【英語寫作技巧】Descriptiveandexpositiveessays課件

1、【英語寫作技巧】Descriptiveandexpositiveessays【英語寫作技巧】Descriptiveandexpositi Descriptive Essays Expository Essays Narrative Essays Argumentative Essays Descriptive Essays I Definition of DescriptionDescription is painting a picture in words of a person, place, or objectsA description essay is generally deve

2、loped through sensory details, or the impression of ones senses-sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch.I Definition of DescriptionDesI sat alone on the shaft of the cart in the narrow passage, staring through a side window with a stained blind half drawn. I could see into half of a smoky, secret roo

3、m, where four men were playing cards. One man was huge and swarthy, with a handlebar moustache and a curl of hair on his forehead; seated by his side was a thin, bald, pale old man with his cheeks in his mouth; the faces of the other two men were in shadow. They all drank out of pint tankards and ne

4、ver spoke, laying the cards down with a smack, scraping at their matchboxes, puffing at their pipes, swallowing unhappily, ringing the brass bell, ordering more, by a sign of the fingers, from a sour woman with a flowered blouse and a mans cap.I sat alone on the shaft of thPoints about Description1.

5、 Careful observation and selection of details2. Use of figure of speech1) simile2) metaphorPoints about DescriptionA. Description of a person1. physical appearance (height/build, age, facial features, clothing and hair)Commonly used words 1) head :bald, oval, round, small, tiny2)hair:black,brown,cur

6、ly,dyed,fair,grey,stiff,thin,wavy,permed3) face: long, round, oval, square, well-featured, handsome, wrinkledA. Description of a person4) eye: almond-shaped, bright, deep-sunken, dewy, watery, bulging5) body: bony, fat, heavily-built, well-built, sexy, stout, rough-looking (man): good-looking, homel

7、y, large-limbed, slim/slender6) Age: be small/tall/short for ones age, approach /reach/turn age, middle-aged, advanced in years7) clothing: wear/be dressed in casual. elegant, formal, stylish, informal, plain, relaxing, tight-fitting dress4) eye: almond-shaped, bright,Eg. Bill, who is in his twentie

8、s, is quite tall and well-built, with thick black hair and blue eyes. He is usually dressed in jeans and T-shirt.Sago is one of my classmates. He is a young man of medium height and built. He has curl hair, a round face with a small chin and a fair complexion. His most outstanding feature is his eye

9、s. They are very dark and alive, with long black eyelashes. They seem to be smiling at you all the time.Eg. Bill, who is in his twenti2 Personality and behavior Commonly-used words: cautious, confident, conservative, hesitant, hilarious, humorous, optimistic, pessimistic, prudent, self-centered, sel

10、f-important, sentimental, sociable, talkative, ill-mannered, open-minded, simple-minded; competent, diligent, resourceful2 Personality and behaviorEg. Mark is rather unsociable, usually sitting silently in a corner observing other from a distance.3. life styleEg. Being a university student and part-

11、time assistant in a supermarket, John has little free time to go out in the evening.4. language and actionEg. Mark is rather unsociable,Cripple/lame/limp HobblePacePlodRoamShuffleSlinkSneakStalkStagger瘸腳走跛行踱步沉重慢慢地走沒有目標(biāo)地走拖著腳走偷偷地走鬼鬼祟祟地溜走昂首挺胸地走搖搖晃晃地走Cripple/lame/limp瘸腳走StrideStrollSwaggerTiptoe ToddleT

12、otterTrudgeWanderWobble大步走漫步趾高氣揚地走踮著腳尖走搖搖晃晃地走軟弱無力，踉踉蹌蹌地走步履艱難，費力地走徘徊搖搖擺擺地走Stride大步走Dart DashJogRunRushScamper Sprint Trot急沖快速跑慢跑跑急行蹦蹦跳跳地跑全速奔跑小跑Dart 急沖SitLean靠坐Plod down 沉重地坐下Sit with a slump 撲通一聲坐下Sink into 一屁股坐LieLie on ones back 仰面躺著Lie on ones belly 俯身躺著Lie on ones side側(cè)臥Lie with ones hands under

13、the headSprawl伸開手足躺著SitSmileChortle ChuckleGiggleGrinGuffaw LaughSmirkTitterSnicker Snigger微笑哈哈笑，得意的高笑抿嘴笑，輕笑咯咯笑露齒笑放聲大笑，狂笑笑假笑傻笑,竊笑竊笑Smile微笑CrySob 啜泣Wail 嚎啕大哭，慟哭Weep 哭泣Whimper 嗚咽Shed tears 流淚Cry ones eyes out 痛哭Burst into tears/burst out crying 突然大哭起來CryGazeGlanceGoggleLeer at Peep atPeer atscowl atSc

14、rutinizeSquint atStare atGlare atBe all eyes注視掃一眼瞪眼看斜睨偷看凝視怒視仔細看瞇眼看目不轉(zhuǎn)睛的看怒目而視全神貫注的看Gaze注視Consume 吃光 Devour吞 Dine 吃 DrinkEat HaveGobble 飛快地吃 Gulp down 大口吞下Quaff 痛飲 Savour 品嘗Sip SuckSwallow TasteWash down with 用 把送下去Wolf down 狼吞虎咽地吃Consume 吃光 BabbleBlurt outChatFalter MumbleMurmurStammer WhisperChatter

15、口齒不清的說脫口說道閑談支支吾吾的說咕噥的說，喃喃而語低聲說結(jié)結(jié)巴巴的說小聲說不停地說，嘮叨Babble口齒不清的說5. Mental activity Wishing to Marry Her Ah, how I loved her! What happiness if we were married, and were going away anywhere to live among the trees and in the fields, never growing older, never growing wiser, children ever, rambling hand in

16、hand through sunshine and among flowery meadows, laying down our heads on moss at night, in a sweet sleep of purity and peace, and buried by the birds when we were dead. (Dickens, David Copperfield)5. Mental activity 1.It was my first day at the university. I walked into the building where I was goi

17、ng to live, and looked at the door after door for my name,. At last I found it. In the room there was already a students making his bed.After we said “ how do you do” to each other, he continued his work, paying no more attention to me. “What a stuck-up fellow ,” I thought. I examined the room. It w

18、as no different from any other room I had seen, but it had been thoroughly cleaned by my roommate, no doubt. I looked at him. He was thin, short and dark. His hair was like a bundle of straw. His dirty clothes and tired look were clearly signs of a long travel. His clothes were made of cheap cloth.

19、The coat was too short and the trousers too loose. He wore a pair of rubber shoes, which were very unfashionable. He didnt look like a smart freshman at all. “A yokel（鄉(xiāng)巴佬）,” I concluded。The second time he spoke, his accent told me that he was from the south.” Shall I help you to get your luggage fro

20、m the office?”I looked at him. He was thin, I didnt refuse since I really needed help. He was quick in movement. He walked out of the room and soon far ahead of me in the corridor.“A good guy.” I said to myself. “I will make friends with him.” I hurried and caught up with him.I didnt refuse since I

21、really2.Abraham Lincoln was a strong man, both physically and mentally. He was 1.90 meters tall. He was thin， weighted 81 kilos. He was physically powerful, and he could lift 180 kilos easily. His mind and body worked steadily, and he never seemed to tire mentally or physically. He was not handsome

22、by any means, nor was he ugly. He was very plain looking and plain acting. Although his physical appearance and dress made him common looking, his actions and decisions were anything but common.2.【英語寫作技巧】DescriptiveandexpositiveessaysB. Description of places1.A place is usually described in spatial

23、order:1) leftright2) topbottom3) insideoutside4) nearfar2. Words used to refer to the position of an object. beside/on top of/ next to /near/ adjacent to/ above/ below/B. Description of places A Free Market With a shopping bag in my hand, I walked into the free market near my home. Suddenly a terrib

24、le smell reached my nose and I couldnt help feeling nauseated (惡心). Looking around， I found the foul smell came from the poultry stall on the left side of the market. There , every small cage was packed with four or five chickens. Occasionally, the chickens crowed sadly as if they knew they were goi

25、ng to be cooked. The feed （飼料）stank under the hot summer sun. I put a handkerchief to my nose and hurried away. “Live fish ! Fresh and cheap !” A harsh voice was heard. In front of his stall, there was a canvas bag. Inside, a lot of fish were struggling in the turbid（渾濁的） water. They opened their mo

26、uths widely to have their last breath of air. Terrified at the price , I left for other stalls. Just then a young fellow stopped me and tried to persuade me to buy a chain of garlic in his hand. He was disappointed to see me shaking my head. “Live fish ! Fresh and cheaJohn Hances groceryWhen I was a

27、 boy, John Hances grocery stood on the south side of Town Street, just east of fourth, in the central Market region of Columbus, Ohio. It was an old store even then, fifty-two years ago, and its wide oak floor boards had been worn pleasantly smooth by the shoe soles of three generations of customers

28、. The place smelled of coffee, peppermint, vinegar, and spices. Just inside the door on the left, a counter with a rounded glass front held all the old-fashioned penny candies-gumdrops, licorice whips and the rest-some of them a little pale with age. On the rear wall, there was an iron coffee grinde

29、r, whose handle I was sometimes allowed to turn. John Hances groceryC. Description of an objectTo describe an object we have to depend on our senses to describe the size, shape, color weight and taste. It is also necessary to tell how the object is used.C. Description of an object Eggs Eggs are fami

30、liar objects. We can find them in the yard if you raise hens or in the market if you go shopping. But eggs most people eat come from chickens. Eggs form an important part in our diet. Some people fry them for breakfast; cooks use them to make bread and cakes.It is easy to describe an egg because the

31、 design is simple. An egg is small, oval and light weight. It is so small that we can put it into our palms. The shape is so familiar to us that we often use the term egg-shaped to describe any object that is oval. The exterior color of an egg is usually white; however, some eggs are brown. The exte

32、rior covering is hard and brittle, yet the interior is soft and liquid. The outside is the shell; the white and yolk together form the inside.The exterior color of an egg iD. Description of a SceneA scene is sometimes the main part of an essay. And sometimes only an episode in a long narrative. It u

33、sually consists of three factors: the setting, the people, and the actions. It is also possible to describe the scene of some phenomenon.D. Description of a Scene A sunset I like to watch a sunset, for it was beautiful and lovely. Perhaps its multi-colored scene is as wonderful as a sunrise at dawn.

34、 And it is even more beautiful to watch it in the country than in the city. When the sun begins to set behind the mountains, its long rays light up the green fields of rice and wheat and all the trees and bushes with a golden glow. The clouds above the sky also begin to glow with a golden light. And

35、 the mountains are of a lovely purple color. A sun As the sun sinks lower and lower behind the mountains, it looks like a great fiery ball. Its light fills the sky and changes the color of the clouds from gold to red, glowing like red fire. Then as the sun is gone behind the mountains, the red color

36、 of the clouds begin to fade, and gradually fade away until all the clouds are grey and the mountains become darker and darker. Finally the evening stars take the place of the sun and shine brightly. Then you can not help admiring the wonder of the nature. As the sun sinks lower aA summer stormThe r

37、ain kept pelting and the river kept coming. Then for a moment the sky whitened with lightning and the house shook from the resonating claps of thunder, now right overhead. This display was repeated several times in quick succession, like a string of firecrackers. I felt exposed at the window, as if

38、the lightning were seeking someone to spear. And just as I retreated into the safety of the room, the next blow struck and the lights went out.A summer stormThe rain kept peWe sat listening, fearing what might happen next; the thunder became slowly more distant, until it was no longer audible. The s

39、un burst forth as quickly as it had vanished, the children returned to their games, the birds sang a thankful tune while reaping the harvest of worms; the calm of summer evening had returned.We sat listening, fearing whatWhat is exposition?Lab report, survey analysis, product specification, advertis

40、ement, technical manual, exhibition commentary, conference proceedings, solutions to a problemWhat is exposition?Lab report,1.examplesMany everyday expressions make use of the names of colors. One color that is frequently used is red. For instance, a communist is often called a red, and communism is

41、 referred to by its detractors as the red menace. Likewise, a person who has an overdrawn bank account is said to be in the red. Still another example is less negative. The person who goes all out to greet or entertain another is said to roll out the red carpet. Black, too is used in a number of phr

42、ases. For example, two more examples are illustrated in this sentence: blackmail may result if a persons black book winds up in the wrong hands a somewhat less unpleasant example of a black word is blackout, 1.examplesMany everyday expresFinally, white is used in a great many expressions, and like r

43、ed and black words, most of them have rather negative connotations. One example is the word applied to a very expensive but useless object, a white elephant. And a lie that is thought to be of little consequence is called a white lie. Furthermore, white sometimes is used to denote the negative trait

44、s of cowardice. The white feather, for example, is a symbol of cowardice. To say someone is white-livered implies that the person lacks courage. Still another example of a negative expression using white describes a phenomenon of cold climates. In the arctic regions when haze and snow so obscure vis

45、ibility that the horizon cannot be seen , a whiteout is said to exist. And, finally, when a person attempts to cover up or to gloss over the faults of another, the word that applies is whitewash. Indeed, our language abounds with colorful expressions. Finally, white is used in a grUseful words and e

46、xpressionsNamely, specifically, especially, chiefly, for example, for instance, as follows, such as, in particular, to illustrate, in this case, One example is, Another example is, as in the case of, take as an example, An illustration of this would be, The following example will show that, There ar

47、e many examples to show thatUseful words and expressionsNa 2.classificationA language is made up of many elements. Each language has a set of sounds, separated into vowels and consonants, which differs in subtle ways from the sound sets of every other language. Sounds combine into words, which carry

48、 the meaning of the language and allow speakers to communicate about people, animals, places, concrete objects, abstract ideas, actions, and states of being. Words combine into sentences, which make statements, ask questions, and give commands, by providing structures of relationships among the word

49、s that form them. 2.classificationA language is1.thesis statementCollege teachersThere are three kinds of college teachers.Teaching ability has little to do with whether the teacher is a graduate assistant, an instructor, or a full professor.Although most of our teachers seem interested in students,

50、 others seem either indifferent or downright irresponsible.1.thesis statement2. classification If students need money to help pay their bills, they can do many part-time jobs. For example, if students like to find their own customers, they can choose door-to-door sales of products. These products ca

51、n be from beauty aids and encyclopedias to vacuum cleaners. They can also work in department stores, if they want the customer find them. Some students can find jobs as a secretary, waiter or waitress, gas station attendant, dishwasher and store clerk. Other students can be salespersons, file clerks

52、, stock persons, janitors, or bookkeepers.2. classification There are many part-time jobs for college students who need money to help pay their bills. For students who enjoy talking to people, sale jobs are ideal. Some people like to find their own customers, so they choose door-to-door sales of pro

53、ducts ranging from beauty-aids and encyclopedias to vacuum cleaners. Other people prefer working in department stores, where the customer finds them. Students who like being around people, but do not want to persuade them to buy anything, might prefer clerking in a grocery or discount store. Those w

54、ho enjoy providing service to the public might enjoy working in a gas station, or in a restaurant as a waitress or waiter. Students who prefer less direct contact with the public might prefer office work as secretaries, file clerks, or bookkeepers. And those who like to keep their surroundings clean

55、 and neat might find that being dishwashers, stockroom persons, or janitors fills their needs for both money and job satisfaction. There are many part-time job3. transition My reasons for going to the libraryThesis statement: I have several good reasons to go to the library every night: I like to br

56、owse, study, socialize, and nap there.Transition sentence: I go there to browse because I like the surprise of discovering an unexpected good books. Naturally, I also go to the library to study. Whenever I get tired of browsing or studying in the library, you will find me socializing with friends. I

57、f I get tired of all the above, my favorite activity in the library is to curl up in a big chair for a nap.3. transitionUseful words and expressionsCategory, class, degree, division, kind, group, type, species, general class, subclass, major category, comprise, contain, embrace, exclude, include, br

58、eak into, category into, classify into, composed of, consist of, divide into, fall into, group into, organize into, place into, sort into, There are many kinds/classes/categories/types of There are at least three classifications ofThese categories will be discussed in great detail inUseful words and

59、 expressionsCa3. Comparison & Contrastcomparisoncontrastcomparison and contrast3. Comparison & ContrastcompaWriting Strategypoint-by-point comparison/contrastitem-by-item comparison/contrastbothWriting StrategyMy sister Anne and I will never agree on what we want in a movie. She is convinced that to

60、 be any good, a movie has to have some of her favorite stars in it, like Eddie Murphy, Tom Cruise, or Barbra Streisand. Im different. I do not care much about the stars because I value special effects more than anything, which is why I liked Star Wars so much. Anne also want an exotic setting for th