考研英語語法it專題

1、文檔編碼 : CY7Q8U7Y7A10 HS9Q5K8X6P3 ZL1S9X1A5A5LECTURE 14it 專題 it 及非指代性 it 的用法；重點把握作先行詞的 it,引導強調(diào)句中 it 的用法； 本堂目標：熟識指代性 基礎預習 一,指代性 itit； it 作人稱代詞時可指代事物,動物,嬰兒,未知的人或一件事； 指代性 it 指的是作人稱代詞的 【例】（ 02- 翻譯） Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly

2、 the only way to solve our problems. 【點睛】句中 it 指代 a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 這一情形； 【譯文】（假如）這些問題得不到解決,爭辯行為的技術手段就會連續(xù)受到排斥,解決問題 的唯獨方法也可能隨之受到排斥； 【例】 00-Passage 5 If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared: and it especially must be highly regarde

3、d by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. 【點睛】句中的兩個 it 均指代 the tradition of ambition. 【譯文】 假如這個傳統(tǒng)有旺盛的生命力, 那么它得到廣泛的擁護, 特別是得到哪些受人仰慕 之士的高度重視,這當然要包括那些接受過良好訓練的人； 二,非指代性 itit 而言的；非指代性 it 沒有詳細意義上的主語,表示氣候,天氣, 非指代性 it 是相對于作人稱代詞的 溫度,時間,地點,距離等；非指代性 構(gòu)成特定的句型； 【例】 02-Text 2 it 常作

4、seem,appear,look ,happen,occur,follow 等動詞的主語, Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2022, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decade

5、s if not centuries. 【點睛】句子的主干為 researchers have begun to extend that forecast. ；句首的介 詞結(jié)構(gòu) Despite 作狀語,其中包含 when 引導的定語從句修飾 the 1960s and 1970s ；該定 語從句中的 it 沒有實際意義,為非指代性用法, that 引導表語從句； 【譯文】盡管 20 世紀 60 歲月和 70 歲月最初有過一段樂觀時期, 當時認為到 2022 年的時候, 晶體管電路和微處理器或許能復制出人腦的活動, 即便不是幾百年,也至少是幾十年； 重點講解 一,先行 it 1 it 作形式主語

6、 但最近科研工作者開頭將這一估計后推了 it 作形式主語,放在句首,將真正的主語（動詞不定式,動名詞,從句）放在后面,特別當充當主語 的動詞不定式短語很長時,用 it 作形式主語,可以防止使整個句子頭重腳輕,此時 it 不能用 this 或 that 來代替； 1） it 形式主語指代不定式 it 作形式主語指代不定式時,常見的謂語有： It pays to be honest.誠懇是不會吃虧的；同時, take, pay, make, cost, require, feel, annoy, need 等,例如： it 仍在下面句型結(jié)構(gòu)中指代不定式作形式主語； be+形容詞 +不定式 It s

7、 necessary/important/essential/impossible to do sth. be+名詞 +不定式 It s aduty/privilege/pity to do sth. be+介詞短語 +不定式 及 It s beyondme to say why. 物動詞 +賓語 +不定式 It takes two to make a quarrel. 第 1 頁,共 5 頁【例】 08-Text 1 It s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car

8、 payment, and pay the debt. 【點睛】 It 作形式主語, to 后邊的五個并列關系的不定式短語是真正的主語； 【譯文】最難的事情就是一邊工作一邊仍要照管孩子,付房租,養(yǎng)車和償仍貸款； 2） it 形式主語指代動名詞 【例】 【點睛】 【譯文】 3） it 形式主語指代從句 【例】 It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important, the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner, that bec

9、ause most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredom, hopes on the other parts of their lives. frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their 【點睛】本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為 It is said that 句型,此處 it 為形式主語,真正的主語為 后面兩個并列的 that 從句；其次個 that 從句中的 it 為代詞,代指 most work ； 【譯文】 有時候人

10、們會認為, 由于休閑越來越重要, 所以工作中有傷自尊的事情和全部不公 平的事情可以臨時放到一邊去, 不用太計較； 由于大部分的工作都是讓人難以忍耐的, 所以 做這些工作的人完全可以將他們的期望寄托在生活中的其他方面, 單調(diào)無聊,挫折敗興以及所受的屈辱； 2 it 作形式賓語 以此補償工作中所承擔的 it 作形式賓語放在謂語動詞與賓語補足語之間,指代不定式,動名詞,從句等；后接 it 作形式賓語的謂語動詞有： feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等； 【例

11、1】 Nevertheless, rising prices, combined with stagnant income gains among low and moderate income families, have made it difficult if not impossible for a student from a family of such an income level, a student who has the most to gain from a college education, to attend college without significant

12、ly adding to the financial burden of his or her family. 【點睛】句子主干是 rising prices have made it difficult to attend college ；其中 it 作形式賓語,真正的賓語是 to attend college. ； 【譯文】不過,物價上漲,加上低收入和中等收入家庭的收入始終沒有提高（這一情形）使 得來自這種收入水平家庭的同學以及能從高校訓練中取得最大收成的同學讀高校即使不是 不行能,也是很難不給家庭造成龐大的經(jīng)濟負擔的； 【例 2】 02-Text 4 He says medical l

13、icensing boards must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension. 【點睛】在 make it clear 結(jié)構(gòu)中, it 是賓語從句中的形式賓語, that painful . suspension 作真正的賓語； 【譯文】他說, 行醫(yī)執(zhí)照管委會 “必需明確說明 病人痛楚地死亡可能是失職行為所致,應 該吊銷醫(yī)生的行醫(yī)執(zhí)照” ； 【例 3】 Falling pric

14、es encourage consumers to postpone spending in the expectation of cheaper goods 第 2 頁,共 5 頁tomorrow; they also make it impossible to deliver negative real interest rates if these are needed to drag an economy out of recession. 【點睛】在 make it impossible 結(jié)構(gòu)中, it 是形式賓語,真正的賓語是不定式 to deliver ； 【譯文】 價格下降會促

15、使消費者推遲消費以期明天價格會更低； 走出衰退期,價格下降又使得實施負實際利率不太可能； 二,引導強調(diào)句的 it假如需要負實際利率使經(jīng)濟 當我們要強調(diào)句子的某一部分（通常是主語,賓語或狀語）時,常用“ it + be + 被強調(diào)部 分 +that/who 從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)；被強調(diào)部分指人時須用 who,其他情形用 that； 被強調(diào)部分 例示 強調(diào)主語 In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. 然而,恰恰是那些受過良好訓練 的人卻不行思議

16、地聲稱對理想不再抱有期望； 強調(diào)賓語 It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas. 圣誕節(jié) John 送 給 Mary 的是一個手提包； 強調(diào)時間狀語 Marx and Engels came to know each other in Paris in1844. It was then that their great friendship began. 馬克 思和恩格斯于 1844 年在巴黎熟識, 就在那時開頭了他 們之間的宏大的友情； 強 調(diào) 地點 狀 And it is in the public schools that we

17、find the full 語 expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. 而且是在公立學校中,我們發(fā)覺社會的熟識在這里得到了充分的 表達學校將學問,期望,擔憂傳給了下一代； 強 調(diào) 緣由 狀 It is because the book is so useful for my work that I bought 語 強調(diào)it. 由于這本書對我的工作很有用我才買它； 補語 It is green that they

18、 have painted the wall. 他們把墻噴成 了綠色； 【例 1】 06-Text 2 It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town rsevenue because they spend the night some of them four or five nights pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. 【點睛】該句是 It 引導的強調(diào)句型,被強調(diào)的對象是主句的主語 the playgoers ； 【譯文】 RSC 聲稱是這些

19、來看戲的人給斯特拉特福德鎮(zhèn)帶來了絕大部分的收入,由于他們 要在此過夜（有些人會在此逗留四五個晚上） ,會給當?shù)氐穆蒙绾途频陰泶蠊P的收入； 需 【例 2】 It is during this phase that the tourism planner must assist with the construction of goals and objectives, assist inventory development, facilitate public dialogue, and at times mitigate conflict between stakeholder group

20、s. 【點睛】本句強調(diào)了時間狀語 during this phase ； 【譯文】 正是在這一階段, 旅行規(guī)劃部門必需幫忙制訂旅行目標和宗旨, 幫忙進行旅行項目 開發(fā),推動公共對話,并且有時仍要緩和各利益團體之間的沖突； 【例 3】 It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. in this sphere that the wisdom 【點睛】 and 連接兩個并列的強調(diào)

21、句,被強調(diào)部分均為地點狀語 in this sphere ； 【譯文】只有在這一范疇內(nèi),長期的體會才能真正發(fā)揮作用； 只有在這一范疇內(nèi), 源于體會 第 3 頁,共 5 頁的聰慧才能夠得以實踐,并且不受壓抑； 【補充拓展】 it 強調(diào)句留意 留意事項 例示 分類 1） be 的特別用法 It is/was that/wh結(jié) o構(gòu)中的 be動詞只有時 About how many elements is it that 態(tài)的變化,沒有數(shù)的變化,即不管被強調(diào)的部 make up most of the substances we分是單數(shù)仍是復數(shù),一律用 is/was； meet in everyda

22、y life. 是關于有多 少元素組成我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪兴?的物質(zhì)資料嗎 . 2 ）主格與賓格的注 被強調(diào)的部分是從原正常句子中為強調(diào)而提 It was him, Doctor James, that we 意點 取出來的那一部分,因而要保持原先的形狀, invited to give us a lecture. 被邀請 是代詞的主格仍用主格, 是代詞的賓格仍用賓 給我們作報告的是他詹姆斯 格； 博士； 課堂練習 難句分析 1. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and hum

23、ans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 05-Text 1 2. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of i

24、ts original motive. 09- 翻譯 3. It s not obvioushow the capacity to visualizeobjectsand to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 07-Text 2 4. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country s economy is directly

25、bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 00- 翻譯 5. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especial

26、ly when the disease is regarded as serious. 6. There are slight regional variations among the French, German and Italian speaking areas, but it is generally safe to assume that any car bearing a CH sticker will be driven with a high degree of discipline. 7. It has long been known that a taxi firm ca

27、lled AAAA customers thumb through their phone directories. 04Text 2 cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when 8. It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. 03Text 4 9. The best way to get a rapid and responsive answer is to ask it like a perso

28、n with smarts, confidence, and clues who just happens to need help on one particular problem. 10. And it is by the making of tools physical tools as crude as a stone chopper, mental tools as subtle as a mathematical equation that man characteristically prepares for future contingencies. 11. It is th

29、is sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significantcontribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. 12. It was not until the 13th and 14th centuries that surnames became fixed, although for many years after that, the degree of stability

30、in family names varied considerably in different parts of the country. 課堂講評 1. 【分析】整個句子是一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu),其中主語是由兩個以 whether 引導的并列主語從句構(gòu)成的,第 第 4 頁,共 5 頁二個從句的主語 it 指代前面的 a sense of fairness,從句包含 that 引導的定語從句；謂語動詞是 is, as yet 為插入語, an unanswered question 作表語； 【譯文】然而,這種公正的意識是卷尾猴和人類各自獨立進化而來的,仍是來源于 3500 萬年前各物種的 共同祖先

31、,仍舊不得而知； 2. 【分析】 由 but 連接的并列復合句； 前一分句中形式主語 it 引導的被動句屬于習慣用法, that 從句為真 正的主語；其次個分句為簡潔句； 【譯文】雖然我們可以說衡量任何一個社會機構(gòu)價值的標準是其在豐富和完善人生方面所起的作用,但 這種作用并不是我們最初的動機的組成部分； 3.【 分析】It 是形式主語, 真正的主語是 how 引導的從句； 并列的不定式結(jié)構(gòu) to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns 作定語修飾 the capacity； that 引導的定語從句修飾 questions；

32、 【譯文】仍沒搞清晰的是,這種想象事物和弄清數(shù)值模式的才能如何使一個人能回答出把最好的詩人和 哲學家都難倒的問題； 4. 【分析】 it 是形式主語,兩個 that 各引導一個主語從句并列作句子真正的主語； 【譯文】而且 再者 ,顯而易見的是一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率親熱相關；而效率的提高 又要依靠各種科學家和技術人員的努力； 5. 【分析】復合句；主句中包含 It is who 強調(diào)句型,強調(diào)主語； challenge 和 raise 為兩個并列謂語； when 引導時間狀語從句； 【譯文】只有在極其少見的情形下,并且是特別精明的病人才會對這樣的專業(yè)預備提出質(zhì)疑,或預先提 出關于價格的問題,特別是當病被認為很莊重時（就更不太可能有這種情形） ； 6. 【分析】并列復合句；第一個分句是簡潔句；其次個分句中的 構(gòu) to assume ,其中 that 從句為 assume 的賓語； it