解剖學(xué)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史課件

1、Human anatomy Basic Concepts of Anatomy Definition: human anatomy, the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of bodyGross anatomy: systematic anatomy regional anatomy Applied anatomy Clinical anatomy人體解剖學(xué)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史HippcratesHippocrates-希波克拉底（公元前460377）古希臘名醫(yī)、解剖學(xué)鼻祖。Vesalius-(15141564) 現(xiàn)代解

2、剖學(xué)的奠基人，1543年出版了人體構(gòu)造這一劃時(shí)代的解剖學(xué)巨著。VesaliusHarveyHarvey-(15781657)解剖生理學(xué)家，發(fā)現(xiàn)了血液循環(huán)的原理，確定血液是在一個(gè)封閉的管道內(nèi)循環(huán)。著有血液循環(huán)論、動(dòng)物的發(fā)生兩書。開創(chuàng)了動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的道路。我國(guó)人體解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程公元前300200黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)已有對(duì)人體解剖的記載。兩宋時(shí)代五臟六腑、存真圖描述了解剖學(xué)知識(shí)。王清任（17681831）編著的醫(yī)林改錯(cuò)更為詳細(xì)的描述了解剖學(xué)知識(shí)。19492003年我國(guó)解剖學(xué)工作者隊(duì)伍迅速成長(zhǎng)，編寫了多套具有我國(guó)特色的解剖學(xué)教材和解剖學(xué)圖譜，對(duì)我國(guó)解剖學(xué)事業(yè)的發(fā)展做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。人體解剖教學(xué)特點(diǎn)人體解剖學(xué)的教

3、學(xué)包括講授和實(shí)地解剖。主要講授各系統(tǒng)的總論和各解剖操作區(qū)的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。實(shí)地解剖采取分組形式，在教師指導(dǎo)下，按照解剖操作指導(dǎo)，參照?qǐng)D譜由學(xué)生親自動(dòng)手解剖尸體，部分內(nèi)容觀察標(biāo)本和模型。同時(shí)，密切結(jié)合活體的觀察和觸摸，并適當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)合一些臨床病例討論以增強(qiáng)對(duì)解剖學(xué)內(nèi)容的理解和記憶。教學(xué)大綱所列教學(xué)內(nèi)容按要求程度的不同，分為“掌握內(nèi)容”和“了解內(nèi)容”兩級(jí)。掌握內(nèi)容為重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，學(xué)生必須通過反復(fù)學(xué)習(xí)與思考達(dá)到牢固掌握、熟練描述、準(zhǔn)確指認(rèn)和聯(lián)系實(shí)際應(yīng)用的程度。了解內(nèi)容則要求學(xué)生達(dá)到一般的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解。The terms of the direction (方位術(shù)語)superior 上, inferior 下ant

4、erior (ventral) 前 ( 腹側(cè) ) posterior (dorsal) 后 ( 背側(cè) )medial 內(nèi)側(cè), lateral 外側(cè)internal 內(nèi), external 外superficial 淺, profound 深proximal 近側(cè), distal 遠(yuǎn)側(cè)ulnar 尺側(cè), radial 橈側(cè)tibial 脛側(cè)，fibular 腓側(cè) Anatomical axes and planes （軸與面）Axis 軸：Vertical axis 垂直軸Sagittal axis 矢狀軸Coronal axis 冠狀軸Plane面:Sagittal plane 矢狀面Coro

5、nal plane 冠狀面Horizontal plane 水平面 或transverse plane 橫切面The Locomotor System 運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)由bone 骨、joints關(guān)節(jié)和muscles 骨骼肌組成，占成人體重60%骨起杠桿作用關(guān)節(jié)是運(yùn)動(dòng)的樞紐骨骼肌是動(dòng)力器官功能: support 支持Protection 保護(hù)Locomotion 運(yùn)動(dòng) Long bones (found in limbs): Diaphysis or shaft 骨干, which is hollow (called medullary cavity 骨髓腔), filled with bon

6、e marrowTwo endsepiphysis 骺 articular surface 關(guān)節(jié)面, metaphysis干骺端, epiphysial cartilage 骺軟骨, and epiphysial line 骺線Short bones: cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bonesFlat bones: thin, Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones含氣骨* Sesamoid bones籽骨: develop withi

7、n tendonGeneral structures of bone骨的構(gòu)造Bone substance 骨質(zhì)compact bone 骨密質(zhì)spongy bone 骨松質(zhì) 呈海綿狀，由trabeculae骨小梁構(gòu)成In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板和內(nèi)板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo 板障 Periosteum 骨膜: Outer or fibrou

8、s layer Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts(成骨細(xì)胞) Endosteum骨內(nèi)膜 is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.Bone marrow 骨髓Red marrow 紅骨髓: haematopoietic 造血Yellow marrow黃骨髓: fatty Chemical composition and phys

9、ical properties化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)Organic material有機(jī)質(zhì)： 主要是骨膠原纖維束和粘多糖蛋白。構(gòu)成支架，賦予骨的彈性和韌性。 Inorganic salts無機(jī)質(zhì)： 主要是堿性磷酸鈣。賦予骨硬度和脆性 Organic materialInorganic saltsChildren 1 1Adult 3 7Old 1 4General features of vertebraeVertebral body 椎體Vertebral arch 椎弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上

10、、下切跡 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板process (7): spinous process 棘突transverse process 橫突sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下關(guān)節(jié)突Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管Intervertebral foramen 椎間孔R(shí)egional variations of vertebraeCervical vertebraeVertebrae Body: small Vertebral foramen: larger and triangul

11、arSpinous processes: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen橫突孔Articular processes: horizontal Axis樞椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齒突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlasCarotid tubercle: 頸動(dòng)脈結(jié)節(jié): anterior

12、 tubercle of transverse process of C6Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processesThoracic vertebrae Vertebrae Body ： heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea

13、 上、下肋凹Vertebral foramen： smaller, rounder Spinous processes： long, point obliquely downward Transverse processes： transverse costal fovea 橫突肋凹 Articular processes: coronal Vertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular Spinous processes: projects horizontally Transvers

14、e processes: long Articular processes: sagittal Sacrum Anterior surface: promontory岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs) Posterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角Lateral part: auricular surface耳狀面, sacral tuberosity骶粗

15、隆Transsacral (epidural) anasthesiaCornua palpationSacral hiatus Sternal angle 胸骨角 which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorlyRibs肋: 12 pairGeneral featuresRibs 17 called true ribs真肋Ribs 810 called false ribs 假肋Ribs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋 Char

16、acteristics of “typical” ribPosterior end: costal head 肋頭, costal neck肋頸, costal tubercle肋結(jié)節(jié) Shaft: costal angle肋角, costal groove 肋溝Anterior endAtypical ribFirst rib: tubercle for scalenus anterior前斜角肌結(jié)節(jié), sulcus for subclavian artery and vein 鎖骨下動(dòng)、靜脈溝11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles a

17、nd anglesThe Bones of Limbs山東大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院 解剖教研室李振華Bones of upper limbsComposition:Should girdle 上肢帶骨clavicle鎖骨，scapula肩胛骨Bones of free upper limb 自由上肢骨Humerus肱骨 in armRadius橈骨 and ulna尺骨 in forearmCarpal腕骨, metacarpals掌骨 and phalanges指骨 in hand Clavicle 鎖骨“S” shaped, medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1

18、/3 convex backwardSternal end胸骨端 medially and acromial end肩峰端 laterally Scapula 肩胛骨Three bordersSuperior: coracoid process 喙突 , scapular notch 肩胛切跡Lateral (axillary) border腋緣Medial (vertebral) border脊柱緣Three anglesSuperior: opposite to the 2nd rib Inferior: opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostal

19、s spaceLateral: glenoid cavity關(guān)節(jié)盂, supra- and infraglenoid tubercles 盂上、下結(jié)節(jié)Two surfacesAnterior surface concave: subscapular fossa肩胛下窩Posterior surface: supra- and infraspinous fossae岡上、下窩, spine of scapula 肩胛岡, acromion 肩峰 Humerus 肱骨Upper end: head of humerus肱骨頭, anatomical neck解剖頸, greater and les

20、ser tubercles大、小結(jié)節(jié), crests of greater and lesser tubercle, 大、小結(jié)節(jié)嵴，intertubercular groove結(jié)節(jié)間溝, surgical neck外科頸Shaft: deltoid tuberosity三角肌粗隆on lateral surface, and a groove for radial nerve橈神經(jīng)溝 on posterior surfaceLower end: lateral and medial epicondyles內(nèi)、外上髁, capitulum 肱骨小頭, trochlea 肱骨滑車, coranoi

21、d fossa 冠突窩and radial fossa 橈窩 (anteriorly) and olecranon fossa鷹嘴窩 (posteriorly), and sulcus for ulnar nerve 尺神經(jīng)溝RadiusUpper end: head of radius橈骨頭, neck of radius橈骨頸, radial tuberosity 橈骨粗隆, and articular circumference環(huán)狀關(guān)節(jié)面Shaft：interosseous border骨間緣Lower end: styloid process 莖突laterally, ulnar no

22、tch尺切跡 medially, and carpal articular surface腕關(guān)節(jié)面 inferiorlyFracture of the distal end pf the radius UlnarUpper end: olecranon鷹嘴 coronoid process 冠突 trochlear notch滑車切跡 radial notch 橈切跡 ulnar tubersity尺骨粗隆 Lower end styloid process 尺骨莖突 head of ulna 尺骨頭Carpal bones 腕骨Proximal row (lateral to medial)

23、 scaphoid手舟骨, lunate月骨, triquetral三角骨 and pisiform豌豆骨Distal row (lateral to medial) trapezium大多角骨, trapezoid小多角骨, capitate頭狀骨 and hamate鉤骨Metacarpal bones掌骨Numbered one to five from thumb to little fingerStructure of eachbase (proximally), shaft, and head (distally)Phalanges of fingers 指骨Consist of

24、14 two for first digit (thumb) and three for each of other four digitsStructure of each base (proximally), shaft, and trochlea of phalanx (distally), tuberosity of distal phalanx遠(yuǎn)節(jié)指骨粗隆Bones of Lower LimbComposition: Pelvic girdle: hip bone髖骨Bones of free lower limb:Femur股骨 in thigh ( patella髕骨)Tibia

25、脛骨 and fibula腓骨 in leg Tarsals跗骨, metatarsals跖骨, phalanges of toes趾骨 in footHip bone Consisting of three fused bones, ilium, ischium, pubisIlium髂骨Body of ilium 髂骨體 to form superior 2/5 of acetabulum髖臼Ala of ilium 髂骨翼: iliac crest 髂嵴, anterior superior iliac spine 髂前上棘， anterior inferior iliac spine

26、髂前下棘, tubercle of iliac crest髂結(jié)節(jié), posterior superior iliac spine 髂后上棘，posterior inferior iliac spine 髂后下棘, greater sciatic notch 坐骨大切跡, gluteal surface 臀面，iliac fossa 髂窩, arcuate line弓狀線, auricular surface 耳狀面, iliac tuberosity 髂粗隆, Ischium 坐骨Body of ischium 坐骨體to form posterior and inferior 2/5 of

27、acetabulum, ischial spine坐骨棘, lesser sciatic notch 坐骨小切跡Ramus of ischium 坐骨支, ischial tuberosity 坐骨結(jié)節(jié)Pubis 恥骨Body of pubis 恥骨體to form anterior and inferior 1/5 of acetabulum, iliopubic eminence 髂恥隆起Superior ramus of pubis 恥骨上支: pecten of pubis 恥骨梳, pubic tubercle 恥骨結(jié)節(jié), pubic crest 恥骨嵴, symphysial su

28、rface恥骨聯(lián)合面Inferior ramus of pubis恥骨下支: obturator foramen 閉孔Acetabulum 髖臼formed by bodies of ischium, ilium and pubis Lunate surface月狀面, acetabular fossa髖臼窩, acetabular notch髖臼切跡 Femur 股骨Upper end: femoral head股骨頭, fovea of femoral head 股骨頭凹, neck of femur 股骨頸, greater trochanter 大轉(zhuǎn)子，lesser trochante

29、r 小轉(zhuǎn)子, intertrochanteric line 轉(zhuǎn)子間線, intertrochanteric crest 轉(zhuǎn)子間嵴Shaft: linea aspera 粗線, gluteal tuberosity 臀肌粗隆, pectineal line恥骨肌線 ，popliteal surface 腘面 Lower end: medial and lateral condyles內(nèi)、外側(cè)髁， medial and lateral epicondyles內(nèi)、外上髁, adductor tubercle 收肌結(jié)節(jié)， intercondylar fossa髁間窩, patellar surface

30、髕面Fracture of the femoral neckTibia 脛骨Upper end: medial and lateral condyles 內(nèi)、外側(cè)髁, intercondylar eminence 髁間隆起, fibular articular surface 腓關(guān)節(jié)面, tuberosity of tibia脛骨粗隆 Shaft: interosseous border 骨間緣, soleal line 比目魚肌線Lower end: fibular notch腓切跡, medial malleolus 內(nèi)踝 Fibula 腓骨Upper end: fibular head

31、腓骨頭, neck of fibula 腓骨頸Shaft: interosseous border骨間緣Lower end: lateral malleolus 外踝Patella 髕骨triangular sesamoid boneTarsal bones 跗骨Consist of seven short bones arranged in three rowPosterior row talus 距骨, calcaneus 跟骨Intermediate row navicular bone 足舟骨Anterior row medial, intermediate, and lateral

32、cuneiforms 內(nèi)側(cè)、中間和外側(cè)楔骨, cuboid bone 骰骨 Metatarsal bones 跖骨Consist of five elongated bones, numbered one to five medial to lateralStructure of each base (proximally), shaft, and head (distally) in eachPhalanges of toes 趾骨Consist of 14two for first toe (hallux) and three for each of other four toesSurf

33、ace landmarks: trochlea of talus距骨滑車, calcaneal tuberosity 跟骨結(jié)節(jié), tuberosity of navicular bone 舟骨粗隆, and tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone第五跖骨粗隆Skull顱山東大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院解剖教研室李振華The skull is composed of 23 bones, which may be divided into the cerebral cranium and facial cranium Cerebral cranium 腦顱(8) larger, up

34、per and posterior part, contains and protects the brainSingle bones: include frontal bone 額骨, ethmoid bone 篩骨, sphenoid bone 蝶骨, occipital bone 枕骨Paired bones: include temporal bone 顳骨 parietal bone 頂骨 Bones of facial cranium 面顱(15) smaller, lower, and anterior part, contains bones that surrounded t

35、he eye, nose and mouthSingle bones: include mandible下頜骨, vomer 犁骨 hyoid bone舌骨Paired bones: include maxilla 上頜骨, nasal bone 鼻骨, lacrimal bone 淚骨, palatine bone 腭骨, zygomatic bone 顴骨, inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲Frontal boneZygomatic boneNasal boneMaxilla MandibleSphenoid bone parietal bone Temporal bon

36、eOccipital bone面顱上頜為中心，上鼻淚，下下頜，外顴內(nèi)甲后犁腭，舌骨頸前單落腳。 Mandible下頜骨Body of mandible Superior border: alveolar arch 牙槽弓 Inferior border: base of mandible下頜底Outer surface: mental protuberance 頦隆凸, mental foramen 頦孔Inner surface: mental spine頦棘, digastric fossa二腹肌窩Ramus: has two vertical processes separated by

37、 mandibular notch下頜切跡Coronoid process 冠突Condylar process 髁突head of mandible 下頜頭 neck of mandible 下頜頸Mandibular foramen 下頜孔， mandibular lingula下頜小舌Angle of mandible下頜角Masseteric tuberocity 咬肌粗隆The skull as a whole 顱的整體觀Skull viewed from above (superior view)Bones: frontal額, paired parietal頂, occipita

38、l枕Sutures: coronal冠狀縫, sagittal 矢狀縫, lambdoid人字縫parietal tuber 頂結(jié)節(jié)， parietal foramen頂孔Internal surface of the calvaria sulcus for superior sagittal sinus上矢狀竇溝granular foveola 顆粒小凹 arterial grooves 動(dòng)脈溝Skull viewed from behind external occipital protuberance 枕外隆凸superior nuchal line上項(xiàng)線Internal view of

39、 base of skull 顱底內(nèi)面觀Base of skull forms three fossae Anterior cranial fossa 顱前窩Meddle cranial fossa 顱中窩Posterior cranial fossa 顱后窩Anterior cranial fossa 顱前窩Formed by orbital part of frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid, and lesser wings of sphenoidStructures: frontal crest額嵴 foramen cecum 盲孔 cr

40、ista galli 雞冠 cribriform plate 篩板 cribriform foramina 篩孔Meddle cranial fossa 顱中窩Formed by the body and greater wings of sphenoid, petrous part of temporalStructures:body of sphenoid bone 蝶骨體 hypophysial fossa 垂體窩 optic canal 視神經(jīng)管 anterior clinoid process 前床突 tuberculum sellae 鞍結(jié)節(jié) dorsum sellae 鞍背 po

41、sterior clinoid process 后床突 sella turcica 蝶鞍 Meddle cranial fossa 顱中窩carotid sulcus 頸動(dòng)脈溝 superior orbital fissure 眶上裂foramen rotundum 圓孔 foramen ovale 卵圓孔 foramen spinosum 棘孔sulcus for middle meningeal artery 腦膜中動(dòng)脈溝foramen lacerum 破裂孔 internal opening of carotid canal 頸脈管內(nèi)口trigeminal impression 三叉神經(jīng)

42、壓跡tegmen tympani 鼓室蓋 Posterior cranial fossa 顱后窩Formed by occipital and the petrous part of temporalStructures: foramen magnum 枕骨大孔 clivus 斜坡 internal opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神經(jīng)管內(nèi)口 internal occipital protuberance 枕內(nèi)隆凸internal occipital crest枕內(nèi)嵴 sulcus for transverse sinus 橫竇溝 sulcus for sigmo

43、id sinus 乙狀竇溝 jugular foramen 頸靜脈孔 internal acoustic pore 內(nèi)耳門internal acoustic meatus 內(nèi)耳道Skull seen from below (inferior view)alveolar arch 牙槽弓bony palate 骨腭median palatine suture 腭正中縫incisive foramina 切牙孔incisive canal 切牙管greater palatine foramen 腭大孔posterior nasal apertures 鼻后孔pterygoid process 翼突

44、occipital condyle 枕髁external opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神經(jīng)管外口external opening of carotid canal 頸動(dòng)脈管外口styloid process 莖突stylomastoid foramen 莖乳孔mandibular fossa 下頜窩articular tubercle 關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)節(jié) Lateral view of the skull 顱側(cè)面觀external acoustic pore 外耳門 mastoid process 乳突 zygomatic arch 顴弓 temporal fossa

45、顳窩 pterion 翼點(diǎn)pterygomaxillary fissure 翼上頜裂 pterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窩 sphenopalatine foramen 蝶腭孔 Skull viewed from the front (anterior view)顱的前面觀Frontal region: frontal squama 額鱗 frontal tuber 額結(jié)節(jié) superciliary arch 眉弓 glabella 眉間Orbit 眶pyramid-shaped paired cavitiesBase: supraorbital notch 眶上切跡 infraorbital foramen 眶下孔Apex: optic canal 視神經(jīng)管Walls Superior: fossa for lacrimal gland 淚腺窩Medial: fossa for lacrimal sac 淚