2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號37VIP

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Wearegoodatinventingwaytoenlargeourrealm.Repeatedlywefindmethodsofspreadingfarther.Ifanelementisforbidding,wedeviseameanstomasterit.Reachingthecontinentalshores,wedevelopedship-buildingandnavigationalskillsinordertocrossoceans.Shiveringatarcticweather,wedesignedforclothingandsnugsheltersinordertoedgenorthward.And,havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime.Althoughbeingwakefulatnightfloutedournaturalrhythms,wedevelopedartificiallightingthatletusbeactiveafterdark.

Aneraisnowunderwayinwhichwearereplacingourcycliccommunitywithactivitiesthatneverstop.Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.Meanwhile,isolatedindividualsbendoverbooksandpapersondesksintheirhomes,watchtelevisionaftermidnight,orwalkinthestreetsandlistentothenightbreathe.

ThisextensionacrossallhoursofthedayresemblesourspreadingacrossthefaceoftheEarth.Lookatbothtrendsfromenoughperspectiveindistanceandtimeandtheyappearalike.Hoverfarabovetheplanetandwatchitasitspinsthroughouttheeras.Withtheplanet’ssurfaceindaylight,littlehumansettlementscanbeseentogrowlargerastheyearsgobyandsmallextensionsappearattheiroutskirts.Watchthesurfacewhenitisinnightandatfirstsomepinpointsoflightflickerforawhileandthengoout.Afteragespass,thoselightbecomestronger;theystayonlonger,andotherglimmeringsappearnearby.Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.Butbothareadvancinginorder.

Bothformsofexpansionarefrontiers.Afrontierisanewsourceofresourcesthatpeopleuseforsubsistenceorforprofit.Itisalsoasafetyvalveforpeoplewhofeelconfined.Theydisperseinresponsetopressuresathomeandtoappealingopportunitieselsewhere.

Now,venturingintothenight,wehavethesamemotivesasourpredecessorswhomigratedgeographically.Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.Thechancetoexploitfacilitiesthatareleftidlealsoarousesourinitiativetousemoreofthenight.Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.Otherslooktoittobetterthemselveseconomically.Itisnoaccidentthatpersonalmotivesforreliefandopportunityaresimilartothecausesofexpansionforthecommunityasawhole.Thosearetheage-oldforcesbehindallmigrations.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.TheexamplestheauthorcitesinPara.2(“Thereis…night”)illustrateablurringof（

）

3.Incontext,theuseof“Look”,“Hover,”and“Watch”(inPara.3)isintendedto（

）.

4.InPara.3,"both"mostdirectlyrefersto（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingactivitiesprovidesthebestexampleofthe"waytomultiply"asdiscussedinthelastparagraph?

問題1選項

A.persuadereaderstoincreasetheiruseofnighttimehours

B.arguethatconstanthumanactivityisharmfultoindividualsandgroups

C.explorehowthechanginguseoftimeisrelatedtothehistoryofhumanexpansion

D.critiquethewayinwhichchanginglaborpatternshavecometodominatehumanlife

問題2選項

A.ambitionandgreed

B.solitudeandcompanionship

C.theusesofnighttimeandofdaytime

D.thepurposesofworkandofrecreation

問題3選項

A.warnreadersofthethreatofunboundedmigration

B.invitereaderstoimaginehumanhistoryvisually

C.preparereaderstoanticipatechangeanditsconsequences

D.promotetheuseofnighttimehoursforworkorleisureactivities

問題4選項

A.workerproductivityandnationalwealth

B.scientificknowledgeandindividualwell-being

C.competingworkdemandsandavailabletime

D.inhabitedspaceandusabletime

問題5選項

A.Conductingeveningclassesinpublicschoolbuildings

B.Keepingmunicipalofficesopenduringthelunchhour

C.Enforcingcurfewlawsinresidentialneighborhoods

D.Addingmorebuildingstoafactorycomplex

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.本題是問這篇文章的寫作目的，A項意為“為了規(guī)勸讀者多加利用他們的午夜時間”；B項意為“為了討論持續(xù)的人類活動對個人和團體是有害的”；C項意為“為了探討對于不斷利用時間與人們擴張的歷史之間是如何聯(lián)系的”；D項意為“為了批判不斷變化的勞動方式已經(jīng)主宰了人類的生活”。本題可通過文中出現(xiàn)的“spreading”、“edgenorthward’’、“Thisextensionacrossallhoursoftheday”以及“Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.日以繼夜地，幾千年以來，給我們揭示了人們的定居點不斷擴大的網(wǎng)絡以及天黑之后照明工具的延長”等都表明了本文的寫作目的是分析人類活動的擴張與利用時間之間的關系，C選項符合題意。

2.本題是問第二段中所舉的例子表明的意思。A項意為“野心和貪婪”；B項意為“孤獨和陪伴”；C項意為“夜間和白天時間的利用”；D項意為“工作和娛樂的目的”。由第二段中的“Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.工廠普遍實行輪班制。機場、加油站、旅館、餐館和廣播電臺都在不停地運轉。保險公司和銀行的數(shù)據(jù)處理部門整夜都在忙碌。”列舉了一些需要倒班的工作，所以舉例的目的是為了說明人類對于夜間和白天時間的充分利用，C選項符合題意。

3.A項意為‘提醒讀者無限遷移的所帶來的威脅’；B項意為，‘邀請讀者從視覺上想象人類的歷史‘；C項意為‘為讀者做好預期的變化和后果的準備’；D項意為‘推廣在工作或者休閑活動中對于夜間時間的利用‘。題目中所給詞look意為“看”;hover意為“盤旋”；watch意為“觀察，觀看”，這三個詞語均與B項中的“visually（視覺上的）”對應。B選項符合題意。

4.A項意為“工人的生產(chǎn)力和國家財富”；B項意為“科學知識和個人幸?！?；C項意為“充滿競爭的工作需求和可利用的時間”；D項意為“居住空間和可利用的時間”。根據(jù)第一段中的‘havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime’在第一次占領了世界上大部分的可用空間后，我們正在填補其可用的時間和第二段最后一句‘Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.’表面不是均勻地被占據(jù)的。時間并不是統(tǒng)一的?？芍猙oth是指空間上和時間上的占有，D選項符合題意。

5.A項意為“在公立學校里設立夜校課程”；B項意為“在午飯時間開放市政辦公”；C項意為“在住宅社區(qū)施行宵禁法”；D項意為“添加更多的工廠建筑”。文中最后一段提到了‘Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.在白天已經(jīng)非常擁擠了，容納量趨于緊張?！@個擁擠是指一些空間場所。再結合“Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.一些人不喜歡白天的騷動，渴望夜晚的寧靜”，以及文中‘Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.’對waytomultiply的定義就是更多地利用同一個空間，所以A選項符合題意。

2.翻譯題

Strangeisoursituationhereuponearth.Eachofuscomesforashortvisit,notknowingwhyyetsometimesseemingtodivineapurpose.

Fromthestandpointofdailylife,however,thereisonethingwedoknow:thatmanishereforthesakeofothermen—aboveallforthoseuponwhosesmileandwell-beingourownhappinessdepends,andalsoforthecountlessunknownsoulswithwhosefateweareconnectedbyabondofsympathy.ManytimesadayIrealizehowmuchmyownouterandinnerlifeisbuiltuponthelaborsofmyfellowmen,bothlivinganddead,andhowearnestlyImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinreturnasmuchasIhavereceived.MypeaceofmindisoftentroubledbythedepressingsensethatIhaveborrowedtooheavilyfromtheworkofothermen.

Toponderinterminablyoverthereasonforone’sownexistenceorthemeaningoflifeingeneralseemstome,fromanobjectivepointofview,tobesheerfolly.Andyeteveryoneholdscertainidealsbywhichheguideshisaspirationandhisjudgment.Theidealswhichhavealwaysshonebeforemeandfilledmewiththejoyoflivingaregoodness,beauty,andtruth.Tomakeagoalofcomfortandhappinesshasneverappealedtome;asystemofethicsbuiltonthisbasiswouldbesufficientonlyforaherdofcattle.

【答案】我們在這個世界上的處境很奇怪。每個人短暫來訪，不知原因。不過有時候似乎也會察覺到某種目的。

然而，從日常生活的角度來看，有一樣是確定的：人總是為了他人而活著。為了那些重要的人，他們的笑容和幸福是我們快樂的來源。也是為了數(shù)不清的陌生人，憐憫之心將我們與他們連系在一起。每天我都會多次意識到，我自己的物質生活和精神生活，在多大程度上是建立在同胞的勞動之上的，他們或活著，或者已經(jīng)逝去。意識到我必須多么努力地去付出，以回報我所得到的一切?？偢杏X我從他人的勞動成果中獲取太多，為此我經(jīng)常惴惴不安。

總體上，在我看來，沒完沒了地思考自己存在的理由和生命的意義是非常愚蠢的行為。然而，每個人都有自己的理想來指引自己的抱負和是非判斷。始終在我面前閃耀著，讓我深感活著的喜悅的理想是善、美和真理。以舒適和幸福為目的的理想從來不能吸引我。建立在這個基礎之上的倫理體系只能適用于一群牲畜。

3.單選題

IdeasabouteducationarechangingintheUnitedStates.Educationtodayisnotjustahighschooldiplomaoracollegedegree.Manyadultsarenotinterestedingoingtocollege.Theyareinterestedinotherkindsoflearning.Forthem,learningdoesnotendwithadiploma.

Continuingeducationgivestheseadultstheopportunitytoincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheirownfieldortolearnaboutanewfield.Italsogivesthemachancetoimprovetheiroldskillsortolearnnewones.

Secretaries,mechanics,andbarberscantakeclassestoimprovetheirworkskills.Nursescantakeclassestoincreasetheirknowledgeofnursing.Iftheyknowmoreorlearnmore,thentheycangetabetterjoborearnmoremoney.

Continuingeducationclassesgivesomeadultsthechancetolearnnewskills.Thereisusuallyalargevarietyofclassestochoosefrom,typing,foreigncooking,photography,autorepair,furniturerepair,orswimming.Theseareonlysomeoftheclassesavailable.

Someadultstakeclassesforfunorbecausetheclasswillbeusefulforthem.Forexample,theycanchooseaclassinalmostanylanguage,Chinese,SpanishorEnglishasasecondlanguage.Thereareclassesinfirstaidorclassesinsewing.Therearealsomanyothertypesofclassestochoosefrom.

Otheradultstakecontinuingeducationclassestoimprovetheirownlivesbecausetheywanttofeelbetteraboutthemselves.Overweightpeoplecanfindexerciseclassesorclassesinnutrition.Otherscanlearnhowtobegoodparents,orhowtogetalongwithotherpeople.Therearemanyopportunitiesforadultstocontinuetheirlearning.Almostanycommunitycollegeorpublicschoolsystemhasacontinuingeducationprogram.Thereareclassesinschools,communitybuildings,orchurches.Mostclassesareintheevening,soworkingpeoplecanattend.Theclassesareusuallysmall,andtheyareinexpensive.

Thousandsofpeopleregisterforcontinuingeducationclasseseachyear.Theyreceivenodiplomaorcertificate,andnogradeformostoftheclassestheyattend.Forthem,learningissomethingtheydobecausetheywantto.

1.Lotsofpeopleattendcontinuingeducationclassesbecause（

）.

2.Someadultstakelessonsoftypingorautorepairto（

）.

3.What’sthemainideaofPara.7?

4.Attendingcontinuingeducationclasses（

）.

5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat（

）.

問題1選項

A.theycanalsogotochurchatthesametime

B.therearemanycoursestheycanchoosefrom

C.learningissomethingtheyareinterestedin

D.theclasseswillhelpthembecomemoreconfident

問題2選項

A.getacollegeeducation

B.learnnewskills

C.getacertificate

D.earngrades

問題3選項

A.Adultscancontinuetheirlearning.

B.Classesareheldforworkingpeople.

C.Mostcontinuingeducationclassesareintheevening.

D.Adultshavemanyopportunitiestocontinuetheirlearning.

問題4選項

A.isexpensive

B.requiresaloan

C.isfreeofcharge

D.doesnotcostmuchmoney

問題5選項

A.adulteducationisverypopular

B.collegeeducationisnotimportant

C.otherskindsoflearningaremoreimportantthanschoollearning

D.continuingeducationclassesteachthesamecoursesthataretaughtincolleges

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第四段：Thereisusuallyalargevarietyofclassestochoosefrom...：有很多不同類型的課程可以選擇。確定B選項‘有許多課程可供選擇‘正確。A選項‘他們可以同時去教堂’，文章沒有提及。根據(jù)文章第二段:Continuingeducationgivestheseadultstheopportunitytoincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheirownfieldortolearnaboutanewfield.繼續(xù)教育給這些成年人有機會增加本領域的知識或了解一個新領域。并沒有提及是新領域的東西就是他們所感興趣的，所以C選項‘學習他們感興趣的東西’排除。D選項‘課程有助于使他們更加自信’文章沒有提及。

2.根據(jù)文章第一段：Manyadultsarenotinterestedingoingtocollege.Forthem,learningdoesnotendwithadiploma.許多成年人不再對大學感興趣。對于他們來說，學習不僅僅意味著取得文憑。確定A選項‘獲得大學教育‘和C選項‘獲得文憑’與原文不符，排除。根據(jù)文章第三段：Iftheyknowmoreorlearnmore,thentheycangetabetterjoborearnmoremoney.如果他們知道的多或學到的多，他們就會找到更好的工作，掙到更多的錢。確定B選項‘學新技術‘正確。D選項‘提升等級’文章沒有提及。

3.根據(jù)文章第七段：Therearemanyopportunitiesforadultstocontinuetheirlearning.繼續(xù)學習的機會很多。這句話就是這段的主題句，所以D選項‘成年人繼續(xù)學習機會很多‘正確。A選項’成年人可以繼續(xù)學習‘不符合題意。B選項’各類班級是專門為職場人設計的‘和C選項’大多數(shù)斷續(xù)教育班都在晚上開課。因為課程班大多在晚上開班，有利于職場人參加學習‘不符合題意。

4.根據(jù)文章第七段：Theclassesareusuallysmall,andtheyareinexpensive.班級規(guī)模一般較小，費用較低。確定D選項‘不需要太多錢‘正確。A選項‘昂貴的’、B選項‘需要貸款’、C選項‘免費’與原文不符，排除。

5.根據(jù)文章第一段：IdeasabouteducationarechangingintheUnitedStates.Educationtodayisnotjustahighschooldiplomaoracollegedegree.Manyadultsarenotinterestedingoingtocollege.Theyareinterestedinotherkindsoflearning.Forthem,learningdoesnotendwithadiploma.在美國，教育觀念正在改變。今天，教育不僅僅是一張高中文憑或大學學歷。許多成年人不再對大學感興趣，他們感興趣的是其他類型的學習。對于他們來說，學習不僅僅意味著取得文憑。再根據(jù)文章第二段Continuingeducationgivestheseadultstheopportunitytoincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheirownfieldortolearnaboutanewfield.Italsogivesthemachancetoimprovetheiroldskillsortolearnnewones.繼續(xù)教育給這些成年人有機會增加本頌域知知識或了解一個新領域，同時也使他們有機會提高原有的技術和學習新的技術。確定A選項‘成人教育很受歡迎‘正確。B選項‘大學教育不重要’、C選項‘其它類型的學習比學校教育更重要’、和D選項‘繼續(xù)教育班教授的課程與大學課程一樣’原文都沒有提及。

4.單選題

StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.

Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygen,anditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthepHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sblood-stream.

Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthem,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.

36.Thepassageprovidesformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?

37.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives,thepHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodisnotadverselyaffectedbytheproductionoflacticacidbecause______.

38.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?

39.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?

I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.

II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.

III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.

IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.

40.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?

問題1選項

A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.

B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.

C.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.

D.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobelowestduringthoseperiodsinwhichitexperiencesoxygendeprivation.

問題2選項

A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunderwaterreverttoananaerobicmechanism

B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthedive

C.organsthatreverttoananaerobicmetabolismaretemporarilyisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodstream

D.oxygencontinuestobesuppliedtoorgansthatclearlacticacidfromthesealsbloodstream

問題3選項

A.RecentfieldstudieshaveindicatedthatdescriptionsofthephysiologicalbehavioroftheWeddellsealduringlaboratorydivesarenotapplicabletoitsmosttypicaldivesinthewild.

B.TheWeddellsealhasdevelopedanumberofuniquemechanismsthatenableittoremainsubmergedatdepthsofupto500metersforupto70minutes.

C.TheresultsofrecentfieldstudieshavemadeitnecessaryforbiologiststorevisepreviousperceptionsofhowtheWeddellsealbehavesphysiologicallyduringitslongestdivesinthewild.

D.Biologistsspeculatethatlaboratorystudiesofthephysiologicalbehaviorofsealsduringdiveslastingmorethantwentyminuteswouldbemoreaccurateifthesealswerenotforciblysubmerged.

問題4選項

A.IandIIIonly

B.IIandIVonly

C.IIandIIIonly

D.I,II,andIVonly

問題5選項

A.Exhibitthephysiologicalresponsesthatarecharacteristicofdivesinthewildthatlastlessthantwentyminutes.

B.Exhibitthephysiologicalresponsesthatarecharacteristicofthelongerdivestheyundertakeinthewild.

C.Copewithoxygendeprivationlesseffectivelythantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.

D.Producesmalleramountsoflacticacidthantheydoontypicaladivesinthewild.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】36.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章第一段是本文的中心觀點，之后的內(nèi)容都圍繞著第一段展開。第一段說到StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanisms…Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.（在實驗室里對威德爾海豹的研究已經(jīng)描述了它的生理機制……然而，最近的實地研究表明，在更典型的野外潛水中，這種海豹的生理行為是不同的。），說明動物在實驗室里和在野外中的生理行為是不同的。因此C選項“動物在實驗室環(huán)境中的生理行為與其在野外的生理行為不一定一致”正確。A選項“對動物在野外的生理行為的觀察是不可靠的，除非經(jīng)過實驗室研究驗證”，B選項“一般來說，在野外觀察動物的生理行為比在實驗室觀察難度要小”，D選項“動物血液中乳酸的含量在缺氧的時期可能最低”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯誤。

37.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干關鍵詞“l(fā)acticacid”可以定位到文章第三段第二句Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthem,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.（這樣潛水后，海豹的血液中沒有了高濃度的乳酸，這說明在潛水過程中，海豹的器官并不依賴于實驗室觀察到的無氧代謝，而是從血液中獲得氧氣。），說明在實驗室潛水過程中，威德爾海豹血液的pH值不會因乳酸的產(chǎn)生而受到不利影響，因為這時進行的是無氧代謝，和血液里的氧氣無關。因此C選項“恢復無氧代謝的器官暫時與海豹的血液隔離”正確。A選項“只有那些對海豹潛水能力至關重要的器官才會恢復到無氧機制中去”，原文沒有提到只有對海豹潛水能力至關重要的器官，所以A錯誤。B選項“海豹通常在潛水結束后才會恢復到無氧代謝狀態(tài)”，原文說的是在實驗室進行潛水實驗時會恢復到無氧代謝狀態(tài)，不是在潛水結束后，所以B錯誤。D選項“氧氣繼續(xù)供應給清除海豹血液中乳酸的器官”在文中沒有提及，所以D錯誤。

38.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。第一段說到StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanisms…Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.（在實驗室里對威德爾海豹的研究已經(jīng)描述了它的生理機制……然而，最近的實地研究表明，在更典型的野外潛水中，這種海豹的生理行為是不同的。），說明威德爾海豹在實驗室潛水時的生理行為和在野外中潛水的生理行為是不同的。因此A選項“最近的野外研究表明，對威德爾海豹在實驗室潛水時的生理行為的描述不適用于它在野外最典型的潛水?！闭_。B選項“威德爾海豹已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一些獨特的機制，使它能夠在500米的深度保持潛水狀態(tài)長達70分鐘?！?，這只是對威德爾海豹在實驗室潛水時生理行為的描述，不能概括文章主旨，所以B錯誤。C選項“最近的野外研究結果使生物學家有必要修正以前對威德爾海豹在野外最長時間潛水時的生理行為的認識?！保闹徽f了兩者有不同，沒有說要對之前的認識進行修正，所以C錯誤。D選項“生物學家推測，如果不強行將海豹浸入水中，實驗室對海豹在持續(xù)20分鐘以上的潛水期間的生理行為的研究會更加準確?！痹谖闹袥]有提及，所以D錯誤。

39.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。題干中給出的四個特點為：1.海豹心臟跳動的速度下降；2.海豹的動脈收縮；3.海豹血液中的乳酸含量減少；4.某些器官的功能暫時停止。由第二段第一句Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygen,anditsarteriesbecomeconstricted（在實驗室里，當海豹潛入水面以下停止呼吸時，它的心臟跳動得更慢，需要的氧氣更少，動脈收縮）可知，在實驗室里觀察到的威德爾海豹在潛水過程中的生理行為有心臟跳動的速度下降、動脈收縮，所以特點1、2正確。由Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.（海豹基本上切斷了流向其他器官的血液，這些器官要么停止運作，直到海豹浮出水面，要么切換到無氧代謝。），說明海豹某些器官的功能暫時停止，所以特點4正確。特點3是海豹在野外潛水時的生理行為，排除3。因此D選項“僅一、二、四”正確。A選項“僅一和三”，B選項“僅二和四”，C選項“僅二和三”均不符合題意，所以A，B，C錯誤。

40.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第三、五句Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.（海豹在水下的較長時間潛水期間，它似乎要么是在探索遙遠的路線，要么是在躲避捕食者，這確實喚起了在實驗室里看到的潛水反應。一些生物學家推測，因為在實驗室潛水時，海豹是被迫潛入水中的，它不知道自己要在水下待多久，所以要做最壞的打算。），說明威德爾海豹在實驗室潛水過程中被強行浸入水中時的生理反應和在野外較長時間潛水的反應差不多。因此B選項“表現(xiàn)出它們在野外進行較長時間潛水時的生理反應特點”正確。A選項“表現(xiàn)出在野外潛水時持續(xù)不到20分鐘的生理反應”，C選項“應對缺氧的效果比它們在野外典型潛水時的效果要差”，D選項“產(chǎn)生的乳酸量比它們在野外典型潛水時少”均與原文表述的意思相反，所以A，C，D錯誤。

5.翻譯題

HowdoestheU.S.rankintheinternationalhuman-capitalstandings?That’satrickyquestion.OvertimetheAmericaneconomyhasshownmoredynamismandsustainedgrowththanjustaboutanyother.ButifyoulookonlyattheperformanceoftheaverageAmericanhighschoolstudentoninternationaltests,youwouldthinkitwasanationofdim-witteddullards.Whatexplainsthisparadox?Tosomeextent,theanswermustbethequalityofAmericanuniversities,whicharehighlyefficient,intenselycompetitiveandwonderfullyendowed—andwhichincreasinglyrecruitthebuststudentsfromaroundtheworld.Butuniversityprofessorsaren’tmagicians;howeverskilledtheymaybe,iftheirinputsfromhighschoolsaregarbage,theiroutputsofgraduateswillnotbemuchbetter.

【答案】美國在國際人力資本排行榜上排第幾？這是一個很棘手的問題。在過去的一段時間內(nèi)，美國經(jīng)濟比其他任何國家都表現(xiàn)出了更多活力和持續(xù)增長能力。但是如果你去關注國際比賽中美國高中生成績，你會認為美國式一個很笨的民族。如何解釋這種矛盾。在某種程度上，問題的關鍵是美國大學的質量，美國的大學效率高，競爭激烈，天賦異凜，而且越來越多地從世界各地招收最優(yōu)秀的學生。但是大學教師不是魔術師；無論他們水平多么高,如果高中輸入的是垃圾，他們輸出的畢業(yè)生也好不到哪去。

6.翻譯題

侵略行為似乎與許多生物結構和化學物質有關，如大腦中的下丘腦(hypothalamus)。很多動物在受到特定刺激時會表現(xiàn)出本能的侵略反應。下丘腦似乎與動物的這種本能反應有關：對許多動物的下丘腦中部分區(qū)域進行電激，會引發(fā)這一些它們的常見侵略行為。然而，人類的大腦要復雜的多，大腦的其他結構似乎可以抑制這種本性。社會生物學是生物學方法的一個分支，該理論認為侵略性對于人類而言是天生并且必要的。社會生物學認為，包括侵略行為在內(nèi)的許多社會行為都是由遺傳決定的。根據(jù)達爾文的進化論，他認為，個體存在的數(shù)量遠遠超過那些可以找到食物并且活到成年的個體數(shù)量。個體之間開始進行生存競爭，那些擁有競爭優(yōu)勢的個體更容易存活，并且會將它們有利于生存競爭的基因遺傳給下一代。大部分物種所具有的競爭優(yōu)勢特質之一就是好斗性。擁有侵略特質的個體更容易存活和繁殖，因此，與侵略行為相關的各種基因遺傳給下一代的可能性更大。該理論在眾多方面遭到質疑，其一，人類擁有其他物種不具備的能力，這種并非侵略性質的能力才是人類生存下來的主要原因。其二，人類身上存在太多的變數(shù)，因此，我們無法相信人類會被侵略沖動主導或者支配。

【答案】Numerousbiologicalstructuresandchemicalsappeartobeinvolvedinaggression.Oneisthehypothalamus,aregionofthebrain.Inresponsetocertainstimuli,manyanimalsshowinstinctiveaggressivereactions.Thehypothalamusappearstobeinvolvedinthisinbornreactionpattern:electricalstimulationofpartofthehypothalamustriggersstereotypicalaggressivebehaviorsinmanyanimals.Inpeople,however,whosebrainsaremorecomplex,otherbrainstructuresapparentlymoderatepossibleinstincts.Anoffshootofthebiologicalapproachcalledsociobiologysuggeststhataggressionisnaturalandevendesirableforpeople.Sociobiologyviewsmuchsocialbehavior,includingaggressivebehavior,asgeneticallydetermined.ConsiderDarwin'stheoryofevolution.Darwinheldthatmanymoreindividualsareproducedthanthosecanfindfoodandsurviveintoadulthood.Astruggleforsurvivalfollows.Thoseindividualswhopossesscharacteristicsthatprovidethemwithanadvantageinthestruggleforexistencearemorelikelytosurviveandcontributetheirgenestothenextgeneration.Inmanyspecies,suchcharacteristicsincludeaggressiveness.Becauseaggressiveindividualsaremorelikelytosurviveandreproduce,whatevergenesarelinkedtoaggressivebehavioraremorelikelytobetransmittedtosubsequentgenerations.：Thesociobiologyviewhasbeenattackedonnumerousgrounds.Oneisthatpeople'scapacitytooutwitotherspecies,nottheiraggressiveness,appearstobethedominantfactorinhumansurvival.Anotheristhatthereistoomuchvariationamongpeopletobelievethattheyaredominatedby,oratthemercyof,aggressiveimpulses.

7.單選題

Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformand

function,theirdimensionsandappearance,weredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers-usingnon-scientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeennon-verbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetailsofourmaterialsurroundings.Pyramids,cathedrals,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsofthosewhobuiltthem.Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist'smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldthevalvesbeplaced?Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysicalrequirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andnotleastbyasenseofform.Somedecisionssuchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary.

Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestock-in-tradeoftheartist,notthescientist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoentail“hardthinking,”nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessesandinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegest