外研版高中英語(yǔ)必修三Module4Grammar

1、外研版高中英語(yǔ)必修三Module4Grammar外研版高中英語(yǔ)必修三Module4GrammarModule 4 Sandstorms in AsiaGrammar動(dòng)詞不定式和but+動(dòng)詞不定式Module 4 Sandstorms in Asia【探究尋規(guī)】請(qǐng)說(shuō)出下面句子中的不定式所作的成分。1. Scientists have tried many ways to solve this problem and in China, a mass campaign has been started to help solve it. （）2. To have been caught in a

2、sandstorm was a terrible experience. （）3. There was nothing to be done. （）to solve this problem和to help solve it作目的狀語(yǔ)To have been caught in a sandstorm作主語(yǔ)to be done作定語(yǔ)【探究尋規(guī)】to solve this problem和to4. The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust makes it

3、difficult to see.（）5. When a sandstorm arrives in the city, weather experts advise people not to go out. （）6. Its difficult to breathe and the dust makes me ill. （）7. To prevent it coming nearer, the government is planting trees. （）to see作賓語(yǔ)not to go out作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)to breathe作主語(yǔ)To prevent it coming nearer

4、作目的狀語(yǔ)4. The storms sometimes contin【語(yǔ)法精點(diǎn)】一、基礎(chǔ)點(diǎn)撥1. 動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done進(jìn)行式 to be doing /完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing /【語(yǔ)法精點(diǎn)】時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式to do to （1）若不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后，不定式用一般式。*I hope that Ill see you again. I hope to see you again.我希望再見(jiàn)到你。（2）

5、若不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，并強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)進(jìn)行，不定式用進(jìn)行式。*I am very glad to be working with you.我很高興和你一起工作。 （1）若不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生 （3）若不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，不定式用完成式。*I am sorry to have cheated you. 很抱歉，我欺騙了你?！久麕燑c(diǎn)津】當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)與不定式是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式 一般用被動(dòng)式。The novel is said tohave been translated into several languages. 據(jù)說(shuō)這部

6、小說(shuō)已被譯成了好幾種 語(yǔ)言。動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是在to前面加not，即not to do。 （3）若不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作2. 不定式在句中的作用。 （1）作主語(yǔ)。 *To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.愛(ài)與被愛(ài)是一個(gè)人能獲得的最大幸福?！久麕燑c(diǎn)津】在很多情況下，通常用it作為形式上的主語(yǔ)，而把不定 式移到謂語(yǔ)之后，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得平穩(wěn)一些。Its rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer. 背對(duì)著老師，拒絕回答問(wèn)

7、題是不禮貌的。2. 不定式在句中的作用。 （2）作表語(yǔ)。 *My job is to drive them to the company every day. 我的工作就是每天開(kāi)車(chē)送他們?nèi)ス尽?（3）作賓語(yǔ)。 *I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。 （2）作表語(yǔ)?！厩蓪W(xué)助記】巧記用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞三個(gè)希望兩答應(yīng)：hope, wish, want, agree, promise兩個(gè)要求莫拒絕：demand, ask, refuse設(shè)法學(xué)會(huì)做決定：manage, learn, decide不要假裝在選擇：p

8、retend, choose【巧學(xué)助記】 （4）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 *Father will not allow us to play in the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！！久麕燑c(diǎn)津】（1）在 “一感(feel)二聽(tīng)(hear, listen to)三 讓(let, have, make)四看(observe, see, watch, look at)” 等 動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to, 但 當(dāng)以上動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要帶to。 （2）help后跟作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定 式可帶to也可不帶to，即help sb. (to)dosth. 。 （4）作

9、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 （3）在feel, find, make, think, consider等動(dòng)詞后，如 果賓語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，人們常常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而 把真正的賓語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后。例如：I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能不用計(jì)算機(jī)而解出這道題目。 （3）在feel, find, make, （5）作定語(yǔ)。 *He is the man to believe in. 他是值得信任的人。*Liu Yang was the first woman astronaut to be sent

10、into space in China. 在中國(guó)，劉洋是第一位飛上太空的女航天員。（6）作狀語(yǔ)。 *She reads China Daily every day to improve her English. 為了提高英語(yǔ)，她每天讀中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)。（動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，此時(shí)相當(dāng)于in order to 或so as to。so as to不能位于句首）*He is too weak to do the work. 他身體太弱了不能做這項(xiàng)工作。 （5）作定語(yǔ)?！久麕燑c(diǎn)津】（1） “too. . . to. . . “ 結(jié)構(gòu)常表示 “太而不能” ，但too之前如果有only, 此時(shí)不定式表肯定。因

11、為only too 表示 “非常，很” 。(2)too后如果是happy, glad之類(lèi)的形容詞時(shí)，不定式也 表肯定意義。(3) “形容詞/副詞enough不定式” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定 式也表示結(jié)果。(4)動(dòng)詞不定式還可表示意外的結(jié)果?！久麕燑c(diǎn)津】（1） “too. . . to. . . “ *They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他們很幸運(yùn)去國(guó)外訪(fǎng)問(wèn)。 *She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.在街上見(jiàn)到她的老朋友她很高興。*He hurried to see

12、his girlfriend, only to find she had left.他匆忙去見(jiàn)他的女朋友，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)她已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。3. 疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。疑問(wèn)詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)。它在句中可以用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。例如: *When to start has not been decided. 何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(主語(yǔ)) *They are only too luc *The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困難在于如何過(guò)河。(表語(yǔ)) *I can tell you wh

13、ere to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買(mǎi)到此書(shū)。（賓語(yǔ)）4. but+動(dòng)詞不定式。 （1）用于cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but等短語(yǔ)后，其不定式通常不帶to。這些短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于have to。 *When a good friend dies, you cannot but feel sad. 當(dāng)好朋友去世時(shí)，你怎能不感到悲傷。*I couldnt choose but speak the truth. 我不能不說(shuō)真話(huà)。*When it rains, you cannot help but get your shoes

14、 wet. 下雨天，你的鞋子豈能不濕。 *The difficulty was ho （2）當(dāng)but（表示 “除之外” ）前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí)，其后的不定式通常不帶to。其他情況下不定式通常都要帶to。 *Ill do anything for you but set you free. 我可以替你做任何事，但不能把你釋放。*There was nothing to do but wait till he came back.沒(méi)什么事可干了，除了等他回來(lái)。 *They had no choice but to obey. 他們別無(wú)選擇，只能服從。 （2）當(dāng)but（表示 “除之外” ）前

15、有實(shí)義 二、難點(diǎn)突破不定式主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義的情況：1. 不定式作形容詞的狀語(yǔ)，與句子的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)。*The book is difficult to understand. 這本書(shū)太難，看不懂。 *The river has been polluted and the water is not fit to drink. 這條河被污染了，水不能喝了。 二、難點(diǎn)突破2. 不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，與被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但和該句的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 *I have a lot of work to do. 我有許多工作要做。 *Do you have anyt

16、hing to say?你有什么要說(shuō)的嗎？3. to let, to blame作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。 *They think that more than one person may be to blame for the big fire. 他們認(rèn)為這場(chǎng)大火可能不止一人負(fù)有責(zé)任。2. 不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，與被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓【高考體驗(yàn)】動(dòng)詞不定式做題步驟：1. 分析句子缺少哪種成分；2. 根據(jù)題干猜測(cè)句子所要表達(dá)的意思；3. 根據(jù)題支確定本題所考查的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式；4. 確定符合句意的選項(xiàng)。【高考體驗(yàn)】1. （2013四川高考）The airport_next year will he

17、lp promote tourism in this area. A. being completed B. to be completedC. completed D. having been completed解題關(guān)鍵：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)next year思路分析：選B。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：明年將要完工的機(jī)場(chǎng)會(huì)有助于促進(jìn)這一地區(qū)的旅游業(yè)發(fā)展。A項(xiàng)表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)；B項(xiàng)表示將來(lái)的被動(dòng)；C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)表示完成的被動(dòng)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)next year可知表示將要被完成，故選B項(xiàng)。1. （2013四川高考）The airport_2. （2013山東高考）I stopped the car_ a short

18、break as I was feeling tired. A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken解題關(guān)鍵：原因狀語(yǔ)從句I was feeling tired思路分析：選C?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：我感到累了，因此停下車(chē)休息一小會(huì)兒。to do 不定式在句中作目的狀語(yǔ)。所以選C。2. （2013山東高考）I stopped the ca3. （2012重慶高考）Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _ at the meeting will influence the future of our

19、 company. A. to be made B. being made C. made D. having been made解題關(guān)鍵：時(shí)態(tài)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)以及decision與make之間的關(guān)系3. （2012重慶高考）Were having a m思路分析：選A。句意：我們半小時(shí)之后要開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)。在會(huì)上要做的這個(gè)決定將會(huì)影響我們公司的未來(lái)。由句意可知, 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作decision的定語(yǔ)。make和decision之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 且是將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 應(yīng)用不定式的被動(dòng)形式。to be made表被動(dòng)和將來(lái); being made表被動(dòng)和進(jìn)行; made表被動(dòng)和完成; having been

20、made表被動(dòng)和完成, 但一般不作定語(yǔ)。故選A。思路分析：選A。句意：我們半小時(shí)之后要開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)。在會(huì)上要做的這4. （2012全國(guó)卷）The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy _ anything that happened to be on. A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched解題關(guān)鍵：不定式位于形容詞后作狀語(yǔ)的用法思路分析：選A。句意：這位老人每天晚上坐在電視機(jī)前, 高興地看著正在發(fā)生的一切。happy為形容詞, 此處作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 表示

21、老人的心態(tài); 做該題時(shí), 需想到的是be happy to do sth. 。此時(shí)的不定式不能用to have done sth. , 因?yàn)?“看” 不是一個(gè)先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作; 該題易誤選watching, 但是, 如用watching作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 必須把happy改為happily, 用來(lái)修飾watching。4. （2012全國(guó)卷）The old man sat5. （2012北京高考）Birds singing is sometimes a warning to other birds _ away. A. to stay B. staying C. stayed D. stay解題關(guān)鍵：找

22、準(zhǔn)不定式作定語(yǔ)所修飾的詞思路分析：選A。句意：有時(shí)候鳥(niǎo)叫聲是一種讓其他鳥(niǎo)離開(kāi)的警告。to stay away是不定式短語(yǔ)作warning的定語(yǔ)。易錯(cuò)誤區(qū): 一般情況下, 作定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞緊跟在所修飾詞的后面, 所以會(huì)誤以為本題中stay away修飾other birds, 就會(huì)誤選成B項(xiàng)staying。5. （2012北京高考）Birds singing i6. （2012遼寧高考）This machine is very easy _ . Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. A. operating B. to be operati

23、ngC. operated D. to operate解題關(guān)鍵：不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)思路分析：選D。句意：這臺(tái)機(jī)器很容易操作, 任何人在幾分鐘之內(nèi)都能學(xué)會(huì)使用它。在 “be+性質(zhì)形容詞+不定式” 結(jié)構(gòu)中, 應(yīng)用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)形容詞有easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等, 該類(lèi)形容詞說(shuō)明的是不定式的性質(zhì)。6. （2012遼寧高考）This machine is 易錯(cuò)誤區(qū): 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾作表語(yǔ)的形容詞時(shí)一般要用不定式

24、的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。此時(shí)不能用不定式的被動(dòng)形式。 易錯(cuò)誤區(qū): .單項(xiàng)填空1. （2013咸陽(yáng)高一檢測(cè)）If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge. A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet【解析】選D。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：如果接受了這項(xiàng)工作, 他就別無(wú)選擇只會(huì)遇到更大的挑戰(zhàn)。have no choice but to+動(dòng)詞原形, 不得不做某事，固定結(jié)構(gòu)。所以D項(xiàng)符合題意。.單項(xiàng)填空2. （2013濰坊高一檢測(cè)）The governmen

25、t officer said China should bring in more high technology _ our competitive power. A. improving B. to be improved C. to improve D. improve【解析】選C。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：那個(gè)政府官員說(shuō)中國(guó)應(yīng)該引進(jìn)更多的高科技來(lái)提升我們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。根據(jù)句意可知bring in more high technology的目的是提升競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，故用不定式to improve表示目的，其他三項(xiàng)均不符合句意。故選C。2. （2013濰坊高一檢測(cè)）The government【變式訓(xùn)練】

26、（2013西寧高一檢測(cè)） _ the working efficiency, the boss allows the employees to have a coffee break. AImproving BTo improveCHaving improved DImproved【解析】選B?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：為了提高工作效率，老板允許員工們休息一下喝杯咖啡。to do不定式表示目的?！咀兪接?xùn)練】The old lady got up just before sunrise, as she often does, _ along the beach and get some fresh

27、air. A. walked B. to walkC. walking D. having walked【解析】選B?？疾閯?dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。句意：那位老太太和往常一樣在日出之前就起床了，為的是沿著海岸散散步呼吸一下新鮮的空氣。The old lady got up just befo3. With so many things _ , I have to work late into the night. Ato deal with Bdealt with Cdealing with Dbeing dealt with【解析】選A?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：很多事情有待于處理，我得工作到深夜。

28、由空格后的部分可以看出， “so many things” 很多事情還沒(méi)有處理，所以用不定式表示將來(lái)。3. With so many things _【變式訓(xùn)練】With so many problems _ , Jack looks like a cat on a hot tin roof. A. solved B. to solve C. solving D. to be solved【解析】選B。考查動(dòng)詞不定式。句意：有如此多的問(wèn)題要處理，杰克急得像熱鍋上的螞蟻。該題的關(guān)鍵是對(duì)俗語(yǔ) “a cat on a hot tin roof（像熱鍋上的螞蟻一樣）” 的理解。既然是像熱鍋上的螞蟻一樣

29、，這說(shuō)明很多問(wèn)題有待于解決，所以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，在該結(jié)構(gòu)中相當(dāng)于省略了for sb. ，故選B?！咀兪接?xùn)練】4. If you are the last student _ the room, remember to turn off the lights. A. leaving B. to leave C. left D. leaves【解析】選B?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：如果你最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)教室，請(qǐng)記住關(guān)燈。 “the + 序數(shù)詞 +名詞+ to do sth. ” 為固定用法，意為：第干的人。4. If you are the last studen5. （2013寶雞高一檢測(cè)）Sud

30、denly an idea flashed into her mind and she wanted to put it down immediately, but she couldnt find any paper _ . Awriting on Bto write Cwriting Dto write on【解析】選D?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：突然一個(gè)想法閃現(xiàn)在她的腦海中，她想立即把它寫(xiě)下來(lái)，但是她找不到任何紙張來(lái)寫(xiě)。表示的是將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，所以用動(dòng)詞不定式，此外，write為不及物動(dòng)詞，表示在紙上 “寫(xiě)” ，用介詞on。5. （2013寶雞高一檢測(cè)）Suddenly an id6. （2

31、013杭州高一檢測(cè)） _ how mirrors produce images, we need to know what light does. A. Understanding B. Understood C. To understand D. Having understood【解析】選C?？疾閯?dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。句意：要想理解鏡子的成像原理，我們需要知道光的作用。此處是不定式短語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)。6. （2013杭州高一檢測(cè)） _ how mi7. （2013南昌高一檢測(cè)）So much work needs doing this year, but the one _ immediate

32、ly is collecting money for the orphans. Adone Bto be done Cdoing Dbeing done【解析】選B?？疾椴欢ㄊ降挠梅ā＞湟猓航衲暧泻芏嗍虑橐?，而需要馬上做的一件事就是為這些孤兒們籌集善款。表示將要做的事情，要用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)；done表示已經(jīng)做完，being done表示某事正在被做。7. （2013南昌高一檢測(cè)）So much work n8. I regret _ you John has been fired. I can hardly believe my ears. Hes such a fine worker.

33、A. telling B. having told C. to tell D. to have told【解析】選C?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：我遺憾地告訴你約翰已經(jīng)被解雇了。我?guī)缀醪荒芟嘈盼业亩?。他是一個(gè)如此好的工人。regret to tell意為 “遺憾地告訴” ，符合語(yǔ)境。regret doing sth. 對(duì)做過(guò)的事感到后悔。8. I regret _ you John 9. I feel greatly honored _ to make a speech in your school. A. to invite B. invitingC. to be invited D. invi

34、ted【解析】選C?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：被邀請(qǐng)到貴校做報(bào)告，我感到非常榮幸。由invite與其邏輯主語(yǔ)I為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，可排除A和B，又因feel honored to do sth. 做某事感到榮幸，可排除D，故選C。9. I feel greatly honored _10. Traveling can broaden our view and it can make us _ after a long period of studying or working. A. feeling relaxed B. feeling relaxingC. feel relaxing D. feel r

35、elaxed【解析】選D。句意：旅游可以拓寬我們的視野，使我們?cè)陂L(zhǎng)時(shí)間的學(xué)習(xí)或工作后輕松一下。make 為使役動(dòng)詞，后面跟不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，排除A和B；feel為系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞作表語(yǔ)。relaxing “令人輕松的” ；relaxed “(人感到)輕松的” ，故選D。10. Traveling can broaden our11. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _. A. to be heard B. to have heardC. hearing D. being he

36、ard【解析】選A。句意：吃飯時(shí)孩子們說(shuō)話(huà)聲音很大，因此我不得不努力讓別人聽(tīng)到我說(shuō)話(huà)。struggle to do sth. “努力去做某事” ；hear與I是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故不定式用被動(dòng)式。11. The children talked so lo12. He is said _ in the United States for three years. No wonder he speaks English so well. A. to have stayed B. to stayC. having stayed D. staying【解析】選A。句意：據(jù)說(shuō)他在美國(guó)待了三年。難怪他的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得這

37、么好。be said 后接動(dòng)詞不定式形式。根據(jù)句意，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，所以應(yīng)用 to have stayed。12. He is said _ in the13. What else do we need for this trip besides food to eat and special clothes to wear?A tent _ in. Asleep BsleepingCto sleep Dslept【解析】選C。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)。句意：除了吃的食物和穿的特殊衣服外，這次旅行我們還需要?jiǎng)e的什么？一頂用來(lái)休息的帳篷。此處表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作，故需用不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，此處不定式短語(yǔ)to sleep in和它所修飾的名詞tent之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。13. What else do we need for 【變式訓(xùn)練】Well, a soup, a salad, and anything _ ， sir?An apple pie, please. Afollows Bto followCfollowed Dfollowing【解析】選B。句意：好的，一份湯，一份沙