市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷第十五章世界貿(mào)易組織 第十五章世界貿(mào)易組織

1、第十五章 世界貿(mào)易組織名詞解釋題世界貿(mào)易組織、關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定、交叉報(bào)復(fù)簡(jiǎn)述題簡(jiǎn)述關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的作用。關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定多邊貿(mào)易談判有何特點(diǎn)？烏拉圭回合談判有何特點(diǎn)？簡(jiǎn)述與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的投資措施協(xié)議的主要內(nèi)容。簡(jiǎn)述與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議中關(guān)于版權(quán)、商標(biāo)和專利權(quán)的保護(hù)規(guī)定。簡(jiǎn)述世界貿(mào)易組織的主要特點(diǎn)。我國(guó)復(fù)關(guān)和加入世界貿(mào)易組織的主要原則是什么？論述題試述服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定關(guān)于義務(wù)和原則的規(guī)定。聯(lián)系實(shí)際論述中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織的重要意義。世界貿(mào)易組織新一輪多邊談判的重要議題和前景分析。四、熱點(diǎn)問題HOW WTO to affect China-US relationsOpportunities and challeng

2、es co-exist in bilateral tradeBY JAMES ZUWALTFirst secretary of US Embassy to ChinaThe United States warmly welcomes Chinas imminent accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Scheduled to join officially in 2002, China will become one of the last major trading nations to join the WTO. And the

3、 message to the world will be clear: China is prepared to become a fully vested player in the global economy. WTO membership will generate tremendous benefits for China: spearheading further economic reform, attracting even higher levels of foreign investment, and fostering the rule of law.At home,

4、WTO membership will undoubtedly thrust significant responsibilities and challenges on the Chinese leadership and the Chinese people. Abroad, it will fundamentally enhance, if not redefine, Chinas relations with other countries, especially with its most significant export market, the United States.On

5、e thing is certain: The changes wrought by Chinas WTO accession will reach far beyond just the trade-related aspects of the US-China relationship, engendering many benefits and mitigate the risks remains a subject of much debate among American and Chinese policy planners, business people, and consum

6、ers.China needs the WTO Chinas explosive economic expansion over the past 20 years is a well-known success story. Fuelled by vigorous reform efforts, growth rates averaging nearly 10 per cent annually have created a vast array of new job and investment opportunities, making China ever more prosperou

7、s. The effect of Chinas transformation from an inward-looking, planned economy to a more market-oriented, trading powerhouse has reverberated throughout the global economy, influencing everything from consumers choices to investment flows.Rapid-fire growth has not been cost-free, however. In particu

8、lar, it has cast a harsh light on some of the structural weaknesses of Chinas economic system, in agriculture, finance, and state-owned enterprise reform. The dilemma for China has been, and will continues to be, how best to keep the dual momentum of economic growth and structural reform going.In ma

9、ny respects, WTO membership is Chinas best option for staying the course, for ensuring that neither the pace of economic growth nor of reform falters. As the world economy has become vastly more complex and interconnected, Chinas participation in it , according to the rules of international trade ,

10、has become that much more critical not only for China, but for the United States, Asia, and the world.As a WTO member, China will be able to participate in the formulation of rules that govern international trade and investment. Similarly, it will be able to defend its trade interests using the WTO

11、dispute-settlement system. Chinese exporters will benefit from the certainty that their trading partners must obey WTO rules. This means, for example, that WTO members will not be able to discriminate against Chinese products in their home markets. WTO membership will make China even more attractive

12、 to foreign investors. And more money invested in China means more high-paying jobs, more government tax receipts, and more technology transfers.WTO rules are designed to facilitate increased competition in every sector of the economy. Chinese consumers will be the direct beneficiaries, as competiti

13、on encourages a large range of choices, lower prices, and higher quality, not to mention a greater awareness, and appreciation for, intellectual property rights and consumer rights. Global competition will foster gains in efficiency and productivity, which will strengthen Chinas economy over time, a

14、nd enhance the ability of Chinese firms to take on the best multinationals in any market , in any part of the world, Chinas economy will benefit from the expanded range of servicesinsurance, finance, distributionwhich foreign companies want to bring into China after its WTO accession. Competition in

15、 this area will in turn stimulate Chinas home-grown services sector, giving companies and consumers an even broader range of choices.Chinas responsibilities While China is poised to benefit greatly from WTO, it is important to keep in mind that WTO membership does not only convey certain rights, but

16、 also specific responsibilities. China laboured through 15 years of tough negotiations, particularly with the United States and the European Union, to achieve WTO membership. The time and effort involved stands as a testament to Chinas determination to become a fully-integrated player in the rules-b

17、ased global trading regime. Although the battle to achieve the victory of WTO accession was hard-fought, in many respects another equally worthwhile but difficult challenge confronts the nation. China is in the process of making enormous changes to meet its WTO obligationsrestructuring industries, p

18、ublishing previously internal laws and regulations, establishing formal procedures to adjudicate disputes, and levelling the playing field for foreign companies. It has agreed to slash tariffs and to eliminate import quotas, to dismantle export subsidies, and has promised to open service industries

19、to foreign competition. Some of these changes will come immediately upon Chinas accession; others will be phased in over a period of a few years.WTO and US-China ties How well China fulfils its obligations of WTO membership will have a direct bearing on the future direction of US-China relations. It

20、 is in the interests of both countries to avoid a scenario in which trade frictions are exacerbated by an inability or unwillingness to meet the many commitments China has made to join the WTO. That said, trade frictions between the US and China will not go away with WTO accession. If anything, they

21、 might increase, at least initially. That is only natural as the size and scope of our trade relationship grows. China already enjoys a burgeoning trade surplus with the US. The US and other governments are playing a vital role in trying to avoid just such a scenario by offering China assistance in

22、meeting its WTO obligations. Our Consulate General in Shanghai, for example, has worked with the US-China Business Council to put together a video-conferencing programme in which American trade-law experts speak to Chinese officials. Similarly, our Embassy in Beijing is working with Beijing Universi

23、ty and a local distance-learning institution to provide on-line WTO training opportunities in communities throughout China. The European Union has allocated approximately US$23 million to bring Chinese officials up to speed on WTO rules and concepts, including translations for use in domestic legisl

24、ation.WTO rules can protect ChinaChinas handling of trade disputes with Japan proves the country isnt skilled enough in using rules and regulations of the world Trade Organization (WTO) to protect its own interests, said an article in the Japanese Studies Magazine.The latest trade dispute was provok

25、ed by Japan in April when it slapped import curbs on shiitake mushrooms, spring onions and rushes tatami mats from China .In June, China imposed punitive tariffs on Japanese-made cars, mobile phones and air conditioners.The dispute can be viewed as an early test of how China will meet challenges bro

26、ught about by its pending WTO entry, the article said.One problem exposed is Chinas slow response to Japans action .The Japanese Government, in fact, started relevant investigations for possible import curbs in as early December. These investigations were conducted in an open manner.Yet there was no

27、 Chinese response until March 27, when Japan announced its non-tariff protection measures and intensified its quarantine of imported farm produces.Another problem demonstrated is Chinas weakness in collecting information.When the Japanese government began investigations on certain products and made

28、relevant statistics, the Chinese government should have conducted their own investigations on the targeted products.With the materials collected, China could have clarified misinformation published by Japan. Furthermore, the effect would have helped China work out efficient countermeasures.Todays tr

29、ade wars, to a great extent, are information wars. A country can not convince the international community by talking abstract theories and must instead rely on concrete data to justify protective measures.In the trade dispute, between China and Japan, Japan flooded the media with statistics. Chinese

30、 media also had to quote figures released by Japan while talking about Chinas export of these three products.There was no proof as to whether those figures are accurate.WTO entry means both opportunities and challenges to China. But people are placing more expectations on gains than on necessary pre

31、parations to meet challenges, the article warned.After it becomes a WTO member, China will encounter similar, unavoidable trade disputes with other countries. To gain an upper hand in handling disputes, it is a pressing task for China to become familiar with rules and regulations of WTOBeing blind t

32、o the game rules for the WTO will make China ill-prepared itself and lead it to unintentionally break laws, the article said.While China has been out of the WTO, the nation has suffered discrimination. But fair treatment within the WTO depends on the skilled use of relevant rules and regulations.Chi

33、nese enterprises also must become more responsible, the article urgedIn the current China-Japan trade dispute, it was the Japanese non-governmental agricultural organizations that put forward the problem first. Japanese politicians later imposed pressure on the Japanese Government, which finally too

34、k the protective measures.Chinese enterprises, still stuck in the shadows of the old planned economic system, have depended heavily on the government. This situation must be changed, the article said.After joining the WTO, China must use both government and enterprises to assure international tradin

35、g justice. The government is responsible for maintaining the stability of the domestic market and protecting infant industries must realize first that their sectors are threatened by similar products overseas or unfair treatment abroad.If enterprises find foreign companies are dumping their products

36、 on the local market or resorting to unethical competitive means, they should report to the government so a probe can commence at once.After entering the WTO, China must also diversify its exports to avoid reliance on exports of the same products to one or two particular countries. China could easil

37、y run afoul of WTO rules without meaning to do so. For example, if Chinas export exceeds 3 per cent of a countrys total import of a certain product, the important country, in line with WTO rules, may curb the import of that Chinese products.In some circumstances, even if its exports are curbed, the

38、punished country has no right to take countermeasures within the first three years, the article said.An old ailment afflicting Chinas export is the price war among Chinese enterprises. To try to win foreign orders, enterprises vie with each other in cutting prices. As a result, they suffer great los

39、ses in profit.At the same time, foreign producers may accuse Chinese producers of dumping their products.Attention must be paid to this problem after China becomes a WTO member, the article said. It cannot be Chinas response to every challenging market.Finally, the government and non-governmental tr

40、ade associations should play a more active role in providing information to enterprises.It is difficult for any single enterprise to have a grasp of the kind of information a government or private agency can collect, but having this knowledge will help China immeasurablyWTO prompts better business e

41、nvironmentChinas entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) will prompt the nation to revise its current laws and regulations and, subsequently, improve the environment for foreign trade and foreign investment, an article in Beijing Review said.China has approved a series of obligations to open i

42、ts social system. Chinese leaders have said many times that China will strictly abide by WTO rules and earnestly fulfill its pledges. The six major obligations China is to bear following its WTO entry are as follows:China is to treat each WTO member equally. All individuals and organizations involve

43、d in foreign investment, including individuals and organizations that have never invested or registered in China, will enjoy at least the same treatment as Chinese enterprises regarding the rights of trade.China is to abolish the practice of double track pricing as well as different treatments for d

44、omestically sold goods and exported goods.Price control will not aim to provide protection to domestic manufacturers and service companies.China is to modify existing domestic legislation and draft new laws in a unified and effective manner in line with the WTO Agreement so as to meet requirements o

45、f the WTO Agreement.Three years after ChinaS WTO entry, expect for a handful of cases, all enterprises will have the right to import and export goods and conduct trade within the customs territory.Farm products will have no export subsidies of any sort.After China fulfils all its pledges, its averag

46、e tariff on farm products will drop to 15 per cent, while tariffs of industrial goods will drop to 8.9 per cent.Subsequent to Chinas WTO accession, foreign companies involved in services will be allowed to establish equity joint ventures in China which, no longer limited in number, can provide servi

47、ces in some cities.Five years after WTO accession, foreign financial institutions will be allowed to provide renminbi services to all Chinese customers. Foreign insurance companies can set up nonlife insurance subsidiaries or joint ventures in China, and foreign businesses will be allowed to establi

48、sh solely foreign-owned subsidiaries.To suit the needs of joining the WTO, China has been revising and improving laws and regulations involving foreign trade and economic cooperation. It is expected that by 2010, a legal system of market economy in conformity with Chinas national conditions will tak

49、e shape.Numerous decrees, regulations and rules still need to be revised for the sake of chinas WTO entry, said Zhang Yuqing, director of the Department of Laws and Regulations under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation (MOFTEC). More than 2,000 bits of regulations need to be revi

50、sed, one by one.Among those laws that have undergone the most revisions are the Law on China-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law on Chinese-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures and the Law on Foreign-Capital Enterprises, said Hu Jingyan, director of MOFTECs Foreign investment department.Hu revealed

51、 that China would abolish three inflexible rules required of foreign-funded enterprises after its WTO accession, regarding local proportion, foreign exchange balance and exporting proportion.Exporters forecast that Chinas WTO accession will lead to a new round of foreign investment in China and that

52、 WTO entry marks the full linkage of China with the international community.The Chinese economic system and Chinese policies, laws and regulations regarding foreign investment will become less ambiguous. This will strengthen the confidence of foreign investors in the Chinese market, the article said

53、.But before this can happen, Chinas current policies aiming to attract foreign investment need revisions. For instance, there are some inappropriate restrictions on foreign-funded enterprises regarding buying imported goods.After the WTO entry, these practices will be changed gradually.The current s

54、ystem for examining and approving foreign investment also will be reformed to increase the transparency of examination and approval.After its WTO entry, China will regularly report its changes in foreign investment policies to the world trade body. It will establish a mechanism for issuing policies

55、related to foreign investment, and designated media will publicize the related policies.Examination and approval of foreign investment will be conducted in accordance with promulgated laws and regulations. The procedures of examination and approval will be simple but effective and the process shall

56、be open.Implementation of national treatment following WTO entry is also expected and will exempt foreign-funded enterprises from many problems. This will greatly boost foreign investment in China.The opening of finance, insurance, telecoms, commerce, tourism, foreign trade, shipping, construction,

57、education, public health and publishing will hasten. The absolute value and ratio of foreign investment attracted by the service sector will experience an obvious increase, which is expected to push up the total amount of foreign direct investment.WTO entry will force China to adopt universally acce

58、pted channels for attracting foreign investment, such as mergers and acquisitions and securities investment. That will further expand the scale of foreign investment.In a step-by-step way and under the prerequisite of guaranteed supervision, China may gradually allow foreign investors to participate

59、 in the A-share market by means of securities investment. 五、案例分析案例一 印度申訴土耳其對(duì)紡織品與服裝的限制違背了非歧視原則案例概述 根據(jù)土耳其及歐盟成立關(guān)稅同盟的協(xié)議，土耳其在紡織品與服裝產(chǎn)品上與歐盟一樣實(shí)行“大體上相同”的貿(mào)易政策。歐盟根據(jù)紡織品與服裝協(xié)議（ATC）對(duì)包括印度在內(nèi)的部分國(guó)家的紡織品及服裝產(chǎn)品實(shí)施了進(jìn)口數(shù)量限制。作為與歐盟建立關(guān)稅同盟，在紡織品與服裝上實(shí)行與歐盟“大體上相同”的政策結(jié)果，土耳其對(duì)印度的19個(gè)種類的紡織品與服裝實(shí)行了數(shù)量限制。印度因此向WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)（DSB）申訴土耳其，請(qǐng)求成立專家小組來調(diào)查此案

60、。 1998年3月13日，DSB成立專家小組對(duì)此案進(jìn)行調(diào)查。泰國(guó)和美國(guó)等以第三方身份參加。印度認(rèn)為，土耳其實(shí)施的數(shù)量限制違背了1994年GATT第11條“普遍取消數(shù)量限制原則”、第13條“非歧視數(shù)量限制原則”和紡織品與服裝協(xié)議第2條第4款的規(guī)定。土耳其則爭(zhēng)辯說，它在成立關(guān)稅同盟時(shí)實(shí)施的數(shù)量限制符合1994年GATT第24條的規(guī)定。 專家小組經(jīng)過調(diào)查后，在1999年5月31日分發(fā)的報(bào)告中裁定，土耳其對(duì)印度紡織品與服裝實(shí)施的數(shù)量限制不符合1994年GATT第11條“普遍取消數(shù)量限制原則”、第13條“非歧視數(shù)量限制原則”和紡織品與服裝協(xié)議第2條第4款的規(guī)定。專家小組否決了土耳其關(guān)于 1994年GAT