2022年考研考博-考博英語-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號4

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen（

）totheextentthattheynolongerecologists

問題1選項

A.erest

B.perfected...hinder

C.diverted...arouse

D.vetoed...irritate

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析題。exhaust“排出，耗盡，使精疲力盡，詳盡論述”；interest“使感興趣，使關(guān)心，使注意，使參與，使有利害關(guān)系”；B選項的perfect“使……完美（完善）”；hinder“阻礙，妨礙，成為阻礙”；C選項的divert“使轉(zhuǎn)向，使繞道，轉(zhuǎn)移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；arouse“激起，引起（感情、態(tài)度），喚醒某人，激發(fā)，行動起來“；D選項的veto“否決，禁止，反對”；irritate“刺激，使興奮，激怒”。根據(jù)句意‘迄今為止，還沒有任何植物類型或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，人們對它們的研宄能達(dá)到如此詳盡無遺的地步，以致它不再能夠引起生態(tài)學(xué)家的興趣’確定A選項正確。

2.單選題

ThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearintheEarth'satmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.

Tounderstandthecauseofauroras,firstpicturetheEarthenclosedbyitsmagnetosphere,ahugeregioncreatedbytheEarthmagneticfield.Outsidethemagnetosphere,blastingtowardtheEarthisthesolarwind,aswiftlymovingplasmaofionizedgaseswithitsownmagneticfield.Chargedparticlesinthissolarwindspeedearthwardalongthesolarwind'smagneticlinesofforcewithaspiralingmotion.TheEarth’smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwindandforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.Butinthepolarregions,themagneticlinesofforceoftheEarthandofthesolarwindbunchtogether.Heremanyofthesolarwind’schargedparticlesbreakthroughthemagnetosphereandenterEarth’smagneticfield.TheythenspiralbackandforthbetweentheEarth'smagneticpolesveryrapidly.Inthepolarregions,electronsfromthesolarwindionizeandexcitetheatomsandmoleculesoftheupperatmosphere,causingthemtoemitauroraradiationofvisiblelight.

Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.Thedominantgreenishwhitelightcomesfromlowenergyexcitationofoxygenatoms.Duringhugemagneticstormsoxygenatomsalsoundergohighenergyexcitationandemitacrimsonlight.Excitednitrogenatomscontributebandsofcolorvaryingfromblueviolet.Viewedfromouterspace,aurorascanbeseenasdimlyglowingbeltswrappedaroundeachoftheEarth’smagneticpoles.Eachaurorahangslikeacurtainoflightstretchingoverthepolarregionsandintothehigherlatitudes.Whenthesolarflaresthatresultinmagneticstormsandauroraactivityareveryintense,auroradisplaysmayextendasfarasthesouthernregionsoftheUnitedStates.Studiesofaurorahavegivenphysicistsnewinformationaboutthebehaviorofplasmas,whichhashelpedtoexplainthenatureofouterspaceandisbeingappliedinattemptstoharnessenergyfromthefusionofatoms.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutscientists'understandingofaurorasistrueaccordingtothepassage?

2.WhatservesastheEarth’smeansofprotectionagainstthesolarwinds?

3.Whydoaurorasshowdifferentcolors?

4.What'sthesubjectmatterofthispassage?

問題1選項

A.Scientistshavelongbeenabletoexplainthecausesofauroras'variouscolors.

B.Newknowledgeaboutthefusionofatomenabledscientiststolearnmoreaboutauroras.

C.Beforeadvancesintechnology,scientistsknewlittleaboutauroras.

D.Littlewillbeknownaboutaurorasuntilscientistshavelearnedmoreaboutplasmaphysics.

問題2選項

A.Themagnetosphere.

B.Theplasmaofionizedgases.

C.Themagneticlinesofforceofthesolarwind.

D.ThemagneticpolesoftheEarth.

問題3選項

A.Becauseaurorascomefromexcitationsofallkindsofatomsandhanglikecurtainsoflightoverthepolarregions.

B.Becausetheoxygenandnitrogenatomsundergoloworhighenergyexcitationandgivelightsofvariouscolors.

C.Becausethemagneticstormsarenotstablewhiletheauroraactivitiesareveryintense.

D.Becausethedominantgreenishwhitelightitselfcontainslightsofsevencolors.

問題4選項

A.Themethodsofobservingaurorasfromsatellites.

B.TheformationandcolorsofaurorasabovetheEarth’spoles.

C.Thefactorsthatcausethevarietyofcolorsofauroras.

D.TheinfluenceofaurorasontheEarth.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。本題詢問下列關(guān)于科學(xué)家對極光的理解哪一項是正確的。根據(jù)原文“Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.現(xiàn)在，科學(xué)家們從衛(wèi)星和地面觀測中獲得數(shù)據(jù)，從中我們知道極光的光輝是一種巨大的放電現(xiàn)象，類似于霓虹燈中的放電現(xiàn)象。”因此可推知C選項‘在技術(shù)進(jìn)步之前科學(xué)家對極光的了解非常少’正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。本題詢問哪一項是地球抵御太陽風(fēng)的防護(hù)措施。根據(jù)原文“TheEarth'smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwindandforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.地球的磁層是太陽風(fēng)的屏障，迫使太陽風(fēng)的帶電粒子繞著磁層流動?！贝_定A選項‘磁氣圈’正確。

3.推理判斷題。本題詢問極光能夠發(fā)出不同的顏色的原因。根據(jù)原文“Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.極光的顏色取決于發(fā)出極光的原子?！笨芍狝選項“因為極光來自各種不同種類原子的刺激，并且像光簾一樣懸掛在極地地區(qū)”正確。

4.主旨大意題。通篇全文可知，文章第二段首先分析了極光的形成的原因，然后第三段分析了極光發(fā)出的不同顏色的原因。所以B選項“在地球的兩極地帶的極光的形成和顏色”正確。

3.單選題

Belyinghisearlierreputationfor（

）asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore（

）stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.

問題1選項

A.inflexibility...unreasonable

B.impropriety...oscillatory

C.intransigence...tolerant

D.success...authoritative

【答案】C

【解析】名詞和形容詞辨析題。A選項inflexibility“僵化”；unreasonable“不合理的”；B選項impropriety“不適當(dāng)，不正確”;oscillatory“振蕩的”；C選項intransigence“頑固”；tolerant“寬容的”；D選項success“成功”；authoritative“權(quán)威”。根據(jù)句意‘因為近期采取的更加寬容的態(tài)度掩飾了他之前作為頑固的談判專家的名聲，使得之前批評的人轉(zhuǎn)而開始贊揚他了?！疌選項正確。

4.單選題

Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen（

）totheextentthattheynolonger（

）ecologists.

問題1選項

A.perfected;hinder

B.exhausted;interest

C.prolonged;require

D.prevented;challenge

【答案】B

【解析】動詞辨析。先看第一空，perfect“使…完美（完善）”；exhaust“耗盡，排出”；prolong“延長，拖延”；prevent“阻止，妨礙”依據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞study和表示程度的totheextent以及整個句子的意思‘迄今為止，還沒有任何植物類型或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，人們對它們的研宄能達(dá)到如此詳盡無遺的地步，以至于它不再能夠引起生態(tài)學(xué)家的興趣’可以推斷出此處應(yīng)該填“exhausted”；再看第二次，hinder“阻礙，妨礙”；interest“使感興趣，使關(guān)心”；require“要求，命令”；challenge“向…挑戰(zhàn)”；依據(jù)句意可以推斷出此處應(yīng)該填interest,所以B選項正確。

5.寫作題

Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtosummarizethemainideaofthefollowingpassageinplainlanguageinnomorethan50words.Youshouldwriteyoursummaryontheansweringsheer.

Whetherwelikeitornot,theworldweliveinhaschangedagreatdealinthelasthundredyears,anditislikelytochangeevenmoreinthenexthundred.Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerandsimplerage.Butashistoryshows,thepastwasnotthatwonderful.Itwasnotsobadforaprivilegedminority,thougheventheyhadtodowithoutmodemmedicine,andchildbirthwashighlyriskyforwomen.Butforthevastmajorityofthepopulation,lifewasnasty,brutish,andshort.

Ifweacceptthatwecannotpreventscienceandtechnologyfromchangingourworld,wecanatleasttrytoensurethatthechangestheymakeareintherightdirections.Inademocraticsociety,thismeansthatthepublicneedstohaveabasicunderstandingofscience.Sothatitcanmakeinformeddecisionsandnotleavetheminthehandsofexperts.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.Ithascometoexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyhavebroughttocontinue,butitalsodistrustssciencebecauseitdoesn’tunderstandit.ThisdistrustisevidentinthecartoonfigureofthemadscientistworkinginhislaboratorytoproduceaFrankenstein.ItisalsoanimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.Butthepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience,particularlyastronomy,asisshownbythelargeaudiencesfortelevisionseriessuchasTheSkyatNightandforsciencefiction.

Whatcanbedonetoharnessthisinterestandgivethepublicthescientificbackgrounditneedstomakeinformeddecisionsonsubjectslikeacidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,nuclearweapons,andgeneticengineering?Clearly,thebasismustlieinwhatistaughtinschools.Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestingmanner.Childrenlearnitbyrotetopassexaminations,andtheydon'tseeitsrelevancetotheworldaroundthem.Moreover,scienceisoftentaughtintermsofequations.Althoughequationsareabriefandaccuratewayofdescribingmathematicalideas,theyfrightenmostpeople.WhenIwroteapopularbookrecently,IwasadvisedthateachequationIincludedwouldhalvethesales.Iincludedoneequation,Einstein’sfamousequation,E=mc2.MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwiceasmanycopieswithoutit.

Scientistsandengineerstendtoexpresstheirideasintheformofequationsbecausetheyneedtoknowtheprecisevaluesofquantities.Butfortherestofus,aqualitativegraspofscientificconceptsissufficient,andthiscanbeconveyedbywordsanddiagrams,withouttheuseofequations.

Thesciencepeoplelearninschoolcanprovidethebasicframework.Buttherateofscientificprogressisnowsorapidthattherearealwaysnewdevelopmentsthathaveoccurredsinceonewasatschooloruniversity.Ineverlearnedaboutmolecularbiologyortransistorsatschool,butgeneticengineeringaridcomputersaretwoofthedevelopmentsmostlikelytochangethewayweliveinthefuture.Popularbooksandmagazinearticlesaboutsciencecanhelptoputacrossnewdevelopments.Buteventhemostsuccessfulpopularbookisreadbyonlyasmallproportionofthepopulation.Onlytelevisioncanreachatrulymassaudience.TherearesomeverygoodscienceprogrammersonTV,butotherspresentscientificwonderssimplyasmagic,withoutexplainingthemorshowinghowtheyfitintotheframeworkofscientificideas.Producersoftelevisionscienceprogrammersshouldrealizethattheyhavearesponsibilitytoeducatethepublic,notjustentertainit.

【答案】Theworldpeopleliveinhaschangedgrratly,andpeopleshouldensurethatthedirectionofchangeisright.Thus,peopleneedtohaveagoodknowledgeofbasicscience.Schoolandtelevisionscienceprogramsshouldshouldertheresponsibilityofeducatingthepublic.

6.翻譯題

刺繡(Embroidery),又稱絲繡，是中國優(yōu)秀的民族傳統(tǒng)工藝之一，有3000年以上的歷史。中國是世界上發(fā)現(xiàn)與使用蠶絲最早的國家，其刺繡工藝幾乎遍及全國。由于刺繡主題和產(chǎn)地的不同，刺繡工藝品作為一種商品形成了各自的特色。蘇州的蘇繡、湖南的湘繡、四川的蜀繡和廣東的粵繡被譽為中國的四大名繡。這些刺繡既是很好的家居實用品，也是漂亮的裝飾品。

【答案】Embroidery,alsocalledsilkembroidery,isoneofthebestnationaltraditionalcraftsinChina.Ithasahistoryofover3000years.Chinaistheearliestcountryintheworldwhichdiscoverandmakeuseofsilk,anditsembroiderycraftsalmostspreadalloverthecountry.Becauseofthedifferentembroiderythemesandplacesofproduction,embroideryhandicrafts,asacommodity,formtheirownfeatures.SuEmbroideryinSuzhou,XiangEmbroideryinHu’nan,ShuEmbroideryinSichuanandYueEmbroideryinGuangdongareknownasfourbigfamousembroideriesinChina.Theseembroideriesarebothgoodhouseholdobjectsandbeautifuldecorations.

7.單選題

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationsshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepers,andbecauseofthis,canclaimhumanity’slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

問題1選項

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析。A選項“挑釁，蔑視”；B選項“文件編制，文檔”；C選項“維持，保養(yǎng)”；D選項“支配，統(tǒng)治”；根據(jù)句意‘繼古埃及人之后旋即展開了有系統(tǒng)的天文與氣候觀察的中國人可謂是勤勉不輟的文獻(xiàn)記錄者，并且基于這一原因，中國人可聲稱擁有人類歷史上對自然事件最悠久連續(xù)的文獻(xiàn)記載?！_定B選項正確。

8.單選題

InmostearthquakestheEarth'scrustcrackslikeporcelain.Stressbuildsupuntilafractureformsatadepthofafewkilometersandthecrustslipstorelievethestress.Someearthquakes,however,takeplacehundredsofkilometersdownintheEarth'smantle,wherehighpressuremakesrocksoductilethatitflowsinsteadofcracking,evenunderstresssevereenoughtodeformitlikeputty.Howcantherebeearthquakesatsuchdepths?

Thatsuchdeepeventsdooccurhasbeenacceptedonlysince1927,whentheseismologistKiyooWadaticonvincinglydemonstratedtheirexistence.Insteadofcomparingthearrivaltimesofseismicwavesatdifferentlocations,asearlierresearchershaddone,Wadatireliedonatimedifferencebetweenthearrivalofprimary(P)wavesandtheslowersecondary(S)waves.BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeeds,theintervalbetweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus,orrupturepoint.

Formostearthquakes,Wadatidiscovered,theintervalwasquiteshortneartheepicenter,thepointonthesurfacewhereshakingisstrongest.Forafewevents,however,thedelaywaslongevenattheepicenterWadatisawasimilarpatternwhenheanalyzeddataontheintensityofshaking.Mostearthquakeshadasmallareaofintenseshaking,whichweakenedrapidlywithincreasingdistancefromtheepicenter,butotherswerecharacterizedbyalowerpeakintensity,feltoverabroaderarea.BoththeP-Sintervalsandtheintensitypatternssuggestedtwokindsofearthquakes:themorecommonshallowevents,inwhichthefocuslayjustundertheepicenter,anddeepevents,withafocusseveralhundredkilometersdown

Thequestionremained:howcansuchquakesoccur,giventhatmantlerockatadepthofmorethan50kilometersistooductiletostoreenoughstresstofracture?Wadati'sworksuggestedthatdeepeventsoccurinareas(nowcalledWadati-Benioffzones)whereonecrustalplateisforcedunderanotheranddescendsintothemantle.Thedescendingrockissubstantiallycoolerthanthesurroundingmantleandhenceislessductileandmuchmoreliabletofracture.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Informationpresentedinthepassagesuggeststhat,comparedwithseismicactivityattheepicenterofashallowevent,seismicactivityattheepicenterofadeepeventischaracterizedby

（

）.

3.ThemethodusedbyWadatitodeterminethedepthsofearthquakesismostlikewhichofthefollowing?

4.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttherelationshipbetweentheepicenterandthefocusofanearthquake?

問題1選項

A.demonstratingwhythemethodsofearlyseismologistswereflawed

B.arguingthatdeepeventsarepoorlyunderstoodanddeservefurtherstudy

C.defendingarevolutionarytheoryaboutthecausesofearthquakesandmethodsofpredictingthem

D.discussingtheevidencefortheexistenceofdeepeventsandtheconditionsthatallowthemtooccur

問題2選項

A.shorterP-Sintervalsandhigherpeakintensity

B.shorterP-Sintervalsandlowerpeakintensity

C.longerP-Sintervalsandlowerpeakintensity

D.longerP-Sintervalsandhigherpeakintensity

問題3選項

A.Determiningthedistancefromathunderstormbythingtheintervalbetweentheflashofalightningboltandthunderitproduces

B.Determiningtheheightofamountainbymeasuringtheshadowitcastsatdifferenttimesoftheday.

C.Determiningthedepthofawellbydroppingstonesintowellandtiminghowlongtheytaketoreachthebottom.

D.Determiningthedistancebetweentwopointsbycountingthenumberofpacesiftakestocoverthedistanceandmeasuringasinglepace.

問題4選項

A.PwavesoriginateatthefocusandSwavesoriginateattheepicenter

B.Indeepeventstheepicenterandthefocusarereversed.

C.Inshalloweventstheepicenterandthefocuscoincide.

D.Inbothdeepandshalloweventsthefocusliesbeneaththeepicenter

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題目是問文章主要是關(guān)于什么的。通過文章內(nèi)容可知，文章主要是向讀者介紹deepevents的知識。Wadati通過對Pwaves與Swaves的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)deepevents的存在。不同類型的地震其P-Sintervals是不同的，因此有了shallowevents與deepevents的區(qū)別。文章也告訴了讀者deepevents是如何發(fā)生的。所以D選項‘討論深層事件存在的證據(jù)以及允許它們發(fā)生的條件’正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句“BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeeds,theintervalbetweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus,orrupturepoint.由于P波和S波以不同但相當(dāng)恒定的速度傳播，它們到達(dá)的間隔與震源或破裂點的距離成正比?！币约暗谌巫詈笠痪洹癇oththeP-Sintervalsandtheintensitypatternssuggestedtwokindsofearthquakes:themorecommonshallowevents,inwhichthefocuslayjustundertheepicenter,anddeepevents,withafocusseveralhundredkilometersdown.P-S間隔和強(qiáng)度模式都表明有兩種地震：一種是更常見的淺層地震，震源就在震中下方;另一種是震源在幾百公里以下的深層地震”可知與地震活動在一個淺的中心事件,地震活動的中心事件的特點是‘通過更接的縱橫間隔波和更高的峰值強(qiáng)度表現(xiàn)的’，D選項正確。

3.推理判斷題。題目提問Wadati用來確定地震深度的方法最像下列哪一種？distant用詞不準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)原文“BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeedstheintervalbetweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus(earthquakefocus-orrupturepoint.因為P波和S波以不同但相當(dāng)恒定的速度傳播，它們到達(dá)的距離與震源(震源或破裂點)的距離成正比。所以，只要地震的S波在P波之后很長時間才到達(dá)一個給定的位置肯定是真的，所以A選項‘用閃電與雷暴之間的間隔來確定雷暴與雷暴之間的距離’符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。本題是問文章支持下列哪一個陳述關(guān)于中心和地震的集點之間的關(guān)系。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容以及最后一段“Thequestionremained:howcansuchquakesoccur,giventhatmantlerockatadepthofmorethan50kilometersistooductiletostoreenoughstresstofracture?Wadati’sworksuggestedthatdeepeventsoccurinareas(nowcalledWadati-BeniofFzones)whereonecrustalplateisforcedunderanotheranddescendsintothemantle.Thedescendingrockissubstantiallycoolerthanthesurroundingmantleandhenceislessductileandmuchmoreliabletofracture.問題依然存在:考慮到50公里以上深處的地幔巖石韌性太強(qiáng)，無法儲存足夠的應(yīng)力而導(dǎo)致斷裂，這樣的地震怎么會發(fā)生呢?Wadati的工作表明，深部事件發(fā)生在一個地殼板塊被壓在另一個地殼板塊下并進(jìn)入地幔的區(qū)域(現(xiàn)在稱為Wadati-Benioff帶)。下降的巖石比周圍的地幔要冷得多，因此韌性較差，更容易斷裂?！笨芍狣‘無論是深地震還是淺地震，震源都位于震中下方’選項。

9.單選題

Wewerefourscoresleftbehindwithfiveminutestogo,sothegamelookedcompletely（

）.

問題1選項

A.irresistible

B.irremissible

C.irreplaceable

D.irretrievable

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項的irresistible“不可抵抗的，不能壓制的”；B選項的irremissible“不可寬恕的，無法逃避的”;C選項的irreplaceable“不能調(diào)換的”；D選項的irretrievable“不能挽回的，不能復(fù)原的”。根據(jù)句意‘比賽還有五分鐘結(jié)束，我們落后四分，所以這場比賽看上去完全無法挽回’確定D選項正確。

10.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingparagraphinthefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

在中國，筆(brush)、墨(inkstick)、紙、硯(inkslab),就是人們所說的“文房(thestudy)四寶”，在中華文明的傳承中起了重要作用。作為文化藝術(shù)工具，以其獨特性能催生了漢字特有的書法藝術(shù)，也促使中國畫形成了獨特的風(fēng)格。文房四寶不僅有實用價值，它們本身也是供人觀賞的藝術(shù)品，并逐步成為收藏品。在當(dāng)今時代，使用筆、墨、紙、硯進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)和寫作的人越來越少了，但是在中國的書法，繪畫，收藏以及修身養(yǎng)性活動中，它們?nèi)云鹬豢商娲淖饔谩?/p>

【答案】InChina,writingbrush,inkstick,paperandinkslab,whatpeoplecall“fourtreasuresofthestudy”，playanimportantroleintheinheritanceofChinesecivilization.Astoolsforcultureandart,the“fourtreasuresofthestudy”,byvirtueoftheiruniqueproperty,promotedtheemergenceofthecalligraphyartpeculiartoChinesecharacter,andChinesepaintinghasalsoformedtheuniquestyle.Inadditiontopracticalvalues,theyarealsotheworksofartforpeopletoviewandadmire,andgraduallybecomecollectionstoday.Incontemporarytimes,thenumberofpeopleusing“fourtreasuresofthestudy”forstudyingandwritinghasbeendecreasing,buttheyarestillplayinganirreplaceableroleintheactivitiesofChinesecalligraphy,painting,collectionandself-cultivation.

11.單選題

Exposuretolow-intensitygammaradiationslowstherateofgrowthofthespoilageofmicro-organismsinfoodinmuchthesamewaythatthelowheatusedinpasteurization（

）thespoilageactionofthemicro-organismsinmilk.

問題1選項

A.precludes

B.initiates

C.inhibits

D.purifies

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析。A選項“阻止，妨礙”；B選項“創(chuàng)始，發(fā)起”；C選項“阻止，抑制”；D選項“使（某物）潔凈，凈化（心靈）”；根據(jù)句意‘暴露于低強(qiáng)度的伽馬電磁輻射下可以阻緩食物中腐壞微生物的生長速度，按照相同的原理，在巴式消毒法中，低熱會遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐壞作用’確定C選項正確。

12.單選題

Whilemanypeopleutilizehomeopathicremediestotreathealthproblems,otherpeopledonot（

）suchalternativetreatments,（

）conventionalmedicaltreatments

instead.

問題1選項

A.distrust...employing

B.embrace...eschewing

C.countenance...relyingon

D.recommend...turningfrom

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項distrust“不信任，懷疑”；employ“雇傭”；B選項embrace“擁抱”；eschew“避開”；C選項countenance“贊成”；relyon“依靠，依賴”；D選項recommend“推薦”；turnfrom“對…感到厭惡”。根據(jù)句意‘當(dāng)很多人使用順勢療法來治療健康問題時，其他人并不贊成這樣的治療方法，而是更信賴傳統(tǒng)的藥物治療?！疌選項正確。

13.單選題

Althoughskepticssayfinancialproblemswillprobably（

）ourestablishingabaseontheMoon,supportersoftheprojectremain（

）,sayingthathumancuriosityshouldovercomesuchpragmaticconstraints.

問題1選項

A.beset...disillusioned

B.postpone...pessimistic

C.prevent...enthusiastic

D.allow...unconvinced

【答案】C

【解析】動詞和形容詞辨析題。A選項beset“困擾，鑲嵌，圍繞”；disillusioned“醒悟的，幻想破滅的”；B選項postpone“推遲，延遲，延緩”；pessimistic“悲觀主義的”;C選項prevent“預(yù)防，防止，阻止”；enthusiastic“熱心的，熱情的”;D選項allow“考慮”；unconvinced“不能令人信服的，懷疑的”。根據(jù)句意‘盡管反對者認(rèn)為在月球上建立一個基地會受到經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的阻撓，然而這個項目的支持者仍然保持熱情，認(rèn)為人類的好奇心應(yīng)該克服這種務(wù)實的約束?！疌選項正確

14.單選題

（

）,allofthesoldierslaiddownonthegroundimmediatelyandcouldnotmovetheirbodies,（

）verytired.

問題1選項

A.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;felt

B.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;feeling

C.Finishedthetask;felt

D.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;havingfelt

【答案】A

【解析】非謂語動詞的用法。句意：任務(wù)一完成，所有的士兵都立即躺在地上并且無法移動分毫，他們都感到很累。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，第一個空作伴隨狀語，且主句的主語與從句的主語thetask不一致，所以排除C選項；第二個空謂語動詞與laid以及couldnotmove一致，A選項正確。

15.單選題

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman,Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

2.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

3.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby’’mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?

5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?

問題1選項

A.Akindofoverlookedinequality

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination

問題2選項

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names

D.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize

問題3選項

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

問題4選項

A.Theyaregettingimpatient

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles

問題5選項

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated

B.VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢問“作者提及AAAA汽車與Zodiac汽車的是什么？”。由

第二段第一句“IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.眾所周知，在顧客瀏覽他們的電話薄時，被稱為AAAA汽車的出租車公司比被稱為Zodiac汽車的出租車公司有大的優(yōu)勢”與第一段第二句“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一個潛伏的形式（即字母順序主義）繼續(xù)繁榮”確定A選項“一種被忽視的不平等”正確；

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘從前三段我們可以推斷出什么?’。由第一段中“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一個潛伏的形式（即字母順序主義）繼續(xù)在繁榮”及第二段中“LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman不太為人所知的是AdamAbbott（即姓名以字母A開始的人）在生活中相比ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）具有的優(yōu)勢”可知生活中的這種現(xiàn)象常被人忽視，所以D選項“一些形式的歧視太隱約而不易引人注意”正確。A選項“無論在東方還是西方，名字對于成功都是必要的”、B選項“字母表對ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）的失敗應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任”和C項“消費者經(jīng)常很關(guān)注公司的名字”均不符合文意，排除。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘第四段指出…’。由第四段第四句“Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.因此，近視的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）小學(xué)生被困在后排，且很少被問到由那些麻木不仁的老師提出有啟發(fā)性的問題”確定C選項“教師應(yīng)該關(guān)注自己所有的學(xué)生”正確。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘作者所說的“大多數(shù)人都在打盹”是什么意思(第5段第2-3行)?’。由第五段中第三句“Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.求職面試名單、選票、會議發(fā)言者和參加人名單都傾向于按字母順序地被擬定，而它們的接受者卻在費力地閱讀它們時失去了興趣?！迸c第二句“Atuniversitygraduationceremonies在大學(xué)畢業(yè)的典禮”這個場景的對應(yīng)確定B選項“他們正在鼾聲隆隆地打瞌睡”符合語境，正確。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘根據(jù)文章，下列哪個選項是正確的?’。全文圍繞“alphabetism字母順序主義”論述其帶來的各種偏見、歧視和不平等。如被稱為AAAA汽車的出租車公司比被稱為Zodiac汽車的出租車公司有大的優(yōu)勢，近視的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z開始的人）小學(xué)生被困在后排，且很少被問到由那些麻木不仁的老師提出的啟發(fā)性的問題?！彼訢選項“按照字母順序安放事情可能導(dǎo)致非故意的偏見”正確。

16.單選題

Ithasbeenknownformanydecadesthattheappearanceofsunspotsisroughlyperiodic,withanaveragecycleofelevenyears.Moreover,theincidenceofsolarflaresandthefluxofsolarcosmicrays,ultravioletradiation,andX-radiationallvarydirectlywiththesunspotcycle.Butaftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandcl