2014英語專業(yè)八級真題及答案

1、精細(xì)；挑選；精細(xì)；挑選；TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(2014)GRADEEIGHTPARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(35MIN)SECTIONAMINI-LECTUREInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lec

2、ture.Whenthelectureisover,youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanothertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONE,usingnomorethanthreewordsineachgap.Makesuretheword(s)youfillinis(are)bothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable.YoumayrefertoyournoteswhilecompletingthetaskUsetheblanks

3、heetfornote-taking.Now,listentothemini-lecture.HowtoReduceStressLifeisfullofthingsthatcauseussress.Thoughwemaynotlikestress,wehavetolivewithit.I.Definitionofstressreactioni.e.forceexertedbetweentwotouchingbodieshumanreactioni.e.responseto(2)onsomeonee.g.increaseinbreathing,heartrate,(3),ormuscletens

4、ionn(4),positivestresswhereitoccurs:Christmas,wedding,(5)negativestresswhereitoccurs:test-takingsituations,friendsdeathIIIWaystocopewithstressrecoginitionofstresssignals一monitorfor(6)ofstressfindwaystoprotectoneselfattentiontobodydemand一effectof(7)planningandactingappropriatelyreasonforplanning一(8)o

5、fplanninglearningto(9)一e.g.dlaycausedbytrafficpacingactivities一manageabletask(10)SECTIONBINTERVIEWInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyou

6、willbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheinterview.Accordingtotheinterviewer,whichofthefollowingbestindicatestherelationshipbetweenchoiceandmobility?Bettereducationgreatermobilitymorechoices.Bettereducationmorechoicesgreatermobility.Greatermobilitybettereducationmore

7、choices.Greatermobilitymorechoicesbettereducation.Accordingtotheinterview,whichofthefollowingdetailsaboutthefirstpollisINCORRECT?Shorterworkhourswasleastchosenforbeingmostimportant.Chancesforadvancementmighthavebeenfavouredbyyoungpeople.Highincomefailedtocomeontopforbeingmostimportant.Jobsecuritycam

8、esecondaccordingtothepollresults.Accordingtotheinterviewee,whichisthemaindifferencebetweenthefirstandthesecondpoll?Thetypeofrespondentswhowereinvited.Thewayinwhichthequestionsweredesigned.Thecontentareaofthequestions.Thenumberofpollquestions.Whatcanwelearnfromtherespondentsanswerstoitems2,4and7inthe

9、secondpoll?Recognitionfromcolleaguesshouldbegivenlessimportance.Workersarealwayswillingandreadytolearnmorenewskills.Psychologicalrewardismoreimportantthanmaterialone.Workwillhavetobemadeinterestingtoraiseefficiency.Accordingtotheinterviewee,whichofthefollowingcanofferbothpsychologicalandmonetarybene

10、fits?Contactwithmanypeople.Chancesforadvancement.Appreciationfromcoworkers.Chancestolearnnewskills.SECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO.Questions6and7arebasedonthefollowingne

11、ws.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.Accordingtothenewsitem,sleepboxespanies.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtruewithreferencetothenews?Sleepboxescanberentedfordifferentlengthsoftime.Rentersofnormalheightcanstandupinside.Beddingcanbeautomaticallychanged.Ren

12、terscantakeashowerinsidethebox.Question8isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.Whatisthenewsitemmainlyabout?LondonspreparationsfortheNottingHillCarnival.MainfeaturesoftheNottingHillCarnival.Policespreventivemeasuresforthecarnival

13、.Policeparticipationinthecarnival.Questions9and10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.ThenewsitemreportsonaresearchfindingabouttheDutchfamineandtheDutchwomen.earlymalnutritionandhearthealth.thecausesofdeathduringthefamine.nut

14、ritioninchildhoodandadolescence.Whendidtheresearchteamcarryoutthestudy?AttheendofWorldWarII.Between1944and1945.Inthe1950s.In2007.PARTIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30MIN)TEXTAMyclassatHarvardBusinessSchoolhelpsstudentsunderstandwhatgoodmanagementtheoryisandhowitisbuilt.Ineachsession,welookatonecompanythroug

15、hthelensesofdifferenttheories,usingthemtoexplainhowthecompanygotintoitssituationandtoexaminewhatactionwillyieldtheneededresults.Onthelastdayofclass,Iaskedmyclasstoturnthosetheoreticallensesonthemselvestofindanswerstotwoquestions:First,HowcanIbesureIllbehappyinmycareer?Second,HowcanIbesuremyrelations

16、hipswithmyspouseandmyfamilywillbecomeanenduringsourceofhappiness?Herearesomemanagementtoolsthatcanbeusedtohelpyouleadapurposefullife.1.UseYourResourcesWisely.Yourdecisionsaboutallocatingyourpersonaltime,energy,andtalentshapeyourlifesstrategy.Ihaveabunchof“businesses”thatcompetefortheseresources:Imtr

17、yingtohavearewardingrelationshipwithmywife,raisegreatkids,contributetomycommunity,succeedinmycareer,andcontributetomychurch.AndIhaveexactlythesameproblemthatacorporationdoes.Ihavealimitedamountoftime,energyandtalent.HowmuchdoIdevotetoeachofthesepursuits?Allocationchoicescanmakeyourlifeturnouttoveryd

18、ifferentfromwhatyouintended.Sometimesthatsgood:opportunitiesthatyouhaveneverplannedforemerge.Butifyoudontinvestyourresourceswisely,theoutcomecanbebad.AsIthinkaboutmyformerclassmateswhoinadvertentlyinvestedinlivesofhollowunhappiness,Icanthelpbelievingthattheirtroublesrelatedrightbacktoashort-termpers

19、pective.Whenpeoplewithahighneedforachievementhaveanextrahalfhouroftimeoranextraounceofenergy,theyllunconsciouslyallocateittoactivitiesthatyieldthemosttangibleaccomplishments.Ourcareersprovidethemostconcreteevidencethatweremovingforward.Youshipaproduct,finishadesign,completeapresentation,closeasalete

20、achaclass,publishapaper,getpaid,getpromoted.Incontrast,investingtimeandenergyinyourrelationshipswithyourspouseandchildrentypicallydoesntofferthesameimmediatesenseofachievement.Kidsmisbehaveeveryday.Itsreallynotuntil20yearsdowntheroadthatyoucansay,“Iraisedagoodsonoragooddaughter.”Youcanneglectyourrel

21、ationshipwithyourspouseandonadailybasisitdoesntseemasifthingaredeteriorating.Peoplewhoaredriventoexcelhavethisunconsciouspropensitytounderinvestintheirfamiliesandoverinvestintheircareers,eventhoughintimateandlovingfamilyrelationshipsarethemostpowerfulandenduringsourceofhappiness.Ifyoustudytherootcau

22、sesofbusinessdisasters,overandoveryoullfindthispredispositiontowardendeavorsthatofferimmediategratification.Ifyoulookatpersonallivesthroughthatlens,youllseethatsamestunningandsoberingpattern:peopleallocatingfewerandfewerresourcestothethingstheywouldhaveoncesaidmatteredmost.2.CreateAFamilyCulture.Its

23、onethingtoseeintothefoggyfuturewithaacuityandchartthecoursecorrectionsacompanymustmake.Butitsquiteanothertopersuadeemployeestolineupandworkcooperativelytotakethecompanyinthatnewdirection.Whenthereislittleagreement,youhavetouse“powertools”一coercion,threats,punishmentsandsoon,tosecurecooperation.Butif

24、employeeswaysofworkingtogethersucceedoverandover,consensusbeginstoform.Ultimately,peopledonteventhinkaboutwhethertheirwayyieldssuccess.Theyembraceprioritiesandfollowproceduresbyinstinctandassumptionratherthanbyexplicitdecision,whichmeansthattheyvecreatedaculture.Culture,incompellingbutunspokenways,d

25、ictatestheproven,acceptablemethodsbywhichmembersofagroupaddressrecurrentproblems.Andculturedefinestheprioritygiventodifferenttypesofproblems.Itcanbeapowerfulmanagementtool.Iusethismodeltoaddressthequestion,HowcanIbemyfamilybecomesanenduringsourceofhappiness?Mystudentsquicklyseethatthesimplestwaypare

26、ntscanelicitcooperationfromchildrenistowieldpowertools.Buttherecomesapointduringtheteenyearswhenpowertoolsnolongerwork.Atthatpoint,parentsstartwishingtheyhadbegunworkingwiththeirchildrenataveryyoungagetobuildacultureinwhichchildreninstinctivelybehaverespectfullytowardoneanother,obeytheirparents,andc

27、hoosetherightthingtodo.Familieshavecultures,justacompaniesdo.Thoseculturescanbebuiltconsciously.Ifyouwantyourkidstohavestrongself-esteemandtheconfidencethattheycansolvehardproblems,thosequalitieswontmagicallymaterializeinhighschool.Youhavetodesignthemintofamilyscultureandyouhavethinkaboutthisveryear

28、lyon.Likeemployees,childrenbuildself-esteembydoingthingsthatarehardandlearningwhatworks.Accordingtotheauthor,thekeytosuccessfulallocationofresourcesinyourlifedependsonwhetheryoucanmanageyourtimewellB.havelong-termplanningC.areluckyenoughtohavenewopportunitiesD.cansolvebothcompanyandfamilyproblemsWha

29、tistheroleofthestatement“Ourcareersprovidethemostconcreteevidencethatweremovingforward”withreferencetothepreviousstatementintheparagraph?ToofferfurtherexplanationB.ToprovideadefinitionC.TopresentacontrastD.ToillustratecareerdevelopmentAccordingtotheauthor,acommoncauseoffailureinbusinessandfamilyrela

30、tionshipsislackofplanningB.short-sightednessC.shortageofresourcesD.decisionbyinstinctAccordingtotheauthor,whendoesculturebegintoemergeWhenpeopledecidewhatandhowtodobyinstinctWhenpeoplerealizetheimportanceofconsensusWhenpeopleasagroupdecidehowtosucceedWhenpeopleuse“powertools”toreachagreementOneofthe

31、similaritiesbetweencompanycultureandfamilycultureisthatA.problem-solvingabilityisessentialB.cooperationisthefoundationC.respectandobediencearekeyelementsD.cultureneedstobenurturedTextBItwasnearlybed-timeandwhentheyawokenextmorninglandwouldbeinsight.Dr.Macphaillithispipeand,leaningovertherail,searche

32、dtheheavensfortheSouthernCross.Aftertwoyearsatthefrontandawoundthathadtakenlongertohealthanitshould,hewasgladtosettledownquietlyatApia（阿皮亞，西薩摩亞首都）fortwelvemonthsatleast,andhefeltalreadybetterforthejourney.SincesomeofthepassengerswereleavingtheshipnextdayatPago-Pagotheyhadhadalittledancethateveningan

33、dinhisearshammeredstilltheharshnotesofthemechanicalpiano.Butthedeckwasquietatlast.AlittlewayoffhesawhiswifeinalongchairtalkingwiththeDavidsons,andhestrolledovertoher.Whenhesatdownunderthelightandtookoffhishatyousawthathehadveryredhair,withabaldpatchonthecrown,andthered,freckledskinwhichaccompaniesre

34、dhair;hewasamanofforty,thin,withapinchedface,preciseandratherpedantic;andhespokewithaScotsaccentinaverylow,quietvoice.BetweentheMacphailsandtheDavidsons,whoweremissionaries,therehadarisentheintimacyofshipboard,whichisduetopropinquityratherthantoanycommunityoftaste.Theirchieftiewasthedisapprovaltheys

35、haredofthemenwhospenttheirdaysandnightsinthesmoking-roomplayingpokerorbridgeanddrinking.Mrs.MacphailwasnotalittleflatteredtothinkthatsheandherhusbandweretheonlypeopleonboardwithwhomtheDavidsonswerewillingtoassociate,andeventhedoctor,shybutnofool,halfunconsciouslyacknowledgedthecompliment.Itwasonlybe

36、causehewasofanargumentativemindthatintheircabinatnighthepermittedhimselftocarp（嘮叨）.Mrs.Davidsonwassayingshedidntknowhowtheydhavegotthroughthejourneyifithadntbeenforus,saidMrs.Macphail,assheneatlybrushedouthertransformation（假發(fā)）.Shesaidwewerereallytheonlypeopleontheshiptheycaredtoknow.Ishouldnthavetho

37、ughtamissionarywassuchabigbug（要人、名士）thathecouldaffordtoputonfrills（擺架子）.Itsnotfrills.Iquiteunderstandwhatshemeans.ItwouldnthavebeenverynicefortheDavidsonstohavetomixwithallthatroughlotinthesmoking-room.Thefounderoftheirreligionwasntsoexclusive,saidDr.Macphailwithachuckle.Iveaskedyouoverandoveragainn

38、ottojokeaboutreligion,answeredhiswife.Ishouldntliketohaveanaturelikeyours,Alec.Youneverlookforthebestinpeople.Hegaveherasidelongglancewithhispale,blueeyes,butdidnotreply.Aftermanyyearsofmarriedlifehehadlearnedthatitwasmoreconducivetopeacetoleavehiswifewiththelastword.Hewasundressedbeforeshewas,andcl

39、imbingintotheupperbunkhesettleddowntoreadhimselftosleep.Whenhecameondecknextmorningtheywereclosetoland.Helookedatitwithgreedyeyes.Therewasathinstripofsilverbeachrisingquicklytohillscoveredtothetopwithluxuriantvegetation.Thecoconuttrees,thickandgreen,camenearlytothewatersedge,andamongthemyousawthegra

40、sshousesoftheSamoaris（薩摩亞人）;andhereandthere,gleamingwhite,alittlechurch.Mrs.Davidsoncameandstoodbesidehim.Shewasdressedinblack,andworeroundherneckagoldchain,fromwhichdangledasmallcross.Shewasalittlewoman,withbrown,dullhairveryelaboratelyarranged,andshehadprominentblueeyesbehindinvisiblepince-nez（夾鼻眼

41、鏡）.Herfacewaslong,likeasheeps,butshegavenoimpressionoffoolishness,ratherofextremealertness;shehadthequickmovementsofabird.Themostremarkablethingaboutherwashervoice,high,metallic,andwithoutinflection;itfellontheearwithahardmonotony,irritatingtothenerveslikethepitilessclamourofthepneumaticdrill.Thismu

42、stseemlikehometoyou,saidDr.Macphail,withhisthin,difficultsmile.Oursarelowislands,youknow,notlikethese.Coral.Thesearevolcanic.Wevegotanothertendaysjourneytoreachthem.Inthesepartsthatsalmostlikebeinginthenextstreetathome,saidDr.Macphailfacetiously.Well,thatsratheranexaggeratedwayofputtingit,butonedoes

43、lookatdistancesdifferentlyintheJSouthSeas.Sofaryoureright.Dr.Macphailsighedfaintly.ItcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatDr.MacphailA.preferredquietnesstonoiseB.enjoyedthesoundofthemechanicalpianoC.wasgoingbacktohishometownD.wantedtobefriendtheDavidsonsTheMacphailsandtheDavidsonswereineachothereco

44、mpanybecausetheyA.hadsimilarexperienceB.likedeachotherC.shareddislikeforsomepassengersD.hadsimilarreligiousbeliefWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestDESCRIBESMrs.Macphail?A.ShewasgoodatmakingfriendsB.ShewaspronetoquarrellingwithherhusbandC.ShewasskillfulindealingwithstrangersD.Shewaseasytogetalongwith.

45、AllthefollowingadjectivescanbeusedtodepictMrs.DavidsonEXCEPTA.arrogantB.unapproachableC.unpleasantD.irritableWhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutDr.MacphailisINCORRECT?A.Hewassociable.B.Hewasintelligent.C.Hewasafraidofhiswife.D.HewasfunoftheDavidsons.TextCTodaywemakeroomforaremarkablynarrowrangeofpers

46、onalitystyles.Weretoldthattobegreatistobebold,tobehappyistobesociable.Weseeourselvesasanationofextrovertswhichmeansthatwevelostsightofwhowereallyare.One-thirdtoone-halfofAmericansareintrovertsintheotherwords,oneoutofeverytwoorthreepeopleyouknow.Ifyourenotanintrovertyourself,youaresurelyraising,manag

47、ing,marriedto,orcoupledwithone.Ifthesestatisticssurpriseyou,thatsprobablybecausesomanypeoplepretendtobeextroverts.Closetintrovertspassundetectedonplaygrounds,inhighschoollockerrooms,andinthecorridorsofcorporateAmerica.Somefooleventhemselves,untilsomelifeeventalayoff,anemptynest,aninheritancethatfree

48、sthemtospendtimeastheylikejoltsthemintotakingstockoftheirtruenatures.Youhaveonlytoraisethissubjectwithyourfriendsandacquaintancestofindthatthemostunlikelypeopleconsiderthemselvesintroverts.Itmakessensethatsomanyintrovertshideevenfromthemselves.WelivewithavaluesystemthatIcalltheExtrovertIdealtheomnip

49、resentbeliefthattheidealselfisgregarious,alpha,andcomfortableinthespotlight.Thearchetypalextrovertprefersactiontocontemplation,risk-takingtoheed-taking,certaintytodoubt.Hefavorsquickdecisions,evenattheriskofbeingwrong.Sheworkswellinteamsandsocializesingroups.Weliketothinkthatwevalueindividuality,but

50、alltoooftenweadmireonetypeofindividualthekindwhoscomfortableputtinghimselfoutthere.Sure,weallowtechnologicallygiftedlonerswholaunchcompaniesingaragestohaveanypersonalitytheyplease,buttheyaretheexceptions,nottherule,andourtoleranceextendsmainlytothosewhogetfabulouslywealthyorholdthepromiseofdoingso.I

51、ntroversionalongwithitscousinssensitivity,seriousness,andshynessisnowasecond-classpersonalitytrait,somewherebetweenadisappointmentandapathology.IntrovertslivingundertheExtrovertIdealarelikewomeninamansworld,discountedbecauseofatraitthatgoestothecoreofwhotheyare.Extroversionisanenormouslyappealingper

52、sonalitystyle,butweveturneditintoanoppressivestandardtowhichmostofusfeelwemustconform.TheExtrovertIdealhasbeendocumentedinmanystudies,thoughthisresearchhasneverbeengroupedunderasinglename.Talkativepeople,forexample,areratedassmarter,better-looking,moreinteresting,andmoredesirableasfriends.Velocityof

53、speechcountsaswellasvolume:werankfasttalkersasmorecompetentandlikablethanslowones.Eventhewordintrovertisstigmatizedoneinformalstudy,bypsychologistLaurieHelgoe,foundthatintrovertsdescribedtheirownphysicalappearanceinvividlanguage,butwhenaskedtodescribegenericintrovertstheydrewablandanddistastefulpict

54、ure.ButwemakeagravemistaketoembracetheExtrovertIdealsounthinkingly.Someofourgreatestideas,art,andinventionsfromthetheoryofevolutiontovanGoghssunflowerstothepersonalcomputercamefromquietandcerebralpeoplewhoknewhowtotuneintotheirinnerworldsandthetreasurestobefoundthere.Accordingtotheauthor,thereexists

55、,asfaraspersonalitystylesareconcerned,adiscrepancybetweenA.whatpeoplesaytheycandoandwhattheyactuallycanwhatsocietyvaluesandwhatpeoplepretendtobewhatpeopleprofessandwhatstatisticsshowD.whatpeopleprofessandwhattheyhidefromothersTheidealextrovertisdescribedasbeingallthefollowingEXCEPTA.doubtfulB.sociab

56、leC.determinedD.boldAccordingtotheauthor,oursocietyonlypermits_tohavewhateverpersonalitytheylike.A.theyoungB.theordinaryC.theartisticD.therichAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsBESTreflectstheauthorsopinion?A.Introversionisseenasaninferiortraitbecauseofitsassociationwithsensitivity.E

57、xtroversionisarbitraryforcedbysocietyasanormuponpeople.Introvertsaregenerallyregardedaseitherunsuccessfulorasdeficient.Extroversionandintroversionhavesimilarpersonalitytraitprofiles.Theauthorwindsupthepassagewithanote.A.cautiousB.warningC.positiveD.humorousTextDSpeakingtwolanguagesratherthanjustoneh

58、asobviouspracticalbenefitsinanincreasinglyglobalizedworld.Butinrecentyears,scientistshavebeguntoshowthattheadvantagesofbilingualismareevenmorefundamentalthanbeingabletoconversewithawiderrangeofpeople.Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskil

59、lsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementiainoldage.Thisviewofbilingualismisremarkablydifferentfromtheunderstandingofbilingualismthroughmuchofthe20thcentury.Researchers,educatorsandpolicymakerslongconsideredasecondlanguagetobeaninterference,cognitivelyspeaking,thathinderedachildsacademican

60、dintellectualdevelopment.Theywerenotwrongabouttheinterference:thereisampleevidencethatinabilingualsbrainbothlanguagesystemsareactiveevenwhenheisusingonlyonelanguage,thuscreatingsituationsinwhichonesystemobstructstheother.Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isntsomuchahandicapasablessingindi