高分子材料工程專業(yè)英語翻譯

1、專業(yè).專注Unit 1 What are polymers?What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt.什么是高聚物？首先，他們是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如 說普通的鹽。To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, wh

2、ile that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands.與低分子化合物不同的是，普通鹽的分子量僅僅是 58.5,而高聚物的分子量高于 105,甚至大于106。These big molecules or macromoleculesa re made up of much smallermolecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds.這些大分子或高分子”由許多小分子組成。小分子相互結(jié)合形成大分子，

3、大分子 能夠是一種或多種化合物。To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound.舉例說明，想象一組大小相同并由相同的材料制成的環(huán)。當(dāng)這些環(huán)相互連接起來，可以把形成的鏈看成是具有同種化合物組成的高

4、聚物。Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.另一方面，環(huán)可以大小不同、材料不同，相連接后形成具有不同化合物組成的聚合 物。This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its name, poly meaning many and mer meaning part (in

5、 Greek).聚合物的名稱來自于許多單元相連接，poly意味著 多、聚、重復(fù)”，mer意味著 鏈節(jié)、基體”希臘語中)。As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight.例如：氣態(tài)化合物丁二烯的分子量為54 ,連接4

6、000次可得到分子量大約為200000的聚丁二烯(合成橡膠)高聚物。The low molecular weight compounds from which the polymers form are known as monomers. The picture is simply as follows:形成高聚物的低分子化合物稱為單體。下面簡單地描述一下形成過程：butadiene + butadiene + ? + butadiene- - polybutadiene(4 000 time)丁二烯 十 丁二烯+ 丁二烯聚丁二烯(4000次)One can thus see how a s

7、ubstance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight as 54 grow to become a giant molecule (polymer) of (54X4 000 )200000 molecular weight.能夠知道分子量僅為54的小分子物質(zhì)(單體)如何逐漸形成分子量為200000的 大分子(高聚物)。It is essentially the“ giantnessof toethelymier molecule thatmakes its behavior (different from that of a commonly

8、known chemical compound such as benzene.)實(shí)質(zhì)上正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯這樣的一般化 合物(的性能)Solid benzene, for instance, melts to become liquid benzene at 5.5C and ,on further heating, boils into gaseous benzene.例如固態(tài)苯在5.5 C熔融成液態(tài)苯，進(jìn)一步加熱，煮沸成氣態(tài)苯。As against this well-defined behavior of a simple chemical compound

9、, a polymer like polyethylene does not melt sharply at one particular temperature into clean liquid.與這類簡單化合物明確的行為相比，像聚乙烯這樣的聚合物不能在某一特定的溫度快速地熔融成純凈的液體。Instead, it becomes increasingly softer and, ultimately, turns into a very viscous, tacky molten mass. Further heating of this hot, viscous, molten poly

10、mer does convert it into various gases but it is no longer polyethylene. (Fig.學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注1.1）.而聚合物變得越來越軟，最終變成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融體。將這種熱而粘稠的聚合物熔融體進(jìn)一步加熱，它會轉(zhuǎn)變成不同氣體，但它不再是聚乙烯（如圖1.1）Another striking difference with respect to the behavior of a polymer and that of a low molecular weight compound concerns the dissoluti

11、on process.聚合物行為和低分子量化合物另一不同的行為為溶解過程。Let us take, for example, sodium chloride and add it slowly to fixed quantity of water. The salt, which represents a low molecular weight compound, dissolves in water up to a point （called saturation point） but, thereafter, any further quantity added does not go

12、into solution but settles at the bottom and just remains there as solid.例如，將氯化鈉慢慢地添加到定量的水中。鹽作為一種低分子量化合物，在水中溶解直到某一點(diǎn)（叫飽和點(diǎn)），但進(jìn)一步添加，鹽不進(jìn)入溶液中卻沉到底部而保持原 有的固體狀態(tài)The viscosity of the saturated salt solution is not very much different from that of water. But if we take a polymer instead, say, polyvinyl alcohol,

13、 and add it to a fixed quantity of water, the polymer does not go into solution immediately.飽和鹽溶液的粘度與水的粘度接近.但是，如果我們用聚合物，如聚乙烯醇添加到 定量水中，聚合物不是馬上進(jìn)入到溶液中。The globules of polyvinyl alcohol first absorb water, swell and get distorted in shape and after a long time go into solution.聚乙烯醇顆粒首先吸水溶脹，發(fā)生變形，經(jīng)過很長時間后，

14、（聚乙烯醇分子）進(jìn) 入到溶液中。Also, we can add a very large quantity of the polymer to the same quantity of water without the saturation point ever being reached.同樣地，我們可以將大量的聚合物加入到同樣量的水中，不存在飽和點(diǎn)。As more and more quantity of polymer is added to water, the time taken for the dissolution of the polymer obviously incr

15、eases and the mix ultimately學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注assumes a soft, dough-like consistency.將越來越多的聚合物加入水中，認(rèn)為聚合物溶解的時間明顯地增加，最終呈現(xiàn)柔軟像面團(tuán)一樣粘稠的混合物。Another peculiarity is that, in water, polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature as the excess sodium chloride does in a saturated salt solution.另一個特點(diǎn)是，在水中聚乙烯

16、醇不會像過量的氯化鈉在飽和鹽溶液中那樣能保 持其初始的粉末狀態(tài)。In conclusion, we can say that (1) the long time taken by polyvinyl alcohol for dissolution, (2) the absence of a saturation point, and (3) the increase in the viscosity are all characteristics of a typical polymer being dissolved in a solvent and these characteristic

17、s are attributed mainly to the large molecular size of the polymer.總之，我們可以講(1)聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很長時間，(2)不存在飽和點(diǎn)，(3)粘度的增加是聚合物溶于溶液中的典型特性，這些特性主要?dú)w因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。The behavior of a low molecular weight compound and that of a polymer on dissolution are illustrated in Fig.1.2.Unit 2 Chain PolymerizationMany olefinic and

18、 vinyl unsaturated compounds are able to form chain-like macromolecules through elimination of the double bond, a phenomenon first recognized by Staudinger. Diolefins polymerize in the same manner, however, only one of the two double bonds is eliminated.Staudinger首先發(fā)現(xiàn)許多烯炫和不飽和烯炫通過打開雙鍵可以形成鏈?zhǔn)酱蠓肿?。二烯炫以同?/p>

19、的方式聚合，但僅消除兩個雙鍵中的一個。Such reactions occur through the initial addition of a monomer molecule to an initiator radical or an initiator ion, by which the active state is transferred from the initiator to the added monomer.學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注這類反應(yīng)是通過單體分子首先加成到引發(fā)劑自由基或引發(fā)劑離子上而進(jìn)行的，靠這些反應(yīng)活性中心由引發(fā)劑轉(zhuǎn)移到被加成的單體上。In the same way

20、by means of a chain reaction, one monomer molecule after the other is added (200020000 monomers per second) until the active state is terminated through a different type of reaction.單體分子通過鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)以同樣的方式一個接一個地加上(每秒200020000個單體)直到活性中心通過不同的反應(yīng)方式終止。The polymerization is a chain reaction in two ways: because

21、of the reaction kinetic and because as a reaction product one obtains a chain molecule. The length of the chain molecule is proportional to the kinetic chain length.聚合反應(yīng)成為鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)的兩種原因：反應(yīng)動力學(xué)和作為鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)產(chǎn)物分子。鏈分子的長度與動力學(xué)鏈長成正比。One can summarize the process as follow (R. is equal to the initiator radical):鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)可以概

22、括為以下過程(R相當(dāng)與引發(fā)劑自由基)：略O(shè)ne thus obtains polyvinylchloride from vinylchloride, or polystyrene from styrene, or polyethylene from ethylene, etc.因而通過上述過程由氯乙烯得到聚氯乙烯，或由苯乙烯獲得聚苯乙烯，或乙烯獲 得聚乙烯，等等。The length of the chain molecules, measured by means of the degree of polymerization, can be varied over a large rang

23、e through selection of suitable reaction conditions.分子鏈長通過聚合度測量，可以通過選擇適宜的反應(yīng)條件大為改變Usually, with commercially prepared and utilized polymers, the degree of polymerization lies in the range of 1000 to 5000, but in many cases it can be below 500 and over 10000.商業(yè)制備和使用的聚合物，聚合度通常在10005000范圍內(nèi)，但在許多情況下 可低于50

24、0或高于10000。This should not be interpreted to mean that all molecules of a certain polymeric material consist of 500, or 1000, or 5000 monomer units. In almost學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注all cases, the polymeric material consists of a mixture of polymer molecules of different degrees of polymerization.這不應(yīng)該把聚合物材料所有的分子理解為

25、由500,或1000,或5000個單體單元組成。在幾乎所有的情況下，聚合物材料由不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混合物組成。Polymerization, a chain reaction, occurs according to the same mechanism as the well-known chlorine-hydrogen reaction and the decomposition of phosegene.鏈?zhǔn)骄酆戏磻?yīng)的機(jī)理與眾所周知的氯（氣）-氫（氣）反應(yīng)和光氣的分解機(jī)理相同。The initiation reaction, which is the activation pro

26、cess of the double bond, can be brought about by heating, irradiation, ultrasonics, or initiators. The initiation of the chain reaction can be observed most clearly with radical or ionic initiators.通過雙鍵活化的引發(fā)劑反應(yīng)，可以通過熱、輻射、超聲波或引發(fā)劑產(chǎn)生?？梢院?清楚地進(jìn)行研究用自由基型或離子型引發(fā)劑引發(fā)的鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)。These are energy-rich compounds which c

27、an add suitable unsaturated compounds （monomers） and maintain the activated radical or ionic state so that further monomer molecules can be added in the same manner.這些是高能態(tài)的化合物，它們能夠加成不飽和化合物（單體）并保持自由基或離 子活性中心 以致單體可以以同樣的方式進(jìn)一步加成。For the individual steps of the growth reaction one needs only a relatively

28、 small activation energy and therefore through a single activationstep （theactual initiation reaction） a large number of olefin molecules are converted, as is implied by the term “ chain reaction .對于增長反應(yīng)的各個步驟，每一步僅需要相當(dāng)少的活化能，因此通過一步簡單的 活化反應(yīng)（即引發(fā)反應(yīng)）即可將許多烯類單體分子轉(zhuǎn)化成聚合物 ，這正如連鎖反應(yīng)這 個術(shù)語的內(nèi)涵那樣。Because very small

29、amounts of the initiator bring about the formation of a large amount of polymeric material （1:1000 to 1:1000）, it is possible to regard學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注polymerization from a superficial point of view as a catalytic reaction.因?yàn)樯倭康囊l(fā)劑引發(fā)形成大量的聚合物原料（1 ： 10001 ： 10000 ）,從表面上看聚合反應(yīng)被看成是催化反應(yīng)。For this reason, the init

30、iators used in polymerization reactions are often designated as polymerization catalysts, even though, in the strictest sense, they are not true catalysts because the polymerization initiator enters into the reaction as a real partner and can be found chemically bound in the reaction product ,i.e. ,

31、the polymer.由于這個原因，通常把聚合反應(yīng)的引發(fā)劑看作是聚合反應(yīng)的引發(fā)劑。但因?yàn)榫酆戏磻?yīng)的催化劑進(jìn)入到反應(yīng)內(nèi)部而成為一部分 ，同時可以在反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物，既聚合物的末端 發(fā)現(xiàn)催化劑，所以嚴(yán)格地講它們不是真正意義上的催化劑，In addition to the ionic and radical initiators there are now metal complex initiators （which can be obtained, for example, by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride or titanium trichlorid

32、e with aluminum alkyls）, which play an important role in polymerization reactions （Ziegler catalysts） ,The mechanism of their catalytic action is not yet completely clear.除離子引發(fā)劑和自由基引發(fā)劑外 ，還有金屬絡(luò)合物引發(fā)劑 （可以通過四氯化鈦或 三氯化鈦與烷基鋁的反應(yīng)得到 ）。它們在聚合反應(yīng)中起到了重要作用（齊格納引發(fā)劑）。它們催化活動的機(jī)理還不是十分清楚。UNIT 3 Step-Growth polymerizationM

33、any different chemical reactions may be used to synthesize polymeric materials by step-growth polymerization. These include esterification, amidation, the formation of urethanes, aromatic substitution, etc.通過逐步聚合可用許多不同的化學(xué)反應(yīng)來合成聚合材料。這些反應(yīng)包括酯化、酰胺化、氨基甲酸酯、芳香族取代物的形成等。Polymerization proceeds by the reaction

34、s between two different functional groups, e.g., hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, or isocyanate and hydroxyl groups.學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注通過在兩種不同的官能團(tuán)，如，羥基和竣基，或異富酸酯和羥基之間可發(fā)生聚合 反應(yīng)。All step-growth polymerization fall into two groups depending on the typeof monomer(s) employed. The first involves two different polyfunct

35、ional monomers in which each monomer possesses only one type of functional group.所有的逐步聚合反應(yīng)根據(jù)所使用單體的類型可分為兩類。第一類涉及兩種不同的官能團(tuán)單體，每一種單體僅具有一種官能團(tuán)。A polyfunctional monomer is one with two or more functional groups per molecule. The second involves a single monomer containing both types of functional groups.一種多

36、官能團(tuán)單體每個分子有兩個或多個官能團(tuán)。第二類涉及含有兩類官能團(tuán)的單個單體。The synthesis of polyamides illustrates both groups of polymerization reactions. Thus, polyamides can be obtained from the reaction of diamines with diacids or from the reaction of amino acids with themselves.聚酰胺的合成說明了兩類聚合反應(yīng)。因此聚酰胺可以由二元胺和二元酸的反應(yīng)或氨基酸之間的反應(yīng)得到。The two

37、groups of reactions can be represented in a general manner by the equations as follows兩種官能團(tuán)之間的反應(yīng)一般來說可以通過下列反應(yīng)式表示Reaction (3.1) illustrates the former, while (3.2) is of the latter type.反應(yīng)(3.1)說明前一種形式，而反應(yīng)(3.2)具有后一種形式。Polyesterification, whether between diol and dibasic acid or intermolecularly between

38、 hydroxy acid molecules, is an example of a step-growth polymerization process.聚酯化反應(yīng)是逐步聚合反應(yīng)過程的一個例子。反應(yīng)可能在二元酸和二元醇之間或 羥基酸分子間進(jìn)行。The esterification reaction occurs anywhere in the monomer matrix where學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注two monomer molecules collide, and once the ester has formed, it, too, can react further by virt

39、ue of its still-reactive hydroxyl or carboxyl groups.酯化反應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在單體本體中兩個單體分子相碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活性的羥基或竣基還可以進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行反應(yīng)。The net effect of this is that monomer molecules are consumed rapidly without any large increase in molecular weight.酯化的結(jié)果是單體分子很快地被消耗掉，而分子量卻沒有多少增加。Fig. 3.1 illustrates this phenomenon. Assum

40、e, for example, that each squarein Fig. 3.1a represents a molecule of hydroxy acid. After the initial dimmer molecules from (b), half the monomer molecules have been consumed and the average degree of polymerization (DP) of polymeric species is 2.圖3.1說明了這個現(xiàn)象。假定圖3.1中的每一個方格代表一個羥基酸分子。產(chǎn)生二 聚體分子后(b), 一半的單

41、體分子消耗了，這時平均聚合度(DP)是2。As trimer and more dimer molecules form (c), more than 80% of the monomer molecules have reacted, but DP is still 2.5. When all the monomer molecules have reacted (d), DP is 4.(c)中形成三聚體和更多的二聚體，超過80%的單體分子已參加反應(yīng)，但DP僅 僅還是2.5。(d)中所有的單體反應(yīng)完，DP是4。But each polymer molecule that forms sti

42、ll has reactive end groups; hence the polymerizationreaction will continue in a stepwise fashion, with eachesterification step being identical in rate and mechanism to the initial esterification of monomers.但形成的每一種聚合物分子還有反應(yīng)活性的端基；因此，聚合反應(yīng)將以逐步的方式繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，其每一步酯化反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)速率和反應(yīng)機(jī)理均與初始單體的酯化作用相 同。Thus, molecular wei

43、ght increases slowly even at high levels of monomer conversion, and it will continue to increase until the viscosity build-up makes it mechanically too difficult to remove water of esterification or for reactive end groups to find each other.學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注這樣，分子量在高單體轉(zhuǎn)化率下緩慢增加，繼續(xù)增加直到粘度增加到難以除去酯化反應(yīng)的水或端基難以相互反應(yīng)

44、為止。It can also be shown that in the A-A+B-B type of polymerization, an exact stoichiometric balance is necessary to achieve high molecular weights. If some monofunctional impurity is present, its reaction will limit the molecular weight by rendering a chain end inactive.在A-A+B-B的聚合反應(yīng)中，精確的定量配比是獲得高分子量

45、所必需的。假如存在 一些單官能團(tuán)雜質(zhì)，由于鏈的端基失活，其反應(yīng)將限制分子量。Similarly, high-purity monomers are necessary in the A-B type of polycondensation and it follows that high-yield reactions are the only practical ones for polymer formation, since side reactions will upset the stoichiometric balance.同樣，在A-B類的縮聚反應(yīng)中高純度的單體是必要的。因?yàn)楦狈?/p>

46、應(yīng)會破壞定量配 比，能形成聚合物的實(shí)用方法只能是高收率的反應(yīng)。學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注UNIT 4 Ionic PolymerizationIonic polymerization, similar to radical polymerization, also has the mechanism of a chain reaction. The kinetics of ionic polymerization are, however, considerably different from that of radical polymerization.離子聚合反應(yīng)，與自由基聚合反應(yīng)相似，也是鏈反

47、應(yīng)機(jī)理。但離子聚合的動力學(xué) 明顯地不同于自由基聚合反應(yīng)。(1) The initiation reaction of ionic polymerization needs only a small activation energy. Therefore, the rate of polymerization depends only slightly on the temperature.(1)離子聚合的引發(fā)反應(yīng)僅需要很小的活化能。因此，聚合反應(yīng)的速率與溫度關(guān)系不大。Ionic polymerizations occur in many cases with explosive violen

48、ce even at temperature. below 50 C (for example, the anionic polymerization of styrene at 刀0 C in tetrahydrofuran, or the cationic polymerization of isobutylene at 一 100 C in liquid ethylene ).在許多情況甚至低于50c下離子聚合反應(yīng)劇烈(例如，苯乙烯的陰離子聚合在-70 C在四氫吠喃中反應(yīng)，異丁烯的陽離子聚合在-100 C在液態(tài)乙烯中反應(yīng))。With ionic polymerization there

49、is no compulsory chain termination through recombination, because the growing chains can not react with each other.對于離子聚合來說，因?yàn)樯L鏈之間不能發(fā)生反應(yīng)，不存在通過再結(jié)合反應(yīng)而進(jìn) 行的強(qiáng)迫鏈終止。Chain termination takes place only through impurities, or through the addition of certain compounds such as water, alcohols, acids, amines, o

50、r oxygen, and in general through compounds which can react with polymerization ions under the formation of neutral compounds or inactive ionic species.鏈終止反應(yīng)僅僅通過雜質(zhì)而發(fā)生，或者說通過和某些像水、醇、酸、胺或氧這樣 的化合物進(jìn)行加成而發(fā)生，且一般來說(鏈終止反應(yīng))可通過這樣的化合物來進(jìn)行，學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注這種化合物可以和活性聚合物離子進(jìn)行反應(yīng)生成中性聚合物或沒有聚合活性的離子型 聚合物。If the initiators are onl

51、y partly dissociated, the initiation reaction is an equilibrium reaction, where reaction in one direction gives rise to chain initiation and in the other direction to chain termination.如果引發(fā)劑僅僅部分地離解，引發(fā)反應(yīng)即為一個平衡反應(yīng)，在出現(xiàn)平衡反應(yīng)的場 合，在一個方向上進(jìn)行鏈引發(fā)反應(yīng)，而在另一個方向上則發(fā)生鏈終止反應(yīng)。In general ionic polymerization can be initiat

52、ed through acidic or basic compounds.通常離子聚合反應(yīng)能通過酸性或堿性化合物被引發(fā)。For cationic polymerization, complexes of BF3, AlCl3, TiCl4, and SnCl4 with water, or alcohols, or tertiary oxonium salts have shown themselves to be particularly active. The positive ions are the ones that cause chain initiation. For examp

53、le:對于陽離子聚合反應(yīng)來說，BF3,AlCl3,TiCl4和SnCl4與水、或乙醇，或叔烽鹽的 絡(luò)合物活性特別高。正離子產(chǎn)生鏈引發(fā)。例如：However, also with HCl, H2SO4, and KHSO4, one can initiate cationic polymerization. Initiators for anionic polymerization are alkali metals and their organic compounds, such as phenyllithium, butyllithium, phenyl sodium, and triph

54、enylmethyl potassium, which are more or less strongly dissociated in different solvents.但BF3與HCl、H2SO4和KHSO4也可以引發(fā)陽離子聚合反應(yīng)。陰離子聚合反應(yīng) 的引發(fā)劑是堿金屬和它們的有機(jī)金屬化合物 ，例如苯基鋰、丁基鋰和三苯甲基鋰，它 們在溶劑中高度離解。To this group belong also the so called Alfin catalysts, which are a mixture of sodium isopropylate, allyl sodium, and sod

55、ium chloride.所謂的Alfin催化劑就是屬于這一類，這類催化劑是異丙醇鈉、烯丙基鈉和氯化鈉 的混合物。With BF3 (and isobutylene as the monomer), it was demonstrated that the學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注 polymerization is possible only in the presence of traces of traces of water or alcohol.BF3為引發(fā)劑（異丁烯為單體），在痕量水或乙醇下聚合反應(yīng)才可以進(jìn)行。If one eliminates the trace of water, BF

56、3 alone does not give rise to polymerization. Water or alcohols are necessary in order to allow the formation of the BF3-complex and the initiator cation according to the above reactions.However, one should not describe the water or the alcohol as a如果消除痕量的水，BF3單獨(dú)不會引發(fā)聚合反應(yīng)。對于上述反應(yīng)，水或乙醇對于形 成BF3-絡(luò)合物和引發(fā)劑離

57、子是必需的。但是水或乙醇不應(yīng)認(rèn)為是 助催化劑”。Just as by radical polymerization, one can also prepare copolymers by ionic polymerization, for example, anionic copolymers of styrene and butadiene, or cationic copolymers of isobutylene and styrene, or isobutylene and viny ethers, etc.與自由基聚合反應(yīng)一樣，通過離子聚合反應(yīng)也能制備共聚物，例如，苯乙烯-丁二 烯陰

58、離子共聚物，或異丁烯-苯乙烯陽離子共聚物，或異丁烯-乙烯基醍共聚物，等 等。As has been described in detail with radical polymerization, one can characterize each monomer pair by so-called reactivity ratios r1 and r2.正如對自由基型聚合已經(jīng)詳細(xì)描述過那樣，人們可以用所謂的競聚率r1和r2來表 征每單體對。UNIT 5 Introduction to Living Radical PolymerizationTraditional methods of li

59、ving polymerization are based on ionic, coordination or group transfer mechanisms.活性聚合的傳統(tǒng)方法是基于離子，配位或基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)理。Ideally, the mechanism of living polymerization involves only initiation and propagation steps.理論上活性聚合的機(jī)理只包括引發(fā)和增長反應(yīng)步驟。學(xué)習(xí)參考專業(yè).專注All chains are initiated at the commencement of polymerization and

60、 propagation continues until all monomer is consumed.在聚合反應(yīng)初期所有的鏈都被引發(fā)，然后增長反應(yīng)繼續(xù)下去直到所有的單體都被A type of novel techniques消耗殆盡。A type of novel techniquesfor living polymerization, known as living(possibly usecontrolledormediated merizataxnipol developed(possibly usecontrolledormediated merizataxnipol develo