2020年考研英語真題試卷及答案

1、最新精品 Section IUse of English：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numberedblank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case,millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this we

2、ekend of one of thenations great traditions: the Sunday roast. _1_ a cold winters day, few culinarypleasures can _2_it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this_3_ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure _4_ to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has _5_

3、 a public warning about the risksof a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked _6_ hightemperatures.This means that people should _7_ crisping their roast potatoes, spurnthin-crust pizzas and only _8_ toast their bread. But where is the evidence tosupport such alarmist advice? _9_

4、studies have shown that acrylamide can causeneurological damage in mice, there is no _10_ evidence that it causes cancer inhumans.Scientists say the compound is _11_ to be carcinogenic but have no hardscientific proof. _12_ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is_13_ to follow the

5、 FSA advice. _14_, it was rumored that smoking caused cancerfor years before the evidence was found to prove a _15_.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be _16_ up on Sunday alongsidesome steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would lifebe worth living? _17_, the FS

6、A says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods_18_, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their _19_ risks comingacross as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just _20_ with no onelistening.1. A In B Towards C On D Till2. A match B express C satisfy D influence3. A patie

7、nce B enjoyment C surprise D concern4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled6. A under B at C for D by7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially9. A Unless B Since C If D While10. A secondary B externa

8、l C inconclusive D negative11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all最新精品15. A resemblance B combination C connection D

9、pattern16. A made B served C saved D used17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition20. A follow up B pick up C open up D end upSectionReading ComprehensionPart A：Read the following

10、four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new yearwith a call to institute a UK town of culture award. The proposal is that it should sitalongsi

11、de the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and hasbeen awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the successof the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain town, it is tr

12、ue are not prevented from applying,but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their biggercompetitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Br

13、itain is nolonger be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital ofculture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. Acynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endlessfever of self-celebration in its desperation t

14、o reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture?Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run year ofculturewashes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominen

15、ce for a spell butleaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of suchtitles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring inhigh-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations ofthe people who live there; they nu

16、dge the self-image of the city into a bolder and moreoptimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well ascooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups andcultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgows year as European cap

17、ital ofculture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned thecity into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A town of culture could be not just about the arts but about honouring a towns最新精品peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting

18、 local facilities and above allcelebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Copper and her colleague argue that a town of culture award would _.A. consolidate the town city ties in BritainB. promote cooperation among Brains townsC. increase the economic strength of Brains townsD. focus Brains l

19、imited resources on cultural events.22.According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as _.A.a sensible compromiseB.a self-deceiving attemptC.an eye-catching bonusD.an inaccessible target23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it _A. endeavor to maintain i

20、ts imageB. meets the aspiration of its peopleC. brings its local arts to prominenceD. commits to its long-term growth24. “Glasgow” is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present _A. a contrasting caseB. a supporting exampleC. a background storyD. a related topic25. What is the authors attitude towards the p

21、roposal?A. SkepticalB. ObjectiveC. FavorableD. CriticalText 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists needjoumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles withoutmonetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review

22、alsofor free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the productionof scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd amarket for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very pricesensitive. Scientific pu

23、blishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% ontheir operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existentialcrisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papersproduced in the world,made profits of more than 900m last year, whi

24、le UKuniversities alone spent more than 210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access theirown publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite最新精品increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence ofSci-Hub, a

25、 kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which nowclaims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success ofSci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legallyaccessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy

26、 among its users and must betransformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by fundingbodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all Britishscientific research is now published under open access terms: eith

27、er freely availablefrom the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that thepublishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their produc

28、t free to readersby charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These rangefrom around 500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both ofsubscriptions and of thesearticle preparation costs had been steadily risingabove inflation. In some ways the scienti

29、fic publishing model resembles the economyof the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, whilehuge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, weneed a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a liincemoey partly

30、 because_A. its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .B. its marketing strategy has been successful.C. its payment for peer review is reduced.D. its content acquisition costs nothing.27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have_A. thrived mainly on university libraries.B

31、. gone through an existential crisis.C. revived the publishing industry.D. financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?A. Relieved.B. Puzzled.C. ConcernedD. Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms_A. allow publishe

32、rs some room to make money.B. render publishing much easier for scientists.C. reduce the cost of publication substantially.D. free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?A. Trial subscription is offered.最新精品B. Labour triumphs over

33、 status.C. Costs are well controlled.D. The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way tolevel the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form ofvirtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does lit

34、tle to help averagepeople.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and HouseSpeaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure gender parity on boards andcommissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-governmentboards are les

35、s than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have moresuch opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the billsbecome law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent ofboard seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure r

36、ecently adopted in Califomia, which last yearbecame the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing themeasure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expresslyclassifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court fr

37、owns on sex-based classifications unless they aredesigned to address an important policy interest, Because the California law appliesto all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likelyto rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection.

38、But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation oncorporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the generalpopulation, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing withoutgovernment interference. According to a study by

39、 Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for boardmembership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That isexactly what happened when Norway ad

40、opted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Wrting in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number ofopportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified womento serve on such boards has led to agolden skirt phenomenon, where the same clitewomen scoop up multiple

41、 seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make theirsponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and

42、 Haddad wills_A. help little to reduce gender bias.最新精品B. pose a threat to the state government.C. raise womens position in politics.D. greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?A. It has irritated private business owners.B. It is welcomed by the Sup

43、reme Court,C. It may go against the Constitution.D. It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to ilustrate_A. the harm from arbitrary board decision.B. the importance of constitutional guaranees.C. the pressure on women in global corporations.D. the needles

44、sness of government interventions.34. Norways adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to_A. the underestimation of elite womens role.B. the objection to female participation on boards.C. the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.D. the growing tension between labor and manag

45、ement.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?A. Womens need in employment should be considered.B. Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.C. Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.D. Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursda

46、y, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which wouldimpose an entirely new taxon large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users inFrance. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for sellinggoods and services online to targeting advertising b

47、ased on user data, and the taxapplies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and mediaoutlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax, meaning that it is designed to applyprimarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words,multiational tech companies ba

48、sed in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron,who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the nextfew weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Satestrade representative openin

49、g an investigation into whether the tax discriminatesagainst American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions againstFrance.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue.Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries o

50、ver thepast few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international taxprovisions. These have included Britains DPT (diverted profits tax), Australias最新精品MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and Indias SEP (significant economicpresence) test, to name but a few. At the same t

51、ime, the European Union, Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital servicestaxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designedto tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have aright to tax

52、, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words,they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with thecurrent economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development (OECD) is curr

53、ently working with 131 countries toreach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France andthe United States are involved in the organization s work, but Frances digital servicestax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for theinternational t

54、ax system.Frances planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can bereached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to followsuit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens ofnations that will prove burdensome and costly.36. Th

55、e French Senate has passed a bill to_A. regulate digital services platforms.B. protect French companies interests .C. impose a levy on tech multinationals.D. curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _A. may trigger countermeasures against

56、 France.B. is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.C. aims to ease international trade tensions.D. will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _A. redistribution of tech giants revenue must be ensured.B. the current inter

57、national tax system needs upgrading.C. tech multinationals monopoly should be prevented.D. all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECOs current work_A. is being resisted by US companies.B. needs to be readjusted immediately.C. is faced with uncert

58、ain prospects.D. needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?A. France Is Confronted with Trade SanctionsB. France leads the charge on Digital TaxC. France Says NO to Tech Multinationals最新精品D. France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart B

59、：In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in anyof the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Eye fixactions are b

60、riefB. Too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rudeC. Eye contact can be a friendly social signalD. Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactE. Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigatedF. Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers E