翻譯英語翻譯基礎講義

1、翻譯（MTI）英語翻譯基礎講義主講：1一、基本要求（一）中文文化、政治、經(jīng)濟、法律等方面的知識（二）英漢兩種語言的基本功（三）較強的英漢、漢英轉換能力二、內(nèi)容（題型）（一）詞語翻譯 英譯漢 15 個（英文術語、縮略語或是專有名詞）15 分，30 分鐘詞語翻譯 漢譯英 15 個（中文術語、縮略語或是專有名詞）15 分，30 分鐘（二）英漢互譯 英譯漢（兩段或是一篇文章，250-350 單詞，60 分，60 分鐘）英漢互譯 漢譯英（兩段或是一篇文章，150-250 單詞，60 分，60 分鐘）總體比三級筆譯（60 分鐘 350-400 單詞）要低?！靶?、達、雅”三大要求文化背景（社科類文章）三、詞

2、匯復習策略主要范疇：政治、社會、文化、經(jīng)濟、環(huán)境等）、China Daily 等、人文知識、語言學、文學類、翻譯理對策：各大、論等方面的詞匯四、英漢互譯策略主要范疇：政治、經(jīng)濟、記敘文、散文、文言文等等對策：需要掌握基本翻譯理論和技巧散文選很重要側重學校復習對英語國家有所了解，特別是熱點問題五、考點（一）定語從句的翻譯（二）非謂語動詞的翻譯2（三）語態(tài)的翻譯（四）代詞的翻譯（五）形容詞和副詞的翻譯（六）增詞與減詞（七）主謂搭配（一）定語從句的翻譯定語？中文定語的位置和英文定語的位置1定語從句的前置合譯法：On the whole, such aonly if the child can be

3、acan be drawn wicertain degree of confidence, butmed to have had the same attitude towards the test as theothers with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack ofrelevant information which theysessed.長難句翻譯首先要斷句，主要抓連接詞，如句中的 with, but, only if, with whom, and, by,which；然后進行翻譯，

4、一部分一部分翻譯，保留原句的標點；第三步重讀，只看譯文。要想得高分背單詞，掌握中英文語言的知識點。On the whole 譯為“整體上來說”。such acan be drawn 知識點為語態(tài)，把語態(tài)轉換為主動語態(tài)，翻譯為“得出這種結論”，在譯文中盡量不出現(xiàn)“被”。a certain degree of confidence 為“一定程度的自信，一定程度的把握”。第二個知識點介詞 with，英文中的介詞翻譯為動詞，例句：He went to Beijing by plane. By 翻譯為“坐，乘，搭”。英文的介詞還可以譯為方位詞，例句：There is a book on the desk

5、. On 翻譯為“上”。要點：介改動。With 譯為“需要，通過，根據(jù)，憑借”。such acan be drawn wi握”。certain degree of confidence 譯為“得出這種結論需要一定程度的把廢話與主句的關系。中文的語序：先出主語+廢話+主句。英文語序：廢話+主語+主句或主語+主句+廢話。英文一般開門見山，中文比較迂回。例句：高度重視兩國之間的雙邊關系。翻譯：China is a major develo world and attaches great importance to the bilateral relationship bet一個發(fā)展中的大國，cou

6、ntryhen the UnitedSes and China (口譯角度). As a major develocountryhe world, China attachesgreat importance to the bilateral relationship bet角度).n the United Ses and China (筆譯3but only if the child can be amed/ to have had the same attitude /towards/ the test/as the others /with whom he is being compar

7、ed. 知識點：can be amed 轉換成主動語態(tài)。譯為“但是只要假設這個孩子對于測試的態(tài)度和與之相比較的其他孩子的態(tài)度一樣”。and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which theysessed.by=because of，注意否定轉移，because 和 by 引導從句時不轉移，引導短語需要否定轉移。They 代詞翻譯要指明要點，在句中指的是 the others。譯為“并且只要他沒有因為缺少別的孩子所擁有的相關信息而受到懲罰”。2定語從句的前置合譯法與后置分譯法：關系詞的翻譯很重要。短前長后短

8、的定語從句需要前置合譯法，長的定語從句需要后置合譯法。定語從句小于等于八個單詞需要前置，大于八個單詞需要后置合譯法。有多個從句循環(huán)套用時，從句長度 1+2 約=從句 3 時，1 和 2 放在一起，3 單獨翻譯；從句長度 2+3 約=1 時，從句 2 和 3 放在一起，1 單獨翻譯。Behavioristggestt the child who is raised in an environment where there aremany stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experie

9、ncegreaterellectual development.首先斷句，抓連接詞。關系代詞和人稱代詞要指明要點。Behavioristggestt“行為主義者認為”。 the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli“孩子生長在有許多刺激的環(huán)境里”。which develop his or her capacity forappropriate response，his 和her 翻譯為“其”，“這些刺激培養(yǎng)了其適當反應的能力”。will experience greater的智力提高”。ellect

10、ual development，will 前缺少主語，“孩子就會有更大譯文：行為主義者認為，如果孩子有許多刺激的環(huán)境里，而這些刺激又培養(yǎng)了其適當反應的能力，那么這個孩子就會有更大的智力提高。為了讓句子更加通順，在不影響句意的情況下，可以適當增加虛詞。2定語從句的前置合譯法與后置分譯法：The Greeks amedt the structure of language had some connection with thepros of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverselan

11、guages could be.斷句，在t, which, before, how 出斷句。Some 指的是“某些”。非限定性定語從句采用后置合譯法，關鍵要判斷清楚關系詞指代的是什么，which 指的是前面的一句話，譯為“這種觀點或論點”。整句翻譯為“希臘人認為語言的結構和思維的過程之間存在著某些聯(lián)系，而這種觀點在人類語言的多樣性之前就已經(jīng)在歐洲植根很久了?！?筆譯中限定性定語從句可采用前置或后置翻譯法，非限定性定語從句采用后置合譯法。口譯中一般都采用后置合譯法，不存在限定和非限定性定語從句。例如：He is a man who is handsome.他是一個帥哥。He is a man,

12、who is handsome.他是一男的，他很帥。口譯需翻譯出he, man handsome 三個詞的意思。3定語從句的溶合變譯法；This amption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually,aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earnmoren the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rathern

13、work.斷句 This amption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature;/actually, /aside from abnormally lazy people,/ there would be very few who/ wouldnot want to earn moren the minimum, /and who /would prefer to do nothing/rathern work.rathern 譯為“而不是”，fallacy“謬論”。This amption rests on

14、 the fallacy of theinherent laziness in human nature“這一假設是基于這樣一種謬論：人性中存在著天生的懶惰”。英譯漢時，一個句子如果翻譯出來不通順，最簡單的方法就是重新斷句。這句話在 fallacy 處斷開。Actually“實際上”，aside from 同 besides，abnormally“極其，相當”，actually, aside from abnormally lazy people“事實上除了特別懶的人之外”。中心詞+定 1，定 2，定 3and定 n，多個定語從句修飾一個中心詞稱為并列套用，總體采用后置合譯法，關系詞只翻譯一次

15、。there would be very few who would not want to earn moren the minimum, and whowould prefer to do nothing rathern work. very few.not 是重點，弄清楚 not 修飾的是 very few 還是 people。該句譯為“沒有多少人愿意掙只比最低生活費多的錢，也很少有人愿意無所事事而不去工作?！盫ery few 和后面的 not 是并行關系，not 應該放在very few 之前。后置定語比前置定語重要，very few 比 not 重要。溶合變譯法：循環(huán)套用、并列套用。

16、定語從句翻譯練習：1. Prior to the twentieth century, /women in novels were stereotypes /of lacking anyfeaturest made them unique individuals /and were also subject to numerousrestrictions /imed by the male-dominated culture.5Prior to=before“在之前”，類似的詞組inferior to /superior to /junior to 比年輕/senior to 比年長。中文很少

17、用“使”“被”“當”，“使”改用“讓”，“當”之時”。Subject tong“屈服于”，object tong“改用“在做”譯文：二十世紀之前，小說中的婦女是這樣一種固有的模式：她們?nèi)鄙倭艘恍┳屍涑蔀楠毩⒌奶卣?，她們還要屈服于主導的文化所強加給她們的種種。2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere innature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, mostcommonly

18、with oxygen, for which is a strong affinity.Aluminum 鋁，affinity 親和句 Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenthcentury，原因 because nowhere in nature is it found free, 原因 owing to its always beingcombined with other elements, 同位語 most commonly with oxygen, 定語從句 forwhich is a strong affinity.定語從句只有在

19、特殊情況下才可以放在句首。for which ithas a strong affinity 中 which 和 it 分別指代的是“氧”和“鋁”。模糊翻譯法不能常用。長句有標點英譯漢：首先找出從句間的邏輯關系，然后判斷哪個從句最重要，哪個不重要，最后把最不重要的句子先譯，最重要的部分最后翻譯。譯文：鋁經(jīng)常和其他元素相結合，最通常的是和氧結合，因為這兩種物質之間有很強的親和力，所以在自然界找不到游離態(tài)的鋁，鋁直到十九世紀才為人類所發(fā)現(xiàn)。3. They (the poor) are thedestroys the old muscle- their way out of poverty.to e

20、xperience technological progress /as a curse /whicher jobs/t previous generations used as a means to fight循環(huán)套用定語從句：中心詞+定 1+定 2（句首譯法）。定語從句的句首譯法：將定語從句完全置于句首，調(diào)整全句語序。（我不能用）。Previous 后介詞用on，muscle-遠離先行詞er job 體力勞動，mental-er job 腦力勞動。Which譯文：以往幾代人使用舊時的體力勞動作為來擺脫貧困，而科技進步又摧毀了這種勞動，所以窮人們是首先體會到科技之苦的。4. The numb

21、er of the young peopleabout one in four.he United Ses who cant read is incredible短句翻譯原則：再短的句子也要有逗號哦。翻譯方法：剝洋蔥。先翻譯不重要的部分，后重要部分。斷句 The number of the young people /incredible /about one in four.he United Ses /who cant read /is6事實與評論的關系：中文先事實后評論，英文先評論后事實。譯文：在，沒有閱讀能力的年輕人的數(shù)量大約是四分之一，這簡直令人難以置信。4. The number

22、of the young peopleabout one in four.he United Ses who cant read is incredible短句翻譯原則：再短的句子也要有逗號哦。翻譯方法：剝洋蔥。先翻譯不重要的部分，后重要部分。事實與評論的關系：中文先事實后評論，英文先評論后事實。斷句 The number of the young people /incredible /about one in four.he United Ses /who cant read /is譯文：在，沒有閱讀能力的年輕人的數(shù)量大約是四分之一，這簡直令人難以置信。例句：我對來訪表示熱烈的歡迎。（先事

23、實后評論）I warmlye Obamas visit.（先評論后事實）3evi, it is often said, keeps one informed abourrent events, allowing one tofollow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series ofprograms which are both instructive and entertaining.斷句：evi, it is often said, /keeps one informed ab

24、ourrent events, /allowingone to follow the latest developments in science and politics, /and offers an endlessseries of programs /which are both instructive and entertaining.句型 Its said 人們說/guested 人們猜測/sup據(jù)ed 人們推測/thought 人們認為/reported據(jù)統(tǒng)計 according to s統(tǒng)計”）istics（能翻譯成“據(jù)”常見的只有兩個，“據(jù)”和“據(jù)it is often sa

25、id 前后都有逗號，為語。語表示觀點時，需提到句首翻譯。中英文的差異長短差異，中文為短句語言，用逗號隔開，英文是長句，不用逗號隔開；動靜差異，中文用動詞，多用強勢動詞，英文名詞，多用弱勢動詞；強勢動詞：有感彩。弱勢動詞，沒有感彩。如：我憎恨你。我戴了塊手表。我支持你。I support you.（口譯）I give you my support.（筆譯）四大規(guī)律：一、謂語動詞的過渡。在漢譯英的過程中，若出現(xiàn)強勢動詞譯為英語時，不能用強勢動詞，要找弱勢動詞對強勢動詞進行過渡。判斷英譯漢謂語動詞的過渡兩大要7求：句子中出現(xiàn)有主次關系的動詞，且主要動詞發(fā)生變體；直譯時不通順，翻譯強勢動詞。我買了一臺

26、車。I bought a car. I made a purchase of a car.譯文：人們常說，通過電視可以了解有關于當前的大事，可以掌握科學和政治的發(fā)展，電視還了許許多多既有教育意義又有性的。6. Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, in which thee, Nora, leaves homebecause she resents her husbands treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warnedt Nora would need money to support he

27、rself; she mussurvive.ve economic rights to斷句 Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, /in which/ thee, /Nora, /leaveshome /because she resents her husbands treating her like a child,/ the writer Lu Xunwarned/t Nora would need money to support herself; /she musve economicrights to survive.分詞位于句首先找主

28、語再翻譯，Taking his cue from 邏輯主語 the writer Lu Xun (作家)。Ibsens A Dolls House或單引號。的玩偶之家。的時候書名首字母大寫，加雙引號代詞的間隔翻譯法：若有多個代詞同時指代同一事物或人物，奇數(shù)個譯為代詞，偶數(shù)個譯為具體。 in which thee, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husbandstreating her like a child。her husband 譯為“自己的丈夫”。譯文：作家從的玩偶之家一書中得到啟示，在那本書中女主人公離家出走是因為她憎恨自己的丈夫對

29、待她像對待小孩兒一樣，作家警告說才能養(yǎng)活自己，要有經(jīng)濟權利才能生存。要有錢7. With theof a burst activity, the lactic acid level is highhe body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidativemetabolism, by the livero glucose, which is then sent (in part ) back to the musclesflycogen resynthesis.斷句：With theof a burst activity, /the lactic acid level is highhe bodyfluids,/ leaving the large animal vulne