病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識培訓(xùn)課件

1、病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒（virus）是一類非細胞型微生物主要特點體積非常微小，需在電子顯微鏡觀察結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，無細胞結(jié)構(gòu)，只含一種類型核酸（DNA或RNA）嚴格的細胞內(nèi)寄生，只能在活細胞中增殖對抗生素不敏感，但對干擾素敏感2病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒（virus）是一類非細胞型微生物2病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識特性病毒細菌真菌濾菌器+ -結(jié) 構(gòu)非細胞原核細胞真核細胞細胞壁-+核酸類型DNA或RNADNARNADNARNA人工培養(yǎng)-+增殖方式復(fù)制二分裂有性或無性抗生素-+干擾素+-3病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識特性病毒細菌真菌濾菌器+ -結(jié) 構(gòu)非細胞原核細胞真核細形態(tài)大小: （納米，nm）The largest

2、: （300X100 nm, 痘病毒）The smallest: 10 nm 形態(tài)：球形或桿狀，也有復(fù)合狀4病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識形態(tài)大小: （納米，nm）4病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識5病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識5病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識6病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識6病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識7病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識7病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識8病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識8病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識HIV9病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識HIV9病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Bacteriophage T410病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Bacteriophage T410病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識結(jié)構(gòu)基本結(jié)構(gòu)核心 Viral core 衣殼 Capsid 輔助結(jié)構(gòu)包膜 Envelope其他病毒體 Virion 核衣殼 Nucleo

3、capsid11病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識結(jié)構(gòu)基本結(jié)構(gòu)11病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識核心成分：DNA 或 RNA 病毒復(fù)制功能 決定病毒的各種特性 具有感染性 編碼病毒結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白和功能蛋白 病毒核酸的特性：具有感染性將提純的病毒核酸（如腸道病毒RNA）如加至活細胞可以啟動病毒復(fù)制從而感染細胞。從感染細胞中可以獲得子代完整病毒顆粒。12病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識核心成分：DNA 或 RNA 病毒復(fù)制病病毒衣殼成分：蛋白質(zhì)由殼粒組成。殼粒是衣殼的形態(tài)學(xué)亞單位，多肽分子是衣殼的化學(xué)亞單位功能保護病毒核酸參與感染過程具有抗原性13病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒衣殼成分：蛋白質(zhì)13病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識按殼粒排列方式的對稱型螺旋對稱型（helical

4、 symmetry）20面體立體對稱型（icosahedral symmetry）復(fù)合對稱型（complex symmetry）14病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識按殼粒排列方式的對稱型螺旋對稱型（helical symme病毒包膜是包繞在病毒核衣殼外面的雙層膜主要成分是蛋白質(zhì)、多糖及脂類，常以糖蛋白或脂蛋白形式存在蛋白質(zhì)是由病毒基因編碼，多糖、脂類來自宿主細胞膜、核膜或空泡膜15病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒包膜是包繞在病毒核衣殼外面的雙層膜15病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識包膜特性與功能有包膜的病毒以“出芽” 方式釋放有包膜病毒對脂溶劑（如乙醚、氯仿）敏感，能滅活病毒，乙醚常用于鑒定病毒有無包膜功能維護病毒體結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性具有與宿

5、主細胞膜親和及融合的性能具有病毒抗原的特異性16病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識包膜特性與功能有包膜的病毒以“出芽” 方式釋放16病毒主題醫(yī)病毒復(fù)制復(fù)制周期吸附、穿入、脫殼、生物合成、裝配與釋放病毒本身沒有獨立的蛋白合成酶系統(tǒng)，必須借助宿主細胞的蛋白合成體系合成病毒蛋白病毒復(fù)制周期時間因病毒而異腺病毒25h小RNA病毒6-8h流感病毒15-30h17病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒復(fù)制復(fù)制周期17病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識dsDNA病毒復(fù)制示意圖18病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識dsDNA病毒復(fù)制示意圖18病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識+ssRNA病毒復(fù)制示意圖19病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識+ssRNA病毒復(fù)制示意圖19病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識+ssRNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒復(fù)制示意圖

6、20病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識+ssRNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒復(fù)制示意圖20病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識吸附通過病毒體表面的配體蛋白與易感細胞表面特異性受體相結(jié)合吸附過程可在幾分鐘到幾十分鐘內(nèi)完成21病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識吸附通過病毒體表面的配體蛋白與易感細胞表面特異性受體相結(jié)合2穿入吞飲：無包膜病毒被宿主細胞吞噬，進入胞內(nèi)融合：有包膜病毒的包膜與宿主細胞膜直接融合，病毒核衣殼進入細胞直接穿入：22病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識穿入吞飲：無包膜病毒被宿主細胞吞噬，進入胞內(nèi)22病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)脫殼在細胞溶酶體酶的作用下，脫去衣殼蛋白釋放病毒核酸23病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識脫殼在細胞溶酶體酶的作用下，脫去衣殼蛋白釋放病毒核酸23病毒生物合成早期蛋白合成階段轉(zhuǎn)錄

7、、翻譯而產(chǎn)生病毒生物合成中必需的酶類及某些抑制或阻斷細胞核酸和蛋白質(zhì)合成的非結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白晚期蛋白合成階段復(fù)制病毒核酸，轉(zhuǎn)錄、翻譯而產(chǎn)生病毒的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白隱蔽期生物合成階段用電鏡方法在細胞查不到完整病毒，用血清學(xué)方法也測不到病毒抗原各病毒隱蔽期長短不一，24病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識生物合成早期蛋白合成階段24病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識裝配無包膜病毒先形成空心衣殼，核酸從衣殼裂隙進入形成核衣殼有包膜病毒核衣殼與細胞的膜系統(tǒng)（漿膜或核膜）結(jié)合形成包膜包膜的蛋白質(zhì)（包括糖蛋白）是由病毒基因組編碼，故具有病毒的特異性和抗原性裝配的部位除痘病毒外，DNA病毒均在細胞核內(nèi)裝配RNA病毒與痘病毒則在細胞漿內(nèi)裝配25病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識裝配

8、無包膜病毒25病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識釋放無包膜病毒均以破胞方式釋放有包膜的病毒以出芽方式釋放到細胞外通常細胞不死亡，仍能繼續(xù)分裂增殖26病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識釋放無包膜病毒26病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒增殖異常頓挫感染缺陷病毒干擾現(xiàn)象形成包涵體 某些病毒在宿主細胞內(nèi)增殖，其細胞質(zhì)或細胞核內(nèi)會出現(xiàn)一種光學(xué)顯微鏡下可見的斑塊結(jié)構(gòu)，稱包涵體。它是病毒在細胞內(nèi)增殖的場所27病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒增殖異常頓挫感染形成包涵體27病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識頓挫感染原因宿主細胞不能提供病毒復(fù)制所需的酶、能量或成份病毒雖被復(fù)制，但不能裝配釋放28病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識頓挫感染原因28病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識缺陷病毒因病毒基因組不完整或有點突變而不能進行正

9、常復(fù)制的病毒，當與輔助病毒共同培養(yǎng)，如能為其提供缺乏的物質(zhì)，則缺陷病毒也能培殖腺病毒相關(guān)病毒（缺陷病毒）與腺病毒（輔助病毒）丁型肝炎病毒（缺陷病毒）與乙型肝炎病毒（輔助病毒）29病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識缺陷病毒因病毒基因組不完整或有點突變而不能進行正常復(fù)制的病毒干擾現(xiàn)象兩種病毒感染同一細胞時，一種病毒會干擾另一病毒復(fù)制原因與干擾素（IFN）產(chǎn)生有關(guān)病毒改變了宿 主細胞代謝途徑意義聯(lián)合使用疫苗30病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識干擾現(xiàn)象兩種病毒感染同一細胞時，一種病毒會干擾另一病毒復(fù)制3理化因素對病毒的影響滅活病毒受理化因素作用后，失去感染性滅活病毒仍保留某些特性，如抗原性、紅細胞吸附、細胞融合等31病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識理

10、化因素對病毒的影響滅活31病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識物理因素溫度病毒耐冷不耐熱。-70C長期保存。凍融可殺死病毒60C 30 min或100C數(shù)秒即可殺死病毒，但HBV需100C 10 min方可殺死有包膜病毒比無包膜病毒對熱更敏感pH多數(shù)在pH 59范圍穩(wěn)定腸道病毒耐酸（pH 35）射線 X線、射線可將病毒核酸致死性斷裂，從而殺死病毒32病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識物理因素溫度32病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識化學(xué)因素脂溶劑：乙醚、氯仿、去氧膽酸鹽有包膜病毒敏感。無包膜病毒無作用（如腸道病毒）消毒劑：過氧乙酸、甲醛、戊二醛、鹵素殺死大多數(shù)病毒，但病毒對消毒劑抵抗力比細菌強，尤其是無包膜病毒常用甲醛來制備滅活疫苗其他抗生素：對病

11、毒無作用中草藥：有一定作用33病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識化學(xué)因素脂溶劑：乙醚、氯仿、去氧膽酸鹽33病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒的變異現(xiàn)象感染性變異（毒力變異）條件致死株：減毒活疫苗（脊灰）抗原性變異耐藥性變異機制基因突變基因重組34病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒的變異現(xiàn)象34病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒與其他微生物的比較特 性病 毒細 菌支 原 體立克次體衣 原 體大小(m)0.01-0.30.5-3.00.2-3.00.2-0.50.3-0.5結(jié) 構(gòu)非細胞單細胞類似細菌近似細菌介于細胞和病毒細 胞 壁十十十核酸類型D / RD 十 RD 十 RD 十 RD 十 R人工培養(yǎng)基十十二分裂增殖十十十十核 糖 體十十十十抗生素敏感十十

12、十十干抗素敏感十35病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識病毒與其他微生物的比較特 性病 毒細 小結(jié)病毒的概念病毒的結(jié)構(gòu)與化學(xué)組成病毒的復(fù)制理化因素對病毒的影響36病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識小結(jié)病毒的概念36病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識14. Techniques used to Study VirusesLiving hosts. Man. Pasteur used rabbits to study and develop rabies vaccines.Walter Reed developed a mouse model of yellow fever.Transgenic animals, particularly mice i

13、nvaluableEmbryonated eggs used to propagate viruses in the early decades of this century. Effective for the isolation & culture of many viruses e.g.influenza.37病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識14. Techniques used to Study V15. Cell Culture methodsWhole organ cultures, progressed to methods involving individual cells; primar

14、y cell cultures which can be maintained for a short period in culture); or immortalized cell lines, which grow in culture indefinitely. Viruses can be grown in them.38病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識15. Cell Culture methodsWhole 16. Quantifying viruses. The plaque assay - dilutions of the virus are used to infect a culture

15、d cell monolayer, covered with agar to restrict virus diffusion virus. Results in localized cell killing & the appearance of plaques. The number of plaques directly relates to numbers of infectious virus particles applied to the plate.Many other approaches. 39病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識16. Quantifying viruses. The p17

16、. Other practical approachesSerologyStructural studies, purification, EM, X-ray.Biochemical, electrophoresisGeneticMolecular biology, nucleic acid sequencing. 40病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識17. Other practical approachesReplication 14. ExitSome viruses cause cell lysis. Unenveloped.Other viruses bud through a cell membr

17、ane, aquiring an envelope. Can be the plasma membrane e.g. HIV-1. Can be nuclear or golgi membranes. 41病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Replication 14. ExitSome virus2. Big fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite them; and little fleas have lesser fleas and so ad infinitum.Viruses consist of proteins, nucleic acids

18、 and sometimes lipids. However there are other infectious agents studied by virologists.Viroids small (200-400nt), circular RNAs, possessing no capsid or envelope. Associated with certain plant diseases. They are infectious obligate intracellular parasites. Virusoids are satellite, viroid-like RNAs,

19、 larger than viroids (approximately 1000nt). Depend on the presence of virus replication for multiplication (hence satellite), they are packaged into virus capsids as passengers. Present in animals and plants. Associated with disease. 42病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識2. Big fleas have little fleas3. PrionsPrions. “pree on

20、s” believed to consist of a single type of protein with no nucleic acid component. The prion protein & the gene which encodes it are also found in normal uninfected cells. These agents are associated with infectious and inherited diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in shee

21、p & bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. 43病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識3. PrionsPrions. “pree ons” beve RNA-ve RNApolProteins-ve RNA+ve RNARI44病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識ve RNA-ve RNApolProteins-ve RGenomes 14Ambisense GenomesSome ssRNA viruses are ambisense, since they are part (-)sense & part (+)sense: 5 ends are +ve, 3 en

22、ds are ve.45病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Genomes 14Ambisense GenomesGenomes 15. Segmented/multipartite.Can be confusing, ss or ds. Segmented genomes have 2 or more pieces of nucleic acid packaged in the same particle e.g orthomxyo viruses.(7/8 in flu, packaging problem)Multipartite genomes are segmented but each segment

23、 is contained in a different particle e.g bipartite Comoviruses, both particles infect cell. segmentedMultipartite, DNA as well46病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Genomes 15. Segmented/multiparGenomes 16. DNA.Small genomes e.g.bacteriophage M136.4 Kb ss circular DNA. 10 genesBy convention genome is +strand.90% genome is codi

24、ng. + RFstrand transcribed to make mRNAand then proteins +ve strand nickedextended in rolling circle + Specifically cleavedAnd recircularised47病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Genomes 16. DNA.Small genomes Genomes 17. Phage l. Linear ds DNA about 50Kb.Cohesive ss DNA termini 12 nucleotides long, the cos site. Facilitates ci

25、rcularisation and replication cycle. Concatemers formed and then resolved to reconstitute genome. TCCAGCGGCGGG AGGTCGCCGCCC3 important sequences at the end of the linear virus genomes are a very common feature.48病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Genomes 17. Phage l. Linear dsGenomes 18. Phage T4Large linear ds DNA 160KbGenom

26、e exhibits terminal redundancy. Another common feature of linear genomes. A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E A B C D EA B C D E A B C D E A B C D E A B C D EDuring replication concatemers are formed. Endonuclease recognises and cuts at this terminal redundancy, which is then regenerated. 49病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Genome

27、s 18. Phage T4Large lineGenomes 19. Transcriptional control in prokaryotes is sophisticated. That said extensive use of polycistronic mRNAs is made.Genomes are denseM13 10 genes, 10 transcripts 90% usageGenomes of eukaryotes are denserPolyoma, ds DNA circular 5kb genomeSix genes, both strands, overl

28、apping.50病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Genomes 19. Transcriptional coGenomes 20. Adeno virusesLarger 30-38kb linear ds genomes infecting eukaryotes. Code for about 30-40 proteinsThese viruses are genetically very similar to the host cells which they infect.Terminal sequences are inverted repeatsComplicated functional str

29、uctures can form at these pointsTGTGTGCACACAACACACGTGTGT51病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Genomes 20. Adeno virusesLarge52病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識52病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Viral Replication. Attachment and penetrationUncoating, nucleic acid and protein synthesisAssembly and exit. 53病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Viral Replication. Attachment Replication 2.Particle/infectivity

30、ratio can be low. Sometimes only 1 in 1000 virions are infectious.It makes the study of replication difficult because most infections are abortive. Study of synchronously infected cells is useful.54病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Replication 2.Particle/infecti病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識培訓(xùn)課件Replication 4. Maturation phase:viral material accum

31、ulates in cell or surrounding medium. Cells infected with lytic viruses become metabolically disordered and die, viral production ceases. Titres slowly drop. Cells infected with non lytic viruses can continue to produce viral particles indefinitely. 56病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Replication 4. Maturation phasReplicatio

32、n 5. Reproductive cycle less than an hour with many bacteriophage, 6-8hrs in picornaviridae and more than 40 hrs in herpesviridae. Cells infected with polio virus can yield more than 100000 copies of virus per infected cell.57病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Replication 5. Reproductive cyReplication 6.Infection may be: prod

33、uctive, i.e. entry into permissive cells followed by virion formation. abortive, i.e. entry into a non permissive cell which does not result in virion formation; there can be many reasons for non-permissiveness e.g. no receptor.restringent or restrictive, cell is transiently permissive and a few vir

34、us are produced. Virus production stops but the genome remains in the cell, examples include Epstein Barr Virus and herpes simplex virus. This kind of infection may still have serious consequences e.g cell transformation and cancer. 58病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Replication 6.Infection may beHistory of VirologyViruses

35、are probably as old as life on earth. Ancients were aware of viral diseasesPerhaps the first written record of a virus infection consists of a heiroglyph from Memphis, drawn in approximately 1400BC, which depicts a temple priest called Siptah showing typical clinical signs of paralytic poliomyelitis

36、59病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識History of VirologyViruses areSmallpox, endemic in China by 1000BC. Recognizing that survivors of smallpox outbreaks were protected from subsequent infection, the practice of variolation developed. Involved inhalation of dried crusts from smallpox lesions, or in later modifications, inocul

37、ation of the pus from a lesion into a scratch on the forearm. Practice survived until this century. 60病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識Smallpox, endemic in China by On May 14, 1796, Edward Jenner used cowpox-infected material obtained from the hand of Sarah Nemes, a milkmaid from Berkley in Gloucestershire to vaccinate 8 ye

38、ar old James Phipps. On July 1, 1796, Jenner challenged the boy by deliberately inoculating him with material from a real case of smallpox ! He did not become infected!61病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識On May 14, 1796, Edward JenneIn 1892, Dmitri Iwanowski, a Russian botanist, showed that extracts from diseased tobacco pla

39、nts could transmit disease to other plants after passage through ceramic filters fine enough to retain the smallest known bacteria. Generally recognised as the beginning of Virology In 1898, Martinus Beijerinick confirmed & extended Iwanowskis results on tobacco mosaic virus & was the first to devel

40、op the modern idea of the virus, which he referred to as contagium vivum fluidum (soluble living germ)62病毒主題醫(yī)學(xué)知識In 1892, Dmitri Iwanowski, a RCompiled from Virus Taxonomy, the Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) 1995. N.B: you can search this document using the

41、Find command of the browser (Edit Menu)63U-11 virus, Bunyaviridae75V-2374 virus, Bunyaviridae75V-2621 virus, Bunyaviridae78V-2441 virus, Bunyaviridae Abadina virus, ReoviridaeAbelson murine leukemia virus, RetroviridaeAbras virus, BunyaviridaeAbraxas grossulariata cypovirus 8, ReoviridaeAbraxas gros

42、sulariata NPV, BaculoviridaeAbsettarov virus, FlaviviridaeAbu Hammad virus, BunyaviridaeAbu Mina virus, BunyaviridaeAbutilon mosaic virus, GeminiviridaeAcado virus, ReoviridaeAcalypha yellow mosaic virus, GeminiviridaeAcantholyda erythrocephala NPV, BaculoviridaeAcara virus, BunyaviridaeAcciptrid he

43、rpesvirus 1, HerpesviridaeAchaea janata NPV, BaculoviridaeAcherontia atropas virus, TetraviridaeAcheta domestica densovirus, ParvoviridaeAcholeplasma phage Oc1r, InoviridaeAcholeplasma phage 10tur, InoviridaeAcholeplasma phage L2, PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasma phage L51, InoviridaeAcholeplasma phage M1,

44、 PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasma phage MV-L1, InovindaeAcholeplasma phage MVG51, InoviridaeAcholeplasma phage 01, PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasma phage vl, PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasma phage v2, PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasma phage v4, PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasma phage v5, PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasma phage v7, Plasmavirida

45、eAchroia grisella NPV, BaculoviridaeAcidalia carticcaria NPV, BaculoviridaeAcleris gloverana NPV, BaculoviridaeAcleris variana NPV, BaculoviridaeAcrobasis zelleri entomopoxvirus, PoxviridaeAcronicta aceris NPV, BaculoviridaeActebia fennica NPV, BaculoviridaeActias selene Cypovirus 4, ReoviridaeActia

46、s selene NPV, BaculoviridaeActinomycetes phage 108/016, MyoviridaeActinomycetes phage 119, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage A1-Dat, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage Bir, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage f115-A, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage f150A, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage f31C, SiphoviridaeAct

47、inomycetes phage M1, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage MSP8, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage P-a-1, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage R1, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage R2, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage SK1, MyoviridaeActinomycetes phage SV2, SiphoviridaeActinomycetes phage VP5, SiphoviridaeAdelaide

48、River virus, RhabdoviridaeAdeno-associated virus 1, ParvoviridaeAdeno-associated virus 2, ParvoviridaeAdeno-associated virus 3, ParvoviridaeAdeno-associated virus 4, ParvoviridaeAdeno-associated virus 5, ParvoviridaeAdisura atkinsoni NPV, BaculoviridaeAdoxophyes orana NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes aegypti

49、 densovirus, ParvoviridaeAedes aegypti entomopoxvirus, PoxviridaeAedes aegypti NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes albopictus densovirus, ParvoviridaeAedes annandalei NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes atropalpus NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes epactius NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes nigromaculis NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes pseudoscutellari

50、s densovirus, ParvoviridaeAedes scutellaris NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes sollicitans NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes taeniorhynchus NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes tormentor NPV, BaculoviridaeAedes triseriatus NPV, BaculoviridaeAedia leucomelas NPV, BaculoviridaeAeromonas phage 29, MyoviridaeAeromonas phage 37, Myovirid

51、aeAeromonas phage 43, MyoviridaeAeromonas phage 44RR2.8t, MyoviridaeAeromonas phage 51, MyoviridaeAeromonas phage 59.1, MyoviridaeAeromonas phage 65, MyoviridaeAeromonas phage Aeh1, MyoviridaeAeromonas phage Aeh2, MyoviridaeAfrican cassava mosaic virus, GeminiviridaeAfrican green monkey cytomegalovi

52、rus, HerpesviridaeAfrican green monkey HHV-like virus, HerpesviridaeAfrican green monkey polyomavirus, PapovaviridaeAfrican horse sickness viruses 1 to 10, ReoviridaeAfrican swine fever virus, African swine fever-like virusesAG83-1746 virus, BunyaviridaeAG83-497 virus, BunyaviridaeAgaricus bisporus

53、virus 1, UnassignedAgaricus bisporus virus 4, PartitiviridaeAgraulis vanillae virus, TetraviridaeAgrobacterium phage PIIBNV6, MyoviridaeAgrobacterium phage PS8, SiphoviridaeAgrobacterium phage PT11, SiphoviridaeAgrobacteriurn phage Y, SiphoviridaeAgrochola helvolva cypovirus 6, ReoviridaeAgrochola l

54、ychnidis cypovirus 6, ReoviridaeAgropyron mosaic virus, PotyviridaeAgrotis exclarnationis NPV, BaculoviridaeAgrotis ipsilon NPV, BaculoviridaeAgrotis segeturn cypovirus 9, ReoviridaeAgrotis segeturn NPV, BaculoviridaeAguacate virus, BunyaviridaeAhlum water-borne virus, TombusviridaeAino virus, Bunya

55、viridaeAkabane virus, BunyaviridaeAKR (endogenous) murine leukemia virus, RetroviridaeAlabama argillacea NPV, BaculoviridaeAlajuela virus, BunyaviridaeAlcaligenes phage 8764, SiphoviridaeAlcaligenes phage A5/A6, SiphoviridaeAlcaligenes phage A6, MyoviridaeAlcelaphine herpesvirus 1, HerpesviridaeAlce

56、laphine herpesvirus 2, HerpesviridaeAlenquer virus, BunyaviridaeAletia oxygala NPV, BaculoviridaeAleutian disease virus, ParvoviridaeAleutian mink disease virus, ParvoviridaeAfalfa cryptic virus 1, PartitiviridaeAlfalfa cryptic virus 2, PartitiviridaeAlfalfa latent virus, CarlavirusAlfalfa mosaic vi

57、rus, BromoviridaeAlfuy virus, FlaviviridaeAllerton virus, HerpesviridaeAlligatorweed stunting virus, ClosterovirusAllitrich herpesvirus 1, HerpesviridaeAllomyces arbuscula virus, UnassignedAlmeirim virus, ReoviridaeAlmpiwar virus, RhabdoviridaeAlphaea phasma NPV, BaculoviridaeAlsophila pometaria NPV

58、, BaculoviridaeAlstroemeria mosaic virus, PotyviridaeAlstroemeria streak virus, PotyviridaeAlstroemeria virus, CarlavirusAltamira virus, ReoviridaeAlteromonas phage PM2, CorticoviridaeAmapari virus, ArenaviridaeAmaranthus leaf mottle virus, PotyviridaeAmathes c-nigrum NPV, BaculoviridaeAmazon lily m

59、osaic virus, PotyviridaeAglais urticae cypovirus 2, ReoviridaeAglais urticae cypovirus 6, ReoviridaeAglais urticae NPV, BaculoviridaeAgraulis vanillae cypovirus 2, ReoviridaeAgraulis vanillae densovirus, ParvoviridaeAgraulis vanillae NPV, BaculoviridaeAndraca bipunctata GV, BaculoviridaeAneilema vir

60、us, PotyviridaeAngel fish reovirus, ReoviridaeAnhanga virus, BunyaviridaeAnhembi virus, BunyaviridaeAnisota senatoria NPV, BaculoviridaeAnomala cuprea entomopoxvirus, PoxviridaeAnomis flava NPV, BaculoviridaeAnomis sabulifera NPV, BaculoviridaeAnomogyna elimata NPV, BaculoviridaeAnopheles A virus, B