2022-2023學年新教材高中英語Unit1Backtoschool語法精講1句子成分與句子結構課件牛津譯林版必修第一冊

1、語法精講句子成分與句子結構1句子成分組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分。根據(jù)各部分在句子中所起的作用，可以把句子分為主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語等，起主要作用的是主語和謂語。(1)主語(subject)主語指句子所談論的主題，作主語的通常是名詞、代詞，也可以是數(shù)詞、doing、to do或者主語從句。The efforts you make are sure to pay off sooner or later.你的努力遲早會有回報的。We can take advantage of this opportunity to strengthen the relationship b

2、etween the two companies.我們可以利用這次機會來加強兩個公司之間的聯(lián)系。Four and five is nine.四加五等于九。What you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的練習。特別提示動詞不定式、動名詞或者從句作主語時，常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語后置。To see such a serious man play jokes on us is amazing.It is amazing to see such a serious man play jokes on us.看到這么嚴肅的一個人開我們的玩笑，真令人吃驚。(2)謂語

3、(predicate)謂語用來說明主語所做的動作或主語的特征狀態(tài)，由行為動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)充當。He succeeded at last by working hard.他通過努力工作最后成功了。He didnt focus his attention on his study last night.昨天晚上他沒有專心學習。He runs every morning.他每天早上跑步。The film is interesting這部電影很有趣。(3)賓語(object)：賓語表示動作的對象或行為的承受者，一般位于及物動詞(短語)或介詞后面，有的動詞后面有兩個賓語間接賓語(人)和直接賓語(物)。可

4、作賓語的詞通常有名詞、代詞、doing、 to do或者賓語從句。He loves English他喜歡英語。His teacher praised him for his courage to take up the challenge.他的老師表揚他接受挑戰(zhàn)的勇氣。He enjoys reading some books.他喜歡看書。I dont know whether I can make a difference to these boys我不知道會不會對這些男孩產(chǎn)生影響。 請把你的書借給我。特別提示動詞不定式、動名詞或者從句作賓語時，常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語后置。I fi

5、nd it not easy to improve the situation in a short time.我發(fā)現(xiàn)在短時間內改善這種狀況是不容易的。(4)表語(predicative)：表語說明主語的性質、特征、狀態(tài)或身份，與連系動詞一起構成復合謂語。表語通常由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式(短語)、v.-ing(短語)、分詞或從句等充當。常見的系動詞有：be, become, turn, get, feel, look, sound, remain, seem等。Africa is a big continent非洲是個大洲。I feel much better我感覺好多了。T

6、hey seem to know the truth他們似乎知道真相。We should remain seated until our teacher returns.我們應該一直坐著直到老師回來。(5)定語(attribute)：定語起修飾、限制名詞或代詞的作用，可分為前置定語和后置定語。一般由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞所有格、介詞短語、動詞不定式(短語)、分詞(短語)或從句等充當。Dalian is a beautiful city.大連是一個美麗的城市。 He works in a trade company.他在一家貿(mào)易公司上班。 Is there any difference

7、between spoken English and written English？英語口語和書面語之間有什么不同嗎？ The man who is talking with a foreigner is my English teacher.正在和一個外國人說話的那個男士是我的英語老師。 (6)狀語(adverbial)：狀語用于修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，通常由副詞、介詞短浯、動詞不定式、分詞或從句等充當，可表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、方式、伴隨、條件、讓步、程度、頻率等。 Ill be back in a while我一會兒就回來。(時間狀語) Im very please

8、d to see you見到你我非常高興。(原因狀語) Please call me up if you need help你如果需要幫助，請給我打電話。(條件狀語) To realize your potential, you should make an effort.要發(fā)揮潛能，你得努力。(目的狀語)(7)賓語補足語(object complement)：位于賓語后，用來補充賓語的意義。由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等充當。 Has he found himself a place to live yet?他找到地方住了嗎？(名詞) When we got t

9、here, we found the injured unconscious and bleeding當我們到那里時，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)傷者已不省人事而且血流不止。(形容詞) She wanted me to give her some money.她想讓我給她點錢。(不定式) We saw the road covered with snow.我們看見路上覆蓋著雪。(過去分詞)2句子結構常見的句子結構有八種：(1)主語謂語(SV)這種句型中的動詞是不及物動詞。所謂不及物動詞，就是這種動詞后不可以直接接賓語。常見的不及物動詞有：work，jump, arrive, come, disappear, cr

10、y, happen等。(2)主語謂語賓語(SVO)此句型的特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語發(fā)出的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，后面必須跟一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。(3)主語連系動詞表語(SVP)該句式側重說明主語的特征、身份等。常見的連系動詞有：be, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, keep, remain, get，become, turn, grow等。(4)主語十謂語間接賓語直接賓語(SVIODO)有些謂語動詞必須跟兩個賓語才能表達完整的意思。常見的接雙賓語的動詞有：give, lend, offer, show, tell, buy

11、, bring, send, make等。(5)主語謂語賓語賓語補足語(SVOC)該句型中的謂語動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分才能使其意思完整。(6)主語謂語狀語(SVA)在很多情形中，作謂語的不及物動詞后面跟上狀語意思才完整。(7)主語謂語賓語狀語(SVOA)有些及物動詞作謂語時，加上賓語后句意仍然不完整，需要加上狀語句意才能完整。特別提示有些狀語，如時間狀語、原因狀語等位置靈活，可出現(xiàn)在句首。(8)there be句型英語中there be句型表示“(某處)有某物”，其中there be后面的名詞為句子的主語。there be句型中be還可以用

12、其他詞替代，如live, exist, stand, lie, remain等?！倦S堂自測】.觀察下列各組句子的畫線部分作何成分，并分別說出其類別第一組1The exchange students are celebrating the Christmas.2We are anxious to improve our spoken English.3To know everything is to know nothing.4Making a good first impression is very important.5Why he did such a thing is not clea

13、r.主語1.名詞2.代詞3.不定式短語4.動名詞短語5.從句第二組6We have revised the text.7Please look after the twins.謂語6.動詞7.動詞短語第三組8The students are taking notes9How many do you want？I want two10. Im looking forward to meeting her11Can you tell me what impressed you most?賓語8.名詞9.數(shù)詞10.動名詞短語11.從句第四組12Andy and I are friends13Leav

14、es have gone yellow14My duty is to make our environment better15My hobby is reading16Thats where the river joins the sea表語12.名詞13.形容詞14.不定式短語15.動名詞16.從句第五組17Unfortunately, David missed the train.18Ten years ago, she began to live in Dalian.19Seeing its mother, the baby smiled.20When he was a boy, Jo

15、hn came to China.狀語17.副詞18.副詞短語19.現(xiàn)在分詞短語20.從句第六組21All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy22I think the meeting formal23I saw the kite up and down24I found him in trouble25Im sorry to have kept you waiting26Last year, they heard their house rebuilt賓語補足語21.名詞短語22.形容詞23.副詞短語 24介詞短語25.現(xiàn)在分詞26.過去分詞第七組2

16、7The pink dress is Marys.28His name is Tom.29The boy in blue is Tom.30There is nothing to do today.31The smiling lady is very kind.32. The building designed by her is beautiful.33. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?定語27.形容詞28.代詞29.介詞短語30.不定式31.現(xiàn)在分詞32.過去分詞短語33.從句.分析下列句子結構1Tom wants to make a good first impression.2He excitedly found most