數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)基礎教程第五章答案

1、數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)基礎教程第五章答案數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)基礎教程第五章答案數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)基礎教程第五章答案V:1.0精細整理，僅供參考 數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)基礎教程第五章答案日期：20 xx年X月Exercise a set:speedAverage = As a bag:speedAverage = Exercise a set:hd25080320200300160Average = 218As a bag:hd2502508025025032020025025030016016080Average = 215Exercise a set:bore15161418As a bag:bore1516141615151418

2、Exercise Classes)Exercise bags:On the left-hand side:Given bags R and S where a tuple t appears n and m times respectively, the union of bags R and S will have tuple t appear n + m times. The further union of bag T with the tuple t appearing o times will have tuple t appear n + m + o times in the fi

3、nal result. On the right-hand side:Given bags S and T where a tuple t appears m and o times respectively, the union of bags R and S will have tuple t appear m + o times. The further union of bag R with the tuple t appearing n times will have tuple t appear m + o + n times in the final result.For set

4、s:This is a similar case when dealing with bags except the tuple t can only appear at most once in each set. The tuple t only appears in the result if all the sets have the tuple t. Otherwise, the tuple t will not appear in the result. Since we cannot have duplicates, the result only has at most one

5、 copy of the tuple t.Exercise bags:On the left-hand side:Given bags R and S where a tuple t appears n and m times respectively, the intersection of bags R and S will have tuple t appear min( n, m ) times. The further intersection of bag T with the tuple t appearing o times will produce tuple t min(

6、o, min( n, m ) ) times in the final result. On the right-hand side:Given bags S and T where a tuple t appears m and o times respectively, the intersection of bags R and S will have tuple t appear min( m, o ) times. The further intersection of bag R with the tuple t appearing n times will produce tup

7、le t min( n, min( m, o ) ) times in the final result.The intersection of bags R,S and T will yield a result where tuple t appears min( n,m,o ) times.For sets:This is a similar case when dealing with bags except the tuple t can only appear at most once in each set. The tuple t only appears in the res

8、ult if all the sets have the tuple t. Otherwise, the tuple t will not appear in the result.Exercise bags:On the left-hand side:Given that tuple r in R, which appears m times, can successfully join with tuple s in S, which appears n times, we expect the result to contain mn copies. Also given that tu

9、ple t in T, which appears o times, can successfully join with the joined tuples of r and s, we expect the final result to have mno copies.On the right-hand side:Given that tuple s in S, which appears n times, can successfully join with tuple t in T, which appears o times, we expect the result to con

10、tain no copies. Also given that tuple r in R, which appears m times, can successfully join with the joined tuples of s and t, we expect the final result to have nom copies.The order in which we perform the natural join does not matter for bags.For sets:This is a similar case when dealing with bags e

11、xcept the joined tuples can only appear at most once in each result. If there are tuples r,s,t in relations R,S,T that can successfully join, then the result will contain a tuple with the schema of their joined attributes.Exercise bags:Suppose a tuple t occurs n and m times in bags R and S respectiv

12、ely. In the union of these two bags R S, tuple t would appear n + m times. Likewise, in the union of these two bags S R, tuple t would appear m + n times. Both sides of the relation yield the same result. For sets:A tuple t can only appear at most one time. Tuple t might appear each in sets R and S

13、one or zero times. The combinations of number of occurrences for tuple t in R and S respectively are (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (1,1). Only when tuple t appears in both sets R and S will the union R S have the tuple t. The same reasoning holds when we take the union S R. Therefore the commutative law

14、for union holds.Exercise bags:Suppose a tuple t occurs n and m times in bags R and S respectively. In the intersection of these two bags R S, tuple t would appear min( n,m ) times. Likewise in the intersection of these two bags S R, tuple t would appear min( m,n ) times. Both sides of the relation y

15、ield the same result. For sets:A tuple t can only appear at most one time. Tuple t might appear each in sets R and S one or zero times. The combinations of number of occurrences for tuple t in R and S respectively are (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (1,1). Only when tuple t appears in at least one of the s

16、ets R and S will the intersection R S have the tuple t. The same reasoning holds when we take the intersection S R.Therefore the commutative law for intersection holds.Exercise bags:Suppose a tuple t occurs n times in bag R and tuple u occurs m times in bag S. Suppose also that the two tuples t,u ca

17、n successfully join. Then in the natural join of these two bags R S, the joined tuple would appear nm times. Likewise in the natural join of these two bags S R, the joined tuple would appear mn times. Both sides of the relation yield the same result. For sets:An arbitrary tuple t can only appear at

18、most one time in any set. Tuples u,v might appear respectively in sets R and S one or zero times. The combinations of number of occurrences for tuples u,v in R and S respectively are (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (1,1). Only when tuple u exists in R and tuple v exists in S will the natural join R S have

19、the joined tuple. The same reasoning holds when we take the natural join S R.Therefore the commutative law for natural join holds.Exercise bags:Suppose tuple t appears m times in R and n times in S. If we take the union of R and S first, we will get a relation where tuple t appears m + n times. Taki

20、ng the projection of a list of attributes L will yield a resulting relation where the projected attributes from tuple t appear m + n times. If we take the projection of the attributes in list L first, then the projected attributes from tuple t would appear m times from R and n times from S. The unio

21、n of these resulting relations would have the projected attributes of tuple t appear m + n times.For sets:An arbitrary tuple t can only appear at most one time in any set. Tuple t might appear in sets R and S one or zero times. The combinations of number of occurrences for tuple t in R and S respect

22、ively are (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (1,1). Only when tuple t exists in R or S (or both R and S) will the projected attributes of tuple t appear in the result.Therefore the law holds.Exercise bags:Suppose tuple t appears u times in R, v times in S and w times in T. On the left hand side, the intersect

23、ion of S and T would produce a result where tuple t would appear min(v , w) times. With the addition of the union of R, the overall result would have u + min(v , w) copies of tuple t. On the right hand side, we would get a result of min(u + v, u + w) copies of tuple t. The expressions on both the le

24、ft and right sides are equivalent.For sets:An arbitrary tuple t can only appear at most one time in any set. Tuple t might appear in sets R,S and T one or zero times. The combinations of number of occurrences for tuple t in R, S and T respectively are (0,0,0), (0,0,1), (0,1,0), (0,1,1), (1,0,0), (1,

25、0,1), (1,1,0) and (1,1,1). Only when tuple t appears in R or in both S and T will the result have tuple t. Therefore the distributive law of union over intersection holds.Exercise that in relation R, u tuples satisfy condition C and v tuples satisfy condition D. Suppose also that w tuples satisfy bo

26、th conditions C and D where w min(v , w). Then the left hand side will return those w tuples. On the right hand side, C(R) produces u tuples and D(R) produces v tuples. However, we know the intersection will produce the same w tuples in the result.When considering bags and sets, the only difference

27、is bags allow duplicate tuples while sets only allow one copy of the tuple. The example above applies to both cases.Therefore the law holds.Exercise sets, an arbitrary tuple t appears on the left hand side if it appears in both R,S and not in T. The same is true for the right hand side.As an example

28、 for bags, suppose that tuple t appears one time each in both R,T and two times in S. The result of the left hand side would have zero copies of tuple t while the right hand side would have one copy of tuple t. Therefore the law holds for sets but not for bags.Exercise sets, an arbitrary tuple t app

29、ears on the left hand side if it appears in R and either S or T. This is equivalent to saying tuple t only appears when it is in at least R and S or in R and T. The equivalence is exactly the right sides expression.As an example for bags, suppose that tuple t appears one time in R and two times each

30、 in S and T. Then the left hand side would have one copy of tuple t in the result while the right hand side would have two copies of tuple t.Therefore the law holds for sets but not for bags.Exercise sets, an arbitrary tuple t appears on the left hand side if it satisfies condition C, condition D or

31、 both condition C and D. On the right hand side, C(R) selects those tuples that satisfy condition C while D(R) selects those tuples that satisfy condition D. However, the union operator will eliminate duplicate tuples, namely those tuples that satisfy both condition C and D. Thus we are ensured that

32、 both sides are equivalent.As an example for bags, we only need to look at the union operator. If there are indeed tuples that satisfy both conditions C and D, then the right hand side will contain duplicate copies of those tuples. The left hand side, however, will only have one copy for each tuple

33、of the original set of tuples.Exercise the operator on a relation with no duplicates will yield the same relation. Thus is idempotent.Exercise result of L is a relation over the list of attributes L. Performing the projection again will return the same relation because the relation only contains the

34、 list of attributes L. Thus L is idempotent.Exercise result of C is a relation where condition C is satisfied by every tuple. Performing the selection again will return the same relation because the relation only contains tuples that satisfy the condition C. Thus C is idempotent.Exercise result of L

35、 is a relation whose schema consists of the grouping attributes and the aggregated attributes. If we perform the same grouping operation, there is no guarantee that the expression would make sense. The grouping attributes will still appear in the new result. However, the aggregated attributes may or

36、 may not appear correctly. If the aggregated attribute is given a different name than the original attribute, then performing L would not make sense because it contains an aggregation for an attribute name that does not exist. In this case, the resulting relation would, according to the definition,

37、only contain the grouping attributes. Thus, L is not idempotent.Exercise result of is a sorted list of tuples based on some attributes L. If L is not the entire schema of relation R, then there are attributes that are not sorted on. If in relation R there are two tuples that agree in all attributes

38、L and disagree in some of the remaining attributes not in L, then it is arbitrary as to which order these two tuples appear in the result. Thus, performing the operation multiple times can yield a different relation where these two tuples are swapped. Thus, is not idempotent.Exercise we only conside

39、r sets, then it is possible. We can take A(R) and do a product with itself. From this product, we take the tuples where the two columns are equal to each other.If we consider bags as well, then it is not possible. Take the case where we have the two tuples (1,0) and (1,0). We wish to produce a relat

40、ion that contains tuples (1,1) and (1,1). If we use the classical operations of relational algebra, we can either get a result where there are no tuples or four copies of the tuple (1,1). It is not possible to get the desired relation because no operation can distinguish between the original tuples

41、and the duplicated tuples. Thus it is not possible to get the relation with the two tuples (1,1) and (1,1).Exercise PC(model,speed,_,_,_) AND speed Answer(maker) Laptop(model,_,_,hd,_,_) AND Product(maker,model,_) AND hd 100Answer(model,price) PC(model,_,_,_,price) AND Product(maker,model,_) AND mak

42、er=BAnswer(model,price) Laptop(model,_,_,_,_,price) AND Product(maker,model,_) AND maker=BAnswer(model,price) Printer(model,_,_,price) AND Product(maker,model,_) AND maker=BAnswer(model) Printer(model,color,type,_) AND color=true AND type=laserPCMaker(maker) Product(maker,_,type) AND type=pcLaptopMa

43、ker(maker) Product(maker,_,type) AND type=laptopAnswer(maker) LaptopMaker(maker) AND NOT PCMaker(maker)Answer(hd) PC(model1,_,_,hd,_) AND PC(model2,_,_,hd,_) AND model1 model2Answer(model1,model2) PC(model1,speed, ram,_,_) AND PC(model2,_speed,ram,_,_) AND model1 model2FastComputer(model) PC(model,s

44、peed,_,_,_) AND speed FastComputer(model) Laptop(model,speed,_,_,_,_) AND speed Answer(maker) Product(maker,model1,_) AND Product(maker,model2,_) AND FastComputer(model1) AND FastComputer(model2) AND model1 model2Computers(model,speed) PC(model,speed,_,_,_)Computers(model,speed) Laptop(model,speed,_

45、,_,_,_)SlowComputers(model) Computers(model,speed) AND Computers(model1,speed1) AND speed speed1FastestComputers(model) Computers(model,_) AND NOT SlowComputers(model)Answer(maker) FastestComputers(model) AND Product(maker,model,_)PCs(maker,speed) PC(model,speed,_,_,_) AND Product(maker,model,_)Answ

46、er(maker) PCs(maker,speed) AND PCs(maker,speed1) AND PCs(maker,speed2) AND speed speed1 AND speed speed2 AND speed1 speed2PCs(maker,model) Product(maker,model,type) AND type=pcAnswer(maker) PCs(maker,model) AND PCs(maker,model1) AND PCs(maker,model2) AND PCs(maker,model3) AND model model1 AND model

47、model2 AND model1 model2 AND (model3 = model OR model3 = model1 OR model3 = model2)Exercise Classes(class,_,country,_,bore,_) AND bore 16Answer(name) Ships(name,_,launched) AND launched 35000 AND launched 1921Answer(name,displacement,numGuns) Classes(class,_,_,numGuns,_,displacement) AND Ships(name,

48、class,_) AND Outcomes (ship,battle,_) AND battle=Guadalcanal AND ship=nameAnswer(name) Ships(name,_,_)Answer(name) Outcomes(name,_,_) AND NOT Answer(name)MoreThanOne(class) Ships(name,class,_) AND Ships(name1,class,_) AND name name1Answer(class) Classes(class,_,_,_,_,_) AND NOT MoreThanOne(class)Bat

49、tleship(country) Classes(_,type,country,_,_,_) AND type=bbBattlecruiser(country) Classes(_,type,country,_,_,_) AND type=bcAnswer(country) Battleship(country) AND Battlecruiser(country)Results(ship,result,date) Battles(name,date) AND Outcomes(ship,battle,result) AND battle=nameAnswer(ship) Results(ship,result,date) AND Results(ship,_,date1) AND result=damaged AND date date1Exercise R(x,y) AND z = zExer