職業(yè)大學(xué)英語Unit Ten

1、Unit TenText AText B能力分析訓(xùn)練Text A Passenger was one of the early users of E-commerce in the electronic markets. The use of Internet made travel industries to gain competitive advantage from the development of all kind of systems. The travel industry is expanding rapidly around the globe. It is not un

2、common to find people in a luxury hotel who have paid twice what others have for the same room. The Internet is an ideal place to plan, explore, and arrange almost any trip. Potential savings are available through special sales and the elimination of travel agents by buying directly from the provide

3、rs. Virtual travel agencies will offer you almost all the services you will find in a conventional travel agency, ranging from information to reservation and purchasing of tickets for your trips, accommodations, and entertainment. In addition to regular services, you will find services most conventi

4、onal travel agencies do not offer, such as tips provided by people who have experienced certain situations (like a visa problem), electronic travel magazines, fare comparisons, currency conversion, fare tracking (free E-mail alerts on low fares to your favorite destinations), worldwide business and

5、places locator, shopping for travel accessories and books, experts opinions, major international and travel news, driving directions in the United States and several other countries, chat rooms and bulletin boards, and frequent flier deals. The benefits of online services to travelers are enormous.

6、The amount of free information is tremendous and it is accessible anytime from any place. Substantial discounts can be found, especially if you have time and patience. You can take fantasy trips and get the feeling of being there. Soon, the addition of virtual reality will help you to enjoy virtual

7、trips. You do not have to go to the travel agency and you can have lots of fun. Online travel has its limitations. First, many people do not use the Internet. Second, Web sites want to sell, not to provide information. Finally, complex trips require specialized knowledge and arrangements, which must

8、 be done by a travel agent. Therefore, the need for travel agents as intermediaries is assured, at least in the immediate future. However, as we will show later, intelligent agents may lessen some of these limitations, reducing the reliance on travel agents. Intelligent agents could be involved in b

9、uyer-seller negotiations as shown in the following scenario: You want to take a vacation in Hawaii. You called a regular travel agent who was too busy; finally, he gave a plan and a price that you do not like. A friend told you to use an intelligent agent. Here is how it works: Step 1. You turn on y

10、our PC and enter your desired destination, dates, available budget, special requirement, and desired entertainment. Step 2. Your computer dispatches an intelligent agent that “shops around”, entering the Internet and communicating electronically with the databases of airlines, hotels, and other vend

11、ors. Step 3. Your agent attempts to match your requirements against what is available, negotiating with the vendors agents. These agents may activate other agents to make special arrangements, cooperate with each other, activate multimedia presentations, or make special inquiries. Step 4. Your agent

12、 returns to you within minutes, with suitable alternatives. You have a few questions; you want modifications. No problem. Within a few minutes, its a done deal. No waiting for busy telephone operators and no human errors. Once you approve the deal, the intelligent agent will make the reservations, a

13、rrange for payments, and even report to you about any unforeseen delays in your departure.Notes 1It is not uncommon to find people in a luxury hotel who have paid twice what others have for the same room. 句中有兩處否定：not和uncommon，注意雙重否定即是肯定。 本句譯為：在高級賓館，有人花別人兩倍的價錢而住同樣的房間的情況并不鮮見。 2You will note that sever

14、al of the services are customized per the consumers request. 這里的are customized per the consumers request也可轉(zhuǎn)譯成“一對一的”。 本句譯為：你將會注意到有些服務(wù)是根據(jù)顧客的要求進行定制。 3The company also offers unique “specials”, such as discounted rooms from top hotels. 這里的top作“頭等的，最高級的”解釋。例如： top officials 最高級官員 top talks 最高級會談 top hono

15、rs 最高榮譽 本句譯為：公司還提供獨一無二的“特價”，如最高級飯店的房間折扣。Text B Advertising is an attempt to disseminate information in order to effect a buyer-seller transaction. In a traditional sense, advertising was impersonal, one-way mass communication or mass marketing, which was paid for by sponsors. Telemarketing and direc

16、t mail were attempts to personalize advertising in order to make it more effective. These direct marketing approaches worked fairly well but were expensive. The Internet redefined the meaning of advertising. The Internet has enabled consumers to interact directly with advertisers and advertisements.

17、 Several of the major methods used for advertisements are: Banners advertising is the most commonly used form of advertising on the Internet. As you surf your way through the information superhighway, banners are everywhere. The file size of the image should be about 7kb to 10kb. The smaller the fil

18、e size, the quicker it loads. Designers of banners pay a lot of attention to the size of the image because long downloading times may cause a viewer to become impatient and move on before the banner is fully displayed. T 1Banners A splash screen is an initial Web site page used to capture the users

19、attention for a short time as a promotion or lead-in to the site home page or to tell the user what kind of browser and other software they need to view the site. The major advantage of a splash page over any other advertising method is that one can create innovative multimedia effects or provide su

20、fficient information for a delivery in one visit.2Splash screen Search engines often provide space (spot) in their home page for any individual business to lease. The duration of the lease depends upon the contract agreement between the Web site host and lessee. Unlike banners, which show up at vari

21、ous times, the ad place on the spot will always be there; hence, competition is reduced. The disadvantage of spot leasing is that the size of the ad is often small and limited, causing some viewers to miss the ad. Also, the cost can be very high.3Spot leasing The major advantage of using URL as an a

22、dvertising tool is that it is free. Any site can submit its URL to a search engine and be listed. Also, by using URL the targeted consumer can be locked and the unwanted viewers can be filtered because of the keyword function. 4URL (Universal Resource Locators) On the other hand, the URL method has

23、several drawbacks. First, due to intense competition, a companys listing at the top of the list of a search engine can easily be replaced by others. Moreover, different search engines index their listings differently. Another way to advertise on the Internet is to purchase E-mail addresses and send

24、the company information to those on the list. The advantages of this approach are its low cost and the ability to reach a wide variety of targeted consumers. 5E-mail Electronic chat refers to an arrangement where participants exchange messages in real time. The software industry estimates that sever

25、al hundred thousand Web sites have millions of chat rooms.6Chat RoomNotes 1Advertising is an attempt to disseminate information in order to effect a buyer-seller transaction. 本句譯為：廣告的用意是有效地進行買賣交易。 2Advertising、advertisement、ad都是“廣告”的意思，其中advertising（總稱）告，而ad則是advertisement的縮寫。 3These direct marketin

26、g approaches worked fairly well but were expensive. 這里的work作“起作用，產(chǎn)生影響”解釋。例如： The medicine worked. 藥物奏效了。 The appeal worked powerfully upon him. 呼吁對他起了強烈的作用。 本句譯為：這些直接的營銷方法非常奏效，但費用昂貴。 4The Internet has provided the sponsors with two-way communication and E-mail capabilities, as well as allowing the s

27、ponsors to target specific groups on which they want to spend their advertising dollars, which is more accurate than traditional telemarketing. 這里的as well（as）作“也，又”解釋。 例如：He is a worker, and a militiaman as well. 他是工人，也是民兵。 He knows Japanese as well. 他也懂日語。 The child is lively as well as healthy. 這孩

28、子既健康又活潑。 The test is important for me as well as for you. 這場考試對你我都很重要。 本句譯為：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為贊助商提供了雙向溝通以及發(fā)送郵件的功能，并允許其定位于那些他們愿意支付廣告費用的特定客戶群上，這比起傳統(tǒng)的電信營銷要更加精確。 5Advertisers go to great lengths to design a banner that catches consumers attention. 這里的go to great lengths是一個固定習(xí)語，作“竭盡全力”解釋。例如： He went to great lengths t

29、o prove to me that he had earned his success by hard work. 他竭盡全力向我證明他的成功是通過自己的艱苦努力取得的。 本句譯為：廣告設(shè)計者竭盡全力設(shè)計出能抓住消費者目光的廣告條。 6Banners contain links that, when clicked on, transfer the customer to the advertisers home page. 本句中that, when clicked on, transfer the customer to the advertisers home page引導(dǎo)的是一個定語

30、從句，修飾前面的先行詞links，但在該定語從句中嵌套了一個省略了主語的時間狀語從句when clicked on，該省略的主語就是指示代詞that所指代的links，當從句的主語和主句的主語相同時，從句的主語可省略。 本句譯為：廣告條包含鏈接，點擊鏈接就能切換到廣告贊助商的主頁。 7On the other hand, the URL method has several drawbacks. 這里的on the other hand，“另一方面”，有時也用on the one hand，on the other hand“一方面，另一方面”。 例如：On the other hand, b

31、ecause each assembly language is different, a program cannot be moved from one type of computer to another. 另一方面，因為每一種匯編語言都是不同的，所以（用匯編語言編寫）程序是不能從一種類型的計算機上移到另一種類型的計算機上。 本句譯為：另一方面，使用URL方法也有一些缺點。ExercisesTrue or false 1Advertising is an attempt to disseminate information in order to effect a buyer-sell

32、er transaction. 2Telemarketing and direct mail were attempts to personalize advertising in order to make it less effective. 3The Internet has enabled consumers to interact indirectly with advertisers and advertisements. 4The Internet has provided the sponsors with two-way communication and E-mail ca

33、pabilities, as well as allowing the sponsors to target specific groups on which they want to spend their advertising dollars, which is more accurate than traditional telemarketing. 5The larger the file size, the quicker it loads. 6Banners contain links that, when clicked on, transfer the customer to

34、 the advertisers home page. 7Search engines often provide space (spot) in their home page for any individual business to lease. 8Different search engines index their listings similarly. 9The advantages of E-mail are its low cost and the ability to reach a wide variety of targeted consumers. 10Electr

35、onic chat refers to an arrangement where participants exchange messages in real time. 1In a traditional sense, advertising was i , one-way mass c or mass marketing, which was paid for by s . 2Designers of banners pay a lot of attention to the size of the i because long d times may cause a viewer to

36、become impatient and move on before the banner is fully displayed.Put in the missing information based on the text 3There are two types of banners: k banner and r banner. 4The major advantage of a s page over any other advertising method is that one can create i m effects or provide sufficient infor

37、mation for a delivery in one visit. 5The disadvantage of s l is that the size of the ad is often small and limited, causing some viewers to miss the ad. 6By using URL the t consumer can be locked and the unwanted viewers can be f because of the keyword function. 7E-mail is emerging as a m channel th

38、at affords c -e implementation and better, quicker response rates than other advertising channels. 8C capabilities can be added to a business site for free by letting software chat vendors host your s on their site.能力分析訓(xùn)練Skills of UnderstandingSkills of Translation Skills of Business E-mail Writing

39、Skills of Oral Language in Working Condition Skills of Understanding影響閱讀速度的幾個障礙點 閱讀能力很大程度取決于閱讀習(xí)慣。 不良閱讀習(xí)慣可以被稱為阻礙閱讀速度提高的障礙。 這些不良習(xí)慣主要有以下幾個方面。 逐字閱讀是阻礙閱讀速度提高的主要因素之一。 有些人習(xí)慣一個詞、一個詞地閱讀，而不能以詞組或意群為單位連貫地進行閱讀。1逐字閱讀 例如，一個由20個詞組成的句子，如果每次只讀一個單詞，讀完這句話要20次。 如果一次讀兩個詞，則10次就可以完成。 而讀得快的人每次目光停留在一個詞組上。 下面這句話如果按詞組劃分則為A sma

40、rt terminal can input and retrieve 1 2data and also do some limited 3 4processing on its own 5such as editing or verifying data. 6 閱讀這段話只需要六次就完成了。 而且，逐字閱讀時由于眼睛一直在紙上快速移動，無法連成圖像，不利于理解；如按意群閱讀則可以幫助理解作者的思想觀點，因為大腦的思維活動是連續(xù)不斷的。 克服逐字閱讀習(xí)慣的主要辦法是掌握視幅技術(shù)，擴大視幅。 視幅就是一次所視內(nèi)容的幅度。 應(yīng)把視幅從以詞為單位向以意群為單位轉(zhuǎn)變，并以關(guān)鍵詞為閱讀焦點。 這樣閱讀的速

41、度就會成倍提高。 影響閱讀速度的另一個因素是回視。 所謂回視就是指在閱讀的過程中，不斷向回看，重復(fù)閱讀已經(jīng)看過的內(nèi)容。 回視有以下幾種：回視全文、回視段、回視句或詞組。2回視 雖然為加強理解進行必要的回視是可以的。 但多數(shù)人進行回視是出于一種習(xí)慣，認為這樣更可靠，能夠加深理解印象。 實際上多數(shù)人的回視沒有效果，也沒有必要，而且極影響速度。 在所有影響閱讀速度的弊病中，回視也是最容易克服的一種。 只要注意防止回視，閱讀速度很快就會提高。 聲讀是另一種常見的閱讀弊病。 多數(shù)人的這種習(xí)慣是在中、小學(xué)進行大量朗讀訓(xùn)練中形成的。 遇到文章就自覺不自覺地朗讀起來。 甚至有一些人認為這是學(xué)習(xí)英語的一個好習(xí)慣

42、，其實它嚴重影響了閱讀速度。 其主要原因是朗讀受人們講話速度的影響，制約了速度。 一般人說話時的速度是120150單詞每分鐘，而閱讀的速度可達到400單詞每分鐘。 多數(shù)人的閱讀速度是講話速度的兩到三倍。3聲讀和心讀 心讀也是聲讀的一種形式，是在頭腦中的朗讀。 表面上看這種朗讀并沒有讀出聲來，但聲音器官卻處于緊張的工作狀態(tài)。 心里自始自終在自言自語，清晰地發(fā)出并聽到每個字音。 這種無聲閱讀同有聲閱讀沒有根本區(qū)別。 這同樣影響了閱讀速度。 要提高閱讀速度就要避免聲讀和心讀。 經(jīng)常有人說在閱讀時無法集中自己的注意力，即使能夠集中也只是短時間的。 這也是提高閱讀速度的障礙。 許多人認為克服注意力分散的

43、好辦法是重復(fù)閱讀，以穩(wěn)定的慢速閱讀。 其實，正是這種慢速度的閱讀使人們有時間去思考其他事情，結(jié)果是進一步分散了注意力。 適度的快節(jié)奏的閱讀可以產(chǎn)生一種緊張感，使人們更加集中自己的注意力。4注意力不集中 閱讀者都想在不影響速度的情況下盡量提高理解率。 但是，一些人認為無論讀什么文章，都應(yīng)做到切實、全面、深入理解。 他們往往過于重視理解，而忽視了速度。 通常他們一邊閱讀，一邊分析和翻譯。其實，對于快速閱讀來說，根本無需這么做。 這樣不但不能幫助理解，還會影響閱讀速度。5力求理解，不重速度 當然，學(xué)習(xí)快速閱讀，開始會影響到理解率。 為了消除這種影響，就必須學(xué)習(xí)閱讀技巧。 首先，應(yīng)該提高速度。 在提高

44、了速度之后，再訓(xùn)練提高理解的能力和準確度。 尤其應(yīng)該注意不要一遇到困難就降低閱讀速度。 其實，當大腦適應(yīng)了以較高速度接收信息時，理解力也會在此速度下得到提高。 這樣，理解力會比以往更好。 除此以外，還有以下一些影響閱讀速度的因素。 （1）頻繁查閱字典 這是一種較普遍的現(xiàn)象。主要有兩個原因：一是詞匯量少，二是抓不住關(guān)鍵詞。 解決詞匯量少，主要有兩個辦法：一是擴大閱讀，多記憶單詞；二是了解構(gòu)詞法，學(xué)會猜新詞。（2）過多的語法分析和翻譯 這種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的主要原因在于教學(xué)中過多地采用了語法分析。 在許多外語教學(xué)中，要求逐字逐句的分析：分析時態(tài)、句子成分，要學(xué)生翻譯每一個詞。 這種習(xí)慣大大影響了閱讀速度。

45、 閱讀的主要目的是理解，翻譯則不只是理解，而是要達到再創(chuàng)造。 閱讀只需要在頭腦中把文字轉(zhuǎn)換成圖像，而翻譯則需要把圖像再用另一種文字正確地表達出來。 因此，閱讀時要盡量注意不去進行翻譯，無論是口頭上的還是筆頭上的。Skills of Translation常見的計算機英語及縮寫 PC：Personal Computer，個人計算機、個人電腦，又稱微型計算機或微機。 NC：Network Computer，網(wǎng)絡(luò)計算機。 MPC：Multimedia Personal Computer，多媒體個人電腦。 MMX：是MultiMedia eXtensions（多媒體擴展）的縮寫，是第六代CPU芯片的重

46、要特點。 MMX技術(shù)是在CPU中加入了特地為視頻信號（Video Signal）、音頻信號（Audio Signal）以及圖像處理（Graphical Manipulation）而設(shè)計的57條指令，因此，MMX CPU極大地提高了電腦的多媒體（如立體聲、視頻、三維動畫等）處理功能。 Intel Pentium 166MHz MMXTM：Intel Pentium是英特爾（Intel）公司生產(chǎn)的“奔騰”CPU。 166MHz指CPU時鐘頻率，MHz即Mega Hertz的縮寫。 MMXTM中的TM是“Trade Mark”的簡寫，意為“注冊商標”。 OOP：Object Oriented Pro

47、gramming，面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蛟O(shè)計。 所謂“對象”就是一個或一組數(shù)據(jù)以及處理這些數(shù)據(jù)的方法和過程的集合。 面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蛟O(shè)計完全不同于傳統(tǒng)的面向過程程序設(shè)計，它大大地降低了軟件開發(fā)的難度，使編程就像搭積木一樣簡單，是當今電腦編程的一股勢不可擋的潮流。 28VGA：28是指彩色顯示器上的黃光網(wǎng)點間距（點距），點距越小的顯示器，圖像就越細膩、越好，這是因為彩色屏幕上的每個像點都是由一組紅、綠、藍光匯聚而成的，由于在技術(shù)上三束光還不能100%地匯聚在一點上，因此會產(chǎn)生一種黃光網(wǎng)點的間隔，這種間隔越小，屏幕上顯示的圖像越清晰。VGA是Video Graphics Array（視頻圖形陣列）的縮寫。

48、FAT：File Allocation Table，文件分配表，它的作用是記錄硬盤中有關(guān)文件如何被分散存儲在不同扇區(qū)的信息。 EPA：Environmental Protection Agency的簡稱，美國環(huán)境保護署。 EPA于1992年宣布了“能源之星”（Energy Star）計劃，并得到了國際社會的積極響應(yīng)。 只要啟動電腦，過不了幾秒鐘就能見到屏幕上出現(xiàn)“能源之星”的標志。 能源之星的目標是當電腦系統(tǒng)的各個部件不活動時自動進入低功耗狀態(tài)，當部件的能動性恢復(fù)（即當鍵盤、鼠標等被使用）時，電腦系統(tǒng)自動回到完全清醒的狀態(tài)。 對于符合能源之星規(guī)范的產(chǎn)品，EPA將發(fā)給能源之星標志“EPA POL

49、LUTION PREVENTER”，意為“美國環(huán)境保護署認可的防污染的節(jié)能產(chǎn)品”。 IC卡：Intelligent Card，智能卡。 ATX：一種新的電腦機箱、主板、電源的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范。 IDE：集成電路設(shè)備或智能磁盤設(shè)備。 DLL：Dynamic Link Library，動態(tài)鏈接庫。 KB：Kilo Byte，KB表示千字節(jié)。K=Kilo，構(gòu)詞成分，表示“千，千米，公斤，公里”。B=Byte，意為“字節(jié)”，是電腦中最小存儲單位（一個字節(jié)可以存儲一個英文字母，每兩個字節(jié)可以存放一個漢字）。 MB：Mega Byte，MB表示兆字節(jié)。M=Mega，構(gòu)詞成分，表示“兆，百萬”。 GB：Giga B

50、yte，GB表示吉字節(jié)。G=Giga，構(gòu)詞成分，表示“吉，十億”。 CAI：Computer-Aided Intelligence，計算機輔助教學(xué)。它將是21世紀最重要、最受歡迎的教學(xué)手段。 CAD：Computer-Aided Design，計算機輔助設(shè)計。 CAM：Computer-Aided Manufacturing，計算機輔助制造。 ISO：International Standard Organization，國際標準化組織。 ISO于1987年推出有關(guān)質(zhì)量管理和質(zhì)量保證的ISO 9000系列國際標準，于1994年又發(fā)布了經(jīng)過修訂的標準。 其中，構(gòu)成ISO 9000系列標準的主要標

51、準分別是：1ISO 90001:1994質(zhì)量管理和質(zhì)量保證標準第一部分：選擇和使用指南。2ISO 9001:1994質(zhì)量體系設(shè)計、開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、安裝和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量保證模式。3ISO 9002:1994質(zhì)量體系最終檢驗和試驗的質(zhì)量保證模式。 3DS或3D Studio：Three Dimension Studio，三維攝影室。 是美國Autodesk公司推出的一套多功能三維動畫軟件，集實體造型、靜態(tài)著色和動畫創(chuàng)作于一體，極大地普及了三維造型技術(shù)。 它能夠與AutoCAD進行圖形信息交換，利用掃描儀輸入圖形，通過VGA與電視轉(zhuǎn)換接口將動畫輸出至電視或錄像帶。 VR：Virtual Reality，虛擬

52、現(xiàn)實，又稱投入3D，由空軍模擬飛行裝置演變而來，基本上是利用左、右視覺空間交替變換顯示圖像的原理產(chǎn)生立體效果，實際上已超出圖像處理的范疇，是綜合光、聲、圖像的計算機生成環(huán)境，人們能夠像在實際生活中那樣對虛擬環(huán)境中的對象進行交互式操作，虛擬現(xiàn)實應(yīng)用前景極為廣闊。 OCR：Optical Character Recognition（光學(xué)字符識別）的縮寫，是指將文字材料通過掃描儀輸入作為計算機圖像文件，通過軟件識別為中文或英文內(nèi)碼，然后進行文字處理。 由于手寫體的隨意性太大，目前OCR主要限于印刷文字的識別。 目前代表中文OCR識別準確率最高水平的是清華文通公司出品的THOCR NT for Win

53、dows。 SCSI：Small Computer System Interface，小型計算機系統(tǒng)接口，它是為解決眾多的外部設(shè)備與計算機之間的連接問題而開發(fā)的。 OEM：Original Equipment Manufacturer，原始設(shè)備制造商。 Microsoft OEM：微軟OEM產(chǎn)品。它是指預(yù)安裝在微機上的軟件操作系統(tǒng)，包括Windows98、Windows NT、WorkStation、Windows3.X、MSDOS。 MIS：Management Information System，管理信息系統(tǒng)。 它廣泛地應(yīng)用于各行各業(yè)，國內(nèi)最有名的管理信息系統(tǒng)有“王特MIS”、“雅奇MI

54、S”、“Quick MIS”。 PNP：Plug and Play，即插即用，它是Window98的一個重要技術(shù)特性。 所謂即插即用是指將符合PNP標準的PC插卡等外圍設(shè)備安裝到電腦時，操作系統(tǒng)自動設(shè)定系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的技術(shù)。 這就是說，當用戶安裝新的硬件時，不必再設(shè)置任何跳線器開關(guān)，也不必用軟件配置中斷請求（IRQ）、內(nèi)存地址或直接存儲器存?。―MA）通道，Windows98會向應(yīng)用程序通知硬件設(shè)備的新變化，并會自動協(xié)調(diào)IRQ、內(nèi)存地址和DMA通道之間的沖突。 OLE：Object Linking and Embedding，對象連接與嵌入，簡稱OLE技術(shù)。 OLE不僅是桌面應(yīng)用程序集成，而且還定義和實現(xiàn)了一種允許應(yīng)用程序作為軟件“對象”（數(shù)據(jù)集合和操作數(shù)據(jù)的函數(shù)）彼此進行“連接”的機制，這種連接機制和協(xié)議稱為部件對象模型（Component