management of the affairs of government and of its primary institutions. The execution and implementation of pu

40、blic policy.public policy Decisions made by government to pursue a purposive course of action taken by governmental actors to cope with a perceived problem.bureaucracy The administration of government through departments and agencies managed by a set of appointed officials who follow an inflexible r

41、outine.efficiency The ability to produce a desired good, service, or effect with a minimum of effort, expense, or waste.limited government The national political value that holds That government is best which governs least.line agency A governmental unit that meets directly with and provides a parti

42、cular good or service to the public.staff agency A governmental unit that serves an executive; it deals with line agencies to supply, assist, or help control them.neutrality Dealing with all citizens equally before the law and not playing favorites by granting some citizens benefits or services but

43、denying them to others because of race, creed, national origin, or political affiliation.popular sovereignty Governmental actions that reflect the will of the population.public administration Whatever governments do to develop and implement public policy.red tape Excessive use of rules, regulations,

44、 and procedures to the point they become ends in themselves rather than means to an end.responsiveness The extent to which government reacts readily to suggestions or appeals from its citizens as individuals or groups or through institutions.tolerance The value of protecting the rights of individual

45、s and groups who are perceived to be different.IntroductionThe central point of the dichotomy of politics and administration: legitimate authority to make public policy should be limited to elected officials, courts, and political appointees.The value: political neutrality. It is seldom attained.The

46、 essential politics of public administration lies in determining which and whose values will predominate. Central to the study of public administration are concerns with how those values arise, where they come from, and how they infuse the implementation of public policy.Example: regulation of the n

47、ursing home industry in California. It shows that the values are at the heart of public administration.Main PointsThe clash of values in the administration of public policy.Attention: learn the meaning of each value firstly.efficiency versus responsivenessIt seems good that a government is responsiv

48、e to the will of the people: government will do whatever the people demand. But in fact, if a government is too responsive, it would be too costly. So, to prevent a government from excessive responsiveness, government also had to reflect a competing value, that of efficiency. To run efficiently, gov

49、ernment would sometimes have to refuse to produce some good or service that some, even many, citizens were demanding. To be efficient, government had to be less responsive.public versus privateThat refers to public or private ownership of the means to produce essential goods and services demanded by

50、 citizens.Questions:What goods or services are often conducted by public agents?What goods or services are often conducted by private enterprises?Why do government agencies have to step in private commerce?Prevent private enterprises from creating publicly harmful results.The private ownership and p

51、rovision of an essential good or service fails.Public ownership, private managementneutrality versus tolerance Dealing with all citizens equally before the law or treat “protected classes” preferentially.Upholding tolerance may necessarily limit neutrality.Please give some example.economic capitalis

52、m versus individual rightsUnfettered capitalism can easily harm individual rights.limited government versus popular sovereigntyLimited government: that government is best which governs leastPopular sovereignty: government should reflect the will of the majorityThe study of public administrationkey c

53、oncepts: maybe you have known the concepts very well in Chinese. Now we have a good chance to learn how to explain them in English.Administration and Red Tape: the latter is the negative connotation associated with the former.Bureaucracy: pay attention to the negative connotationinefficient organiza

54、tion, excessive red tape, and structural arrangements.Public Policy: it is public administrations very reason for being. The Policy Process: six stages Public Administration: it is what government agencies do to develop and implement public policy.The structures of government in the executive branch

55、Why does the author produce these for us? According to the author, one way in which values affect public administration is through the shape of a governmental structure.Line and staff agenciesthe former: face to the public; the latter: face to the executivesThe structures: (find the Chinese names of

56、 the agencies by yourselves)The executive office of the president (EOP)Cabinet-level departmentsIndependent agenciesGovernment corporationsIntergovernmental agenciesEvolving approaches to the study of public administrationValues changed-government developed-study of public administration evolvedback

57、ground: before representative system, the typical political system is monarchy (absolute rulers), and there no study of public administrationthe era of representativeness 19th century value: representativeness effects: strong legislatures and weak executives; political party system developed and bec

58、ame institutionalized; interest groupsneutral competence and the period of reformBegan in the first decade of the 20thcentury and ended with World War II. Value: neutral competenceManifested in three areas: the civil service system; the dichotomy of administration and politics; the development of st

59、ructural arrangementsFirst phase: the first two decades of the 20thcentury; concerned on the dichotomy of administration and politics.Second phase: 19101937; emphasized the “principles of administration”. Pay attention to the essays and books. The principles are one of the major sources of values th

60、at infuse public administration in both theory and practice.The executive leadership eraPost World War II Strengthen the executives abilityThe systems framework and the ecology of public administration SummaryRather than justifying a dichotomy between politics and administration, values lie at the v