(課件)雅思寫作開頭(慎小嶷)+狀語從句+paraphrase教學(xué)課件

1、.1IELTS WRITINGWEEK 2.1IELTS WRITINGWEEK 2.2IELTS作文里是否可以使用I和WE？在英語國家里，許多學(xué)者明確反對在學(xué)術(shù)論文里使用I 和WE的，因為會讓學(xué)術(shù)論文顯得過于主觀。有些人看到學(xué)生論文出現(xiàn)這種詞甚至?xí)樟顚W(xué)生改正。那么在雅思寫作中是否可以使用呢？最權(quán)威的答案來自于Cambridge English Language Assessment 提供的真實范文。劍10 P162開頭段：Therefore I have to disagree 劍10 P166開頭段：I believe that劍11 P137 第三段：By this i mean th

2、at 劍11 P137 結(jié)尾段：I believe that learning 劍12 P129 第三段：If we can reduce the number of cars 劍12 P129 結(jié)尾段：I believe in order to move 如此之多劍橋?qū)嵗及蠭 的使用，甚至有一些旗幟鮮明使用 WE。因此，雖然我們在國外大學(xué)里寫專業(yè)論文時確實應(yīng)該努力避免使用這兩個詞，但是在寫雅思議論文時，沒有必要對適度使用 I 或者WE “如履薄冰”了。.2IELTS作文里是否可以使用I和WE？劍10 P162開.3在雅思寫作考試中，句子越長越難就越容易得高分嘛？.3在雅思寫作考試中，

3、.4地道英文里一個很有名的說法叫：KISS principle？Keep it simple, stupid.4地道英文里一個很有名的說法叫：Keep it simpl.5KISS is an acronym（krnm首字母縮略詞） for Keep it simple, stupid as a design principle noted by the U.S. Navy in 1960.The KISS principle states（說明） that most systems work best if they are kept simple rather than made comp

4、licated; therefore simplicity should be a key goal in design and unnecessary complexity should be avoided. 簡單就是美.5KISS is an acronym（krnm.6同樣的意思是否字數(shù)更多的英語表達才更高分？論證是一種能力，IELTS作文對于用詞的要求是準確，而不是冗長。地道英語寫作對于冗詞（啰嗦）是非常排斥的。例如：The reason is because new innovations (創(chuàng)新）repeat again past history cooperate togeth

5、er The reason is.innovationsrepeathistorycooperate (with sb.).6同樣的意思是否字數(shù)更多的英語表達才更高分？論證是一種能力.7句子越長越難就越容易得高分嘛？很多人有這種疑問。事實上，劍橋官方評分標準里并沒有要求寫長難句，所謂“雅思作文必須寫長難句”的說法是一些中式英語思維生搬硬套出來的結(jié)果。請您翻翻劍4劍12后面由劍橋官方提供的高分范文，到底發(fā)現(xiàn)了多少“無敵長難句”呢？眼見為實，請看劍12P 129,7.5分范文里的這段話：“Public transport is an issue that affects us all. The t

6、axes which we pay should be spent on the type of transport with the most benefits to all citizens.”再來看劍11P137里7分范文里的這段話：“Learning a new language for the purpose of working in other countries seems to be more and more popular. Adults in need of money or recognition are trying to pursue (psju: 追求) the

7、ir happiness far away from home. ”.7句子越長越難就越容易得高分嘛？很多人有這種疑問。事實上，.8劍10P162 考官滿分范文里這段話：“The question depends on the age of the child. To punish a very young child is wrong, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished. However, once the age of reason(原因，理智) is

8、reached, a child can be rewarded for good behaviour.”請問，它們是你心中的“無敵長難句”嘛？結(jié)論：IELTS作文好句子的標準是準確、清晰。.8劍10P162 考官滿分范文里這段話：“The qu.9該項標準明確地告訴雅思考生：除了語法的正確性之外，重點考察帶從句的復(fù)合句的應(yīng)用。5分標準：試圖使用復(fù)合句6分標準：簡單句和復(fù)合句的混合使用（a mix）7分標準：使用多種多樣的復(fù)合句（uses a variety of complex structures）Grammatical Range and Accuracy那么什么才稱得上多種多樣呢？三種

9、以上在英語中才能叫做a variety of，所以我們的作文中要寫出四種不同的從句，比如：一篇作文中至少要寫出賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句和主語從句。.9該項標準明確地告訴雅思考生：除了語法的正確性之外，重點考.10什么是復(fù)合句？從結(jié)構(gòu)上說，句子分為三類：1、簡單句（Simple Sentence）-句子成分都由單詞或短語擔(dān)任，且只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。例： I want a dog. 2、并列句（Compound Sentence）-句子成分都由單詞或短語擔(dān)任，但有兩個或更多的互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。 I want a dog and my brother wants a cat. 3、復(fù)合句（Com

10、plex Sentences）-從句擔(dān)任句成分。 I believe that it is not my dog. (從句擔(dān)任該句賓語） .10什么是復(fù)合句？從結(jié)構(gòu)上說，句子分為三類：1、簡單句（S.11“我常說，最大的留學(xué)感悟之一是東方人講境界，西方人講數(shù)據(jù)。這一點潛移默化地指導(dǎo)了我歸國后的工作學(xué)習(xí)研究，影響了整個雅思真經(jīng)教學(xué)體系的建立。我對劍橋雅思考官反問進行數(shù)字統(tǒng)計發(fā)現(xiàn)：平均每篇反問270字左右，12句話。其中8個復(fù)合句，2個并列句，2個簡單句。平均每句長度為23個單詞，在考卷上體現(xiàn)為兩行半。這就是滿分9分范文”15 句邏輯框架.11“我常說，最大的留學(xué)感悟之一是東方人講境界，西方人講數(shù)

11、.12狀語：狀語(adverbial)是句子的重要修飾成分，是謂語里的另一個附加成分，它一般附加在謂語中心語前面，從情況、時間、處所、方式、條件、對象、肯定、否定、范圍和程度等方面對謂語中心詞進行修飾、限制。狀語從句：由從句表示的狀語可以用來修飾謂語（或其他動詞）、定語或狀語，或是整個句子。狀語從句可以用來表示原因、讓步、條件、時間、結(jié)果、比較等。.12狀語：狀語(adverbial)是句子的重要修飾成分，.131. 表示原因的狀語從句：表示原因的狀語從句可以由because, since, as, seeing (that), considering that, now that 等詞（組）

12、引起。Furthermore, the people who know us well can advise us effectively because they understand our strengths and weakness.此外，因為他們了解我們，知道我們的優(yōu)缺點，所以能提供有用的建議。In conclusion, I prefer reading books to watching movies in my free time because reading gives me greater freedom and inspires my imagination more.

13、總之，有空的時候，我寧愿看書而不看電影。因為看書能給我較大的自由，更能激發(fā)我的想象力。Since all cigarettes and other tobacco products are poisonous and potentially lethalli:l, they should all be banned by the market.由于香煙和其他煙草制品全都是有毒的并且具有潛在的致命性，它們都應(yīng)該從市場中被取締。.131. 表示原因的狀語從句：表示原因的狀語從句可以由be.142、表示讓步的狀語從句：表示讓步的狀語從句可以由although, though, even if, ev

14、en though, no matter, while, whatever 等詞（組）引起。 Though nuclear technology has significant impacts on human civilization, we shall never lose sight of its risks.雖然核技術(shù)對人類文明產(chǎn)生了巨大影響，但是我們絕不能無視它的危害性。While modern life offers us many conveniences, it also requires us to deal with pressure and frustration in

15、daily life.雖然現(xiàn)代生活的確給我們帶來許多便利，但也使我們在生活中要應(yīng)付很多的壓力和挫折。Although tourism brings us a huge amount of foreign currency and creates many job opportunities, it poses potential risks to the conservation of indigenous （nddns土生土長的） culture.盡管旅游業(yè)給我們帶來了大量的外匯，創(chuàng)造許多就業(yè)機會，但它對當(dāng)?shù)匚幕谋Ｗo構(gòu)成潛在威脅。.142、表示讓步的狀語從句：表示讓步的狀語從句可以由alt

16、.153. 表示條件的狀語從句：表示條件的狀語從句可以由if, unless, in case, so(as) long as, so far as, on condition (that) 等詞（組）引導(dǎo)。If we do not know what we want to achieve, we are unlikely to make much progress.如果我們不知道要達到什么，就不太可能有很大的進步。If free museum entry were considered a cultural right, shouldnt the government make theatr

17、e tickets free as well?如果免費參觀博物館被視為一種文化權(quán)利的話，那么政府是否也應(yīng)該對劇院實行免票呢？If we could strengthen family life, raise the living standard, and install character values, we would doubtless(datls毫無疑問地) lower the crime rate.如果我們能增進家庭關(guān)系，提高生活水平和培養(yǎng)品格，毫無疑問犯罪率將得以降低。.153. 表示條件的狀語從句：表示條件的狀語從句可以由if.164.表示時間的狀語從句：可以由when ,be

18、fore, after, since, as, as soon as, while, until, whenever, till, ever, since, now(that), once, so (as) long as 等詞（組）引導(dǎo)。I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.直到我成為了一個成年人我才意識到我的母親是多么的特殊。While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.當(dāng)約翰看電視時，他的妻子正在做飯。When a community lose

19、s its language, it often loses a great deal of its cultural identity at the same time.當(dāng)一個社會失去其語言時，它同時也就是失去了許多文化特征。.164.表示時間的狀語從句：可以由when ,before.175、表示目的和結(jié)果的狀語從句：可以有so that, so. that, such. that, in order that, that, in case 等詞組引導(dǎo)。The teacher raised his voice on purpose so that the students in the b

20、ack could hear more clearly.為了讓后面的學(xué)生聽得更清楚，老師有意地提高了他的聲音。He got up so early that he caught the first bus.他很早起床以便趕上第一班公共汽車Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.這是一個好機會，千萬不能錯過它.175、表示目的和結(jié)果的狀語從句：可以有so that, .186.表示比較的狀語從句：通常是由than或as引導(dǎo)的。由于里面常有一些成分沒有表示出來。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more the more ; just as ， so;Sh

21、e is as bad-tempered as her mother.她和她媽媽一樣脾氣很壞。The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.你運動的越多，你就越健康。.186.表示比較的狀語從句：通常是由than或as引導(dǎo)的。.197、狀語從句的省略狀語從句同時具備下列兩個條件:主句和從句的主語一致，或從句主語為it；從句主要動詞是be的某種形式。從句中的主語和be動詞?？墒÷?。When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year

22、.當(dāng)博物館完成，該博物館將于明年向公眾開放。Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.如果可能，他將去海邊度假的話另外，比較狀語從句經(jīng)常省略。例如：Im taller than he (is tall ).我比他高The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).溫度越高，氣壓越大.197、狀語從句的省略狀語從句同時具備下列兩個條件:主.201. although較正式,語氣強 Although he was tired, he went

23、on working. 2. although引導(dǎo)的從句放在主句前后均可,有時還可放在句中. Although many difficulties are still ahead, we are determined to make greater achievements. 盡管在前面的道路上還有許多困難,但是,我們決心要取得更大的成就. He often helps me with my English although he is quite busy. 盡管他相當(dāng)忙,但是還常常幫我學(xué)英語. 3. although引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but, however連用,但可與yet, still連

24、用.不能說：Although he was old, but he worked hard. 應(yīng)把but去掉.當(dāng)然,保留but而去Although也可. .201. although較正式,語氣強 .21雅思寫作開頭.21雅思寫作開頭.22Task 2中議論文（Argumentation）出題概率為80%，要求考生辯論觀點或者比較利弊。題目有兩種形式形式1：題目中給出一方觀點（反方觀點隱含)Do you agree or disagree?To what extent do you agree or disagree?例1：In order to learn a language well,

25、we should learn about the country as well as the cultures and lifestyles of the people who speak it. To what extent do you agree or disagree?.22Task 2中議論文（Argumentation）出題.23形式2：題目中給出雙方觀點，要求分析正反觀點后下結(jié)論。Some say. Others argue that. What is your opinion?Discuss both views and give your opinion.Express(

26、表達)some reasons for both views and give your own opinion.Do you think its advantages outweigh the disadvantages?題目中表示“優(yōu)勢和劣勢”的同義詞：positive and negative; pros（贊成的意見） and cons（反對的意見）;merits(功德，長處) and demerits; benefits and drawbacks例2：Some people think it is acceptable to use animals for the benefits

27、of humans. Other people think it is wrong to exploit animals for human purposes. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.23形式2：題目中給出雙方觀點，要求分析正反觀點后下結(jié)論。.24Task 2中的報告文（Report）出題概率為20%題目中沒有觀點。只給出一種現(xiàn)象，讓考生分析該現(xiàn)象的cause（原因）、solutions（解決方案）、effects（影響）等。通常標題為What are.?例3：Today, there are more images of d

28、isasters and violence in the media. What are the causes and what are your solutions?.24Task 2中的報告文（Report）出題概率為20%.25.25.26.26.27.27.28Part 1 開頭段練習(xí)怎樣簡練地完成開頭段和結(jié)尾段英語作文對于introduction部分的要求是：Keep the introduction short and clear.對于每類題型，您只需要把其中最適合自己的一種練熟即可，忘掉其他種種。English essays的introduction必須速戰(zhàn)速決，否則就變成了中式

29、作文。.28Part 1 開頭段練習(xí)怎樣簡練地完成開頭段和結(jié)尾段.29題型特點：不管考題了里有沒有直接出現(xiàn)Some people think that . 這樣的措詞，“同不同意”型的考題里面一定會含有一種觀點。如果題目里在這一種觀點的前面還有別的文字，那就是背景介紹。雅思官方對于introduction的唯一明確要求是short and clear。 但從邏輯本質(zhì)來說，同不同意型的開頭不會超出這3種關(guān)系：A、agree or disagree（同不同意）型考題的開頭段.29題型特點：不管考題了里有沒有直接出現(xiàn)Some peop.30（第1步）如果題目里含有背景，那么就用簡單易懂的語言轉(zhuǎn)述背景

30、（絕不要用大詞、難詞）。如果題目里不含背景，那么你可以自己選擇寫或者不寫背景句；（第2步）用Some people think/ believe/ argue that. 轉(zhuǎn)述題目里面所含的那種觀點。轉(zhuǎn)述時你的首要任務(wù)是不偏離原題里的觀點，挑戰(zhàn)有把握的地方動“小手術(shù)”即可，不要用自己沒把我的難詞在考場里“做實驗”。很多考生被判偏題（partially off-topic）甚至完全跑題（completely off-topic）正式因為在開頭段轉(zhuǎn)述題目的觀點時就已經(jīng)偏離了原題的意思；（第3步）寫出你自己對這種觀點所持的態(tài)度（your position）。A 簡單易行的agree or disag

31、ree 型開頭段寫法（適合英語基礎(chǔ)一般的同學(xué)）.30（第1步）如果題目里含有背景，那么就用簡單易懂的語言轉(zhuǎn).31（第1步）寫背景句的要求和前一種寫法一樣（第2步）用Although I agree that, I believe that 這句話來表明你自己并不完全贊同題目里面的觀點（不要忘記這句話中間的逗號）。這句話里的第一個省略號里是承認題目里的觀點所具有的正確性，這句話里的第2個省略號里則是填入你自己認為被題目里面的觀點忽略了的方面。相同的意思在地道英文里也可以用While I agree that, I believe that 這個結(jié)構(gòu)也可以使用。B、稍難一點的agree or di

32、sagree型開頭段寫法.31（第1步）寫背景句的要求和前一種寫法一樣B、稍難一點的.32這種開頭段的寫法要比前一種寫法稍難一點。但它的好處是對主體段里你將要論證的兩個方面進行了提前“預(yù)告”。如果你的英語基礎(chǔ)比較好，而且不喜歡太“直白”的寫法，那么可以采用這種寫法。英語基礎(chǔ)一般的同學(xué)用前一種寫法就已經(jīng)很好了。開頭段的重點是確保扣題、明確，控制好邏輯和語法才是真正的關(guān)鍵。BONUS.32這種開頭段的寫法要比前一種寫法稍難一點。但它的好處是對.33（第1步）寫背景句的要求和前兩種寫法一樣；（第2步）用I agree that 這句話來承認題目里的觀點所具有的正確性；（第3步）用However, I

33、 believe that 指出你自己認為被題目里的觀點忽略了的方面。C、較難的agree or disagree型開頭段寫法這種開頭段的寫法和第二種的邏輯本質(zhì)是一樣的，只是從語法角度來看，你把自己的態(tài)度句分成了兩個句子。.33（第1步）寫背景句的要求和前兩種寫法一樣；C、較難的a.34中國同學(xué)們在寫agree or disagree 型作文最容易出現(xiàn)的錯誤就是畫蛇添足地引入 “Others think that”, 把同不同意型作文“跨界”寫成了D&G型作文。官方評分標準明確規(guī)定： agree or disagree型的考題里只有一種觀點，考官希望看到的事你自己對于這種觀點的態(tài)度，跟“Oth

34、ers”沒有關(guān)系。早同不同意型作文里決不允許出現(xiàn)“Others think that”。Warning：.34中國同學(xué)們在寫agree or disagree 型作.35Effective Paraphrasing in EssaysOne of the most important skills in IELTS writing task 2 is knowing how to paraphrase the question. Paraphrasing means to say something in your own words, the meaning stays the same b

35、ut the words aredifferent.In the introduction of your essay, the first thing you must do is paraphrase the topic question by either changing the structure of the sentence and formation of the words, or usingsynonyms(words with the same meaning) Remember that if you just copy the original questionyou

36、 will lose points.Remember to keep it simple, do not use overly complicated language or try to impress the examiner with very high level grammar. Simple and concise is the key.35Effective Paraphrasing in E.36Use synonyms（同義詞）The first way is to use synonyms to replace the words in the original text.

37、 Here is an example:Original sentence:The position of women in the society has changed greatly in the past 20 years.Paraphrased sentence:The social status of female has dramatically changed in the last two decades.As you can see,status,female,dramatically,lastandtwodecadesare used to replaceposition

38、,women,greatly,pastand20 years.36Use synonyms（同義詞）Paraphrase.37Change the part of speech（詞性）The part of speech refers to different types of words such as nouns, verbs, pronouns and adjectives. Changing the part of speech of a word can help you to paraphrase the text. In the previous example,social(a

39、dj.)is used to replacesociety (n.). Below is another way to paraphrase that sentence.Original sentence:The position of women in the society has changed greatly in the past 20 years.Paraphrased sentence:The social status of female has undergone a great change in the last two decades.Here we can useag

40、reat (adj.)change (n.)instead ofchange (v.) greatly (adv.)to show the same meaning of the original sentence.37Change the part of speech（詞.38Change sentence structureAnother way to paraphrase is to change the sentence structure. For instance, you can alter the word order of a sentence or make two sen

41、tences into one. Here is an example.Original text:His phone was stolen last week. Therefore, he was worried about the leak of his personal and bank information.Paraphrased sentence:He was afraid that his personal and bank information would be leaked out because his phone was stolen a few days ago.Th

42、e example text are two simple sentences. We can combine them by using subordinating conjunction because.38Change sentence structurePa.39Task question:Doctors should be responsible for educating their patients about how to improve their health. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Introduction:Som

43、e people would argue that educating patients about improving their health should be the responsibility of Doctors.I completely agree with this because many people need advice from a medical expert about healthy eating and exercise, which is crucial for preventing disease.Blue= Paraphrased the task q

44、uestionPurple= Thesis statement with my specific opinion.39Task question:Doctors sho.40Another way of writing this is by adding synonyms (in red) , this introduction below would be much better:Task Question:Doctors should be responsible for educating their patients about how to improve their health.

45、 To what extent do you agree or disagree?Full Introduction:Some people would argue that itought to bethe responsibility of Doctors toinstructpatients about improving theirwell-being.I completely agree because many people need advice from a medical expert about healthy eating and exercise, which is crucial for preventing disease.40Another way of writing t