catti二級(jí)筆譯之評(píng)分與翻譯原則

1、CATTI英語(yǔ)二級(jí)筆譯培訓(xùn)主講人：Freddy翻譯中介x景界外語(yǔ)CATTI筆譯筆譯五標(biāo)準(zhǔn):譯文準(zhǔn)確、完整、流暢（忠實(shí)+通順，最低要求?。w現(xiàn)原文風(fēng)格（二級(jí)筆譯特別要求?。o(wú)錯(cuò)譯、漏譯（若有，失分會(huì)很多?。┳g文邏輯清楚，無(wú)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤（若有多處，基本通不過(guò)?。?biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)使用正確（細(xì)節(jié)不容忽略?。┮郧叭绾卧u(píng)分？Q: 具體怎么評(píng)分？A: 閱卷人采點(diǎn)給分，哪怕通篇看起來(lái)不知所云，但只要翻譯正確的句子加起來(lái)夠60分，就可以通過(guò)。由于西藏地處“世界屋脊”，自然條件惡劣，也由于幾百年落后的封建農(nóng)奴制社會(huì)形成 的各種社會(huì)歷史條件的限制，西藏在全國(guó)還屬于不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)。但是，50年的發(fā)展已經(jīng)極 大地改變了其昔日貧窮落后的

2、面貌，西藏人民生活質(zhì)量大大提高。社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展極大 地豐富了人民的物質(zhì)文化生活。2000年，西藏全區(qū)各族人民已基本擺脫貧困，實(shí)現(xiàn)溫飽。部分群眾生活達(dá)到了小康水平。隨著人民生活逐步富裕，冰箱、彩電、洗衣機(jī)、摩托車、手表等消費(fèi)品進(jìn)入了越來(lái)越多尋常百姓家。不少富裕起來(lái)的農(nóng)牧民蓋起了新房，有的還 購(gòu)買了汽車。西藏目前的人均居住面積處于全國(guó)首位。廣播、電視、通信、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等現(xiàn) 代信息傳遞手段已深入到人民群眾的日常生活。絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)的百姓能夠通過(guò)收聽收看 廣播、電視，了解全國(guó)和全世界各地的新聞。當(dāng)?shù)匕傩漳軌蛲ㄟ^(guò)電話、電報(bào)、傳真或互 聯(lián)網(wǎng)等手段獲取信息資料，并與全國(guó)和全世界各地取得聯(lián)系。由于缺醫(yī)少藥狀況得到根

3、 本改變，人民群眾的健康水平大幅度提高。西藏人均預(yù)期壽命由二十世紀(jì)五十年代的 35.5歲增加到現(xiàn)在的67歲。（2005年5月三級(jí)筆譯漢譯英真題，漢譯英部分40分）Tibet, located on the “Roof of the World”, is still an underdeveloped area in China because of its harsh natural conditions and various social and historical restrictions formed by centuries of backward feudal serfdom.

4、(3分) However, the development of Tibet in the past 50 years has greatly changed its former poor and backward look, and the Tibetan people s living standards have greatly improved. (3分) Social and economic development has enriched the people s material and cultural life remarkably. (2分)In 2000, peopl

5、e of various ethnic groups in Tibet basically shook off poverty, and had enough to eat and wear. (2分) Some of them began to live a better-off life. (1分) Along with the improvement in the people s livelihood, consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TV sets, washing machines, motorcycles and wrist

6、watches have entered more and more ordinary homes. (4分) Many well-off farmers and herdsmen have built new houses. (1分) Some have even bought automobiles. (1分) Currently, Tibet ranks first in per-capita housing in the country. (1分) Radio, television, telecommunications, the Internet and other modern

7、information transmission means are now part of daily life in Tibet. (3分) News about various parts of the country and the world now reach most people in Tibet by radio and TV. (2分) Local people can obtain information from and make contacts with other parts of the country and the world through telepho

8、ne, telegram, fax or the Internet. (2分) The Tibetan people s health has also improved substantially, because the situation featuring a lack of both doctors and medicine has changed fundamentally. (3分) The average life expectancy of the Tibetan people has increased from 35.5 years in the 1950s to 67

9、years presently. (2分)（30分分化到每個(gè)句子，另外10分由評(píng)卷人自己把握尺度給分）現(xiàn)在如何評(píng)分？現(xiàn)在如何評(píng)分？現(xiàn)在如何評(píng)分？一、搭配原則1. 主謂搭配：一般說(shuō)來(lái)，漢語(yǔ)的主謂關(guān)系沒有英語(yǔ)那么密切。英語(yǔ)的主謂搭配要考慮主語(yǔ)能否實(shí)施后面的動(dòng)作。因此，譯文以什么做主語(yǔ)，怎樣和謂語(yǔ)搭配，是漢譯英時(shí)需要斟酌的一個(gè)問題。例1 我們的信息技術(shù)取得了一個(gè)又一個(gè)輝煌勝利。Version 1: Our information technology has won one brilliant victory after another. Version 2: We have won one bri

10、lliant victory after another in information technology.例2 一些企業(yè)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和工藝水平已達(dá)到世界領(lǐng)先水平。（2012年5月二級(jí)筆譯漢譯英真題）Some enterprises have already led the world with their superior quality and workmanship.點(diǎn)評(píng)：該句中“質(zhì)量”、“水平”與動(dòng)詞“達(dá)到”在英語(yǔ)中不是正常的搭配關(guān)系，以“企業(yè)”轉(zhuǎn)換成主語(yǔ)，原文主語(yǔ) “質(zhì)量”與“工藝”用介詞短語(yǔ)鏈接作為方式狀語(yǔ)?？偨Y(jié)：主語(yǔ)是偏正短語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們可以將偏正短語(yǔ)中的“偏”做主語(yǔ)。一、搭配原則2.

11、動(dòng)賓搭配：核心思路是“先賓后謂”，即在翻譯動(dòng)賓短語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)先考慮賓語(yǔ)的成分（名詞、短語(yǔ)和句子）。不同的賓語(yǔ)成分決定了謂語(yǔ)的使用。例1 中國(guó)人民始終希望天下太平，希望各國(guó)人民友好相處。looking forward toVersion 1: The Chinese people are alwaysglobal peace andfriendship among all nations.（賓語(yǔ)是名詞和名詞短語(yǔ)）hopingVersion 2: The Chinese people are alwaysthat the world is at peace andpeople of all nat

12、ions will coexist friendlily. （賓語(yǔ)是句子）一、搭配原則2. 動(dòng)賓搭配：例2 像這一類的問題有不少，如果處理不當(dāng)，就很容易動(dòng)搖我們的方針，影響改革的全局。Version 1: There are many problems like this one, and if we dont handle them properly,they could easily shake our policies and affect the overall reform.Version 2: There are many problems like this one, and i

13、f we dont handle them properly, our policies could easily be undermined and overall reform affected.例3 三十年來(lái)，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)以震驚世界的GDP數(shù)值高速增長(zhǎng)，不僅讓民眾的生活從貧困走向溫飽、從溫飽邁向小康，國(guó)家財(cái)力亦是今非昔比。(“翟志剛一小步，中國(guó)一大步”中國(guó)新聞網(wǎng)2008年9月27日?qǐng)?bào)道 )Version 1: Over the past three decades, Chinas economy has been growing at a fast GDP rate that shocks

14、the world.Version 2: Over the past three decades, Chinas economy has been growing at a fast GDP rate that amazes the world.一、搭配原則2. 動(dòng)賓搭配：例4 “老虎”、“蒼蠅”一起打。Version 1: crack down on both the tigers and the flies?crack down on/against + crime/problem/protest, etcVersion 2: hunt the tigers and the flies?h

15、unt:to chase wild animals or birds in order to catch or kill them for food, sportor to make money(打獵；獵殺) （OALD 7） Version 3: not only cage the tigers but also swat the flies.一、搭配原則介詞搭配：一些動(dòng)詞（及物或不及物）后面若要加雙賓語(yǔ)，則要考慮用哪個(gè)介詞搭配的問題。例1：這位作家指責(zé)評(píng)論者沒有公正地評(píng)價(jià)他的處女作。The writeraccusedthe critic of failing to do justice t

16、o his maiden work.rebuke/admonish sb. for (doing) sth.reproach sb. for/with (doing) sth.二、時(shí)態(tài)確定原則英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)有它特殊的語(yǔ)用意義，例如：Ive seen more and more people who can not read write. Our government has been saying that they are trying to eliminate illiteracy. Is our government trying to eliminate education?我發(fā)覺不會(huì)讀書

17、寫字的人愈來(lái)愈多了。政府老是說(shuō)他們正在盡力消滅文盲現(xiàn)象他們莫非正在想方設(shè)法消滅教育？（has been saying表示厭倦或反感， is trying表示譏諷。）可見時(shí)態(tài)不像想象中那么簡(jiǎn)單，漢譯英通常不可避免地會(huì)面臨時(shí)態(tài)選擇問題，這往往是考試中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。除了憑借語(yǔ)感和語(yǔ)法判斷外，有時(shí)還需要考慮 情感、態(tài)度等因素。二、時(shí)態(tài)確定原則例1 南海諸島自古以來(lái)就是中國(guó)領(lǐng)土。The South China Sea Islands have been Chinas territory since ancient times.例2 中華民族歷來(lái)愛好自由和和平。Version 1: The Chinese

18、people always cherish freedom and peace.（客觀陳述） Version 2: The Chinese people have always been cherishing freedom and peace.（褒揚(yáng)、贊美）Version 3: The Chinese people are always cherishing freedom and peace.（褒揚(yáng)、贊美）二、時(shí)態(tài)確定原則例3 畢竟中國(guó)、古巴等一些在人權(quán)委員會(huì)中受到以美國(guó)為首批評(píng)的國(guó)家，總是投票或游說(shuō)反對(duì)美國(guó)政府。After all, China and Cuba and other ta

19、rgets of U.S.-led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington.（偏見、敵視）例4 中國(guó)最早發(fā)現(xiàn)、命名和開發(fā)利用南海諸島及相關(guān)海域，最早并持續(xù)、和平、有效地對(duì)南海諸島及相關(guān)海域行使主權(quán)和管轄，確立了在南海的領(lǐng)土主權(quán)和相關(guān)權(quán)益。China is the first to have discovered , named and explored and exploited Nanhai Zhudao and relevant waters, and the fir

20、st to have exercised sovereignty.二、時(shí)態(tài)確定原則例5a）中國(guó)過(guò)去是、現(xiàn)在是、將來(lái)也必將是世界和平的維護(hù)者、共同發(fā)展的促進(jìn)者、國(guó)際合作的推動(dòng)者。Chinawas,isandwillcontinuetobeaforceforworldpeace,common development and international cooperation.例5b）中國(guó)過(guò)去是、現(xiàn)在是、將來(lái)也一定更是南海的主人。China was and remains to be the master of the South China Sea.二、時(shí)態(tài)確定原則例6面對(duì)復(fù)雜的國(guó)際和地區(qū)形勢(shì)，維

21、護(hù)地區(qū)安全穩(wěn)定和促進(jìn)成員國(guó)共同發(fā)展，過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在乃至將來(lái)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)都是上海合作組織的首要任務(wù)和目標(biāo)。（2014年5月二級(jí)筆譯漢譯英真題）The complicated landscape, international and regional alike, means that SCO will remain committed, now as ever, to regional security and stability as well ascommon development of its member states. That is the top priority and premi

22、er goal for the organization for quite sometime to come.例7在亞洲各國(guó)政府和人民的共同努力下，亞洲的發(fā)展正呈現(xiàn)出前所未有的良好姿態(tài)。（2006年5月二級(jí)筆譯漢譯英真題）Thanks to the joint efforts of the governments and peoples of Asian countries, Asia has registered an unprecedented sound momentum of development.三、主語(yǔ)確定原則由于英語(yǔ)是主語(yǔ)顯著語(yǔ)言（subject-prominent），構(gòu)建在

23、主謂軸（subject-predicate pivot）上，主語(yǔ)決定了句法結(jié)構(gòu)；漢語(yǔ)為主題顯著性語(yǔ)言（topic-prominent），其中主語(yǔ)的重要性相對(duì)較低，無(wú)主語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象比比皆是。因此在漢譯英中最重要的就是確定主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)選擇成功了，句子越翻越順；選擇失敗，考生越翻越煩。主語(yǔ)的確定主要有三種方法：使用原主語(yǔ)；重新確定主語(yǔ)；增補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)。例1 這一目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，最直接的應(yīng)該是老百姓住得更寬敞了，更舒服了。Version 1: The realization of the goal will enable the citizens to live more comfortablywith more s

24、pacious apartments. (“最直接”的語(yǔ)義信息不好處理)Version 2: The best/biggest benefit of the realization of the goal is that the citizens live more spaciously and comfortably. (兩個(gè)of結(jié)構(gòu)，行文拖沓)Version3:Thecitizenswilllivemorecomfortablywithmorespaciousapartments,benefiting most directly from achieving the goal.三、主語(yǔ)確定

25、原則例2 中國(guó)的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步不會(huì)對(duì)任何人構(gòu)成威脅。（江澤民哈佛大學(xué)演講）Version1:ThedevelopmentandprogressofChinawillnotposeanythreatto anyone.Version 2: A developing and progressing China will pose no threat to anyone.例3 中國(guó)的水域、草原、山地資源豐富，開發(fā)潛力巨大。Version 1: Chinas water, grassland and sloping land resources are rich, which haveVersion 2:

26、 China has rich water, grassland and sloping land resources which have great potential for exploitation.三、主語(yǔ)確定原則例4從地雷禁用條款到京都防止氣候變暖條約等一些列問題，美國(guó)政府總是對(duì)國(guó)際輿論置若罔聞，使得這些（倒戈）國(guó)家越來(lái)越懊惱。They have been increasingly chagrined by Washingtons tendency to ignore the internationalconsensusonissuesrangingfromtheuseofland

27、minestothe Kyotoclimatechangetreaty.（轉(zhuǎn)換主語(yǔ)，從后往前譯，讓譯文一氣呵成?。┤⒅髡Z(yǔ)確定原則舉一反三：例5在世界上，中國(guó)巖畫是誕生最早、分布最廣、內(nèi)容最豐富的國(guó)家之一。（2012年11月二級(jí)筆譯漢譯英真題）四、謂語(yǔ)最小化原則英語(yǔ)傾向于多用名詞，因而敘述呈靜態(tài)（static）；漢語(yǔ)傾向于多用動(dòng)詞，因而敘述呈動(dòng)態(tài)（dynamic）。（連淑能，英漢對(duì)比研究：104）這一特點(diǎn)決定了我們漢譯英時(shí)要注意將漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換為英語(yǔ)名詞、介詞或不定式等詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)。如果考生把所有的動(dòng)詞都翻譯成動(dòng)詞的話，只能說(shuō)明其還屬于“入門”境界。常見減少謂語(yǔ)的方法有：把動(dòng)詞變成名詞使用介詞

28、短語(yǔ)使用分詞短語(yǔ)多使用to表示目的的狀語(yǔ)把并列謂語(yǔ)中最后一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)處理成非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(“，which”)雖然以上這些方法從本質(zhì)上講都是些小打小鬧的“噱頭”，但是不重視謂語(yǔ)的省略一定不會(huì)取得理想的成績(jī)。四、謂語(yǔ)最小化原則例1 共同努力建設(shè)一個(gè)和平與繁榮的世界Version 1: work together to build a peaceful and prosperous worldVersion 2: work together for a peaceful and prosperous world（“建設(shè)”一詞無(wú)須譯出，利用介詞for巧隱藏）例2 加快推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)和自主創(chuàng)新。Vers

29、ion1: We will step up our efforts to drive/promote the upgrading of industry structureVersion 2: We will accelerate our efforts to upgrade the industrial structure and make independent innovations.（“推進(jìn)” 一詞可以不譯，直接譯為upgrade sth即可）四、謂語(yǔ)最小化原則例3（中美）雙邊貿(mào)易額增長(zhǎng)了200多倍，去年達(dá)到5200多億美元。Version 1:Two-way trade has in

30、creased more than 200 times and reached US$520 billion last year.Version 2: Two-way trade has increased more than 200 times to reach US$520billion last year.Version 1兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞用and連接，顯示的是并列關(guān)系；Version 2用不定式to連接前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，體現(xiàn)了主從關(guān)系。譯文2譯法更嫻熟，技高一籌。四、謂語(yǔ)最小化原則例4 今年的亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易合作組織會(huì)議將主要側(cè)重兩個(gè)方面：一是加強(qiáng)亞太經(jīng)合組織成員之間的合作，共同應(yīng)對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退

31、，重樹信心；二是繼續(xù)推進(jìn)亞太經(jīng)合組織貿(mào)易投資自由化進(jìn)程，推動(dòng)世界貿(mào)易組織盡早開始新一輪談判。（7 verbs!）The APEC meeting in this year will focus mainly on two aspects: one is on strengthening the cooperation among all APEC members to cope with the possible economic recession with rebuilt-up confidence; the other is on promoting the liberalization

32、 of trade and investment among all APEC members for the start of a new round of negotiations by WTO.四、謂語(yǔ)最小化原則例5 他實(shí)現(xiàn)了徒手攀登泰山、華山、衡山等20多座名山，孤身翻越海拔5231米的唐古拉山，手搖輪椅走過(guò)絲綢之路，穿越塔克拉瑪干（Taklimakan）大沙漠，徒手攀登上海東方明珠電視塔，圓滿完成從沙漠到香港的旅行。（2005年5月二級(jí)筆譯漢譯英）(7 verbs!)He left a trail of human records including climbing more th

33、an 20 famous mountains like Mount Tai, Mount Hua and Mount Heng with his hands, crossing the 5,231-meter-high Mount Tanggula alone, traveling along the Silk Road in wheelchair, crossing the Taklimakan Desert, getting to the top of the Oriental Pearl TV Tower in Shanghai with his hands, and completin

34、g the journey from the desert to Hong Kong.四、謂語(yǔ)最小化原則注意：Bad noun habit in English writing and translation例：寫作時(shí)過(guò)分使用名詞，勢(shì)必給動(dòng)詞增加太多的負(fù)擔(dān)，因而阻礙思路暢通。試比較此句的兩個(gè)譯文：Version 1: The effect of the overuse of nouns in writing is the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of t

35、he thought. （28 words， with 5 “ofs” ）Version 2: One who overuses nouns in writing places too much strain upon the verbs andas a result prevents the thought from moving along. （23 words，without any “of”）譯文1充滿了名詞、動(dòng)名詞和介詞，其唯一的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是“is”。這個(gè)軟弱的動(dòng)詞必須拉動(dòng)一個(gè)滿載名詞的主語(yǔ)，還必須推動(dòng)兩個(gè)滿載名詞的表語(yǔ)，這就使整個(gè)句子缺乏動(dòng)態(tài)感。若將部分名詞改成動(dòng)詞，即可分擔(dān)句子的負(fù)荷，化靜為動(dòng)，如譯文2。五、銜接原則英語(yǔ)造句常用各種形式手段連接詞、語(yǔ)、分句或