TED英語(yǔ)演講：如何用你的大腦控制他人的手臂

8TED英語(yǔ)演講：如何用你的大腦控制他人的手臂葛雷格?蓋吉的當(dāng)前要?jiǎng)?wù)，是要讓人人都可以接觸腦神經(jīng)科學(xué)。在這場(chǎng)有趣、又有點(diǎn)嚇人的展示中，這位腦神經(jīng)科學(xué)家兼資深TED講者，用一臺(tái)簡(jiǎn)單、便宜的自製工具來(lái)奪走其中一位聽(tīng)眾的自由意志。這不是障眼法，它確實(shí)發(fā)生了。下面是小編為大家收集關(guān)于TED英語(yǔ)演講：如何用你的大腦控制他人的手臂，歡迎借鑒參考。演說(shuō)題目：Howtocontrolsomeoneelse'sarmwithyourbrain演說(shuō)者：GregGage演講稿Thebrainisanamazingandcomplexorgan.Andwhilemanypeoplearefascinatedbythebrain,theycan'treallytellyouthatmuchaboutthepropertiesabouthowthebrainworksbecausewedon'tteachneuroscienceinschools.大腦是個(gè)很神奇又復(fù)雜的器官。盡管很多人都對(duì)大腦十分著迷，他們卻講不出太多關(guān)于大腦的特征，以及它是怎樣工作的，因?yàn)閷W(xué)校沒(méi)有神經(jīng)科學(xué)的課。Andoneofthereasonswhyisthattheequipmentissocomplexandsoexpensivethatit'sreallyonlydoneatmajoruniversitiesandlargeinstitutions.Andsoinordertobeabletoaccessthebrain,youreallyneedtodedicateyourlifeandspendsixandahalfyearsasagraduatestudentjusttobecomeaneuroscientisttogetaccesstothesetools.其中一個(gè)原因就是相應(yīng)的設(shè)備太復(fù)雜又太昂貴，這些研究只有在高等學(xué)府和大型研究機(jī)構(gòu)才能進(jìn)行。所以為了能夠接觸到大腦，你幾乎需要奉獻(xiàn)終生，花六年半的時(shí)間在研究生院學(xué)習(xí)，只為了成為神經(jīng)科學(xué)家好能夠使用那些設(shè)備。Andthat'sashamebecauseoneoutoffiveofus,that's20percentoftheentireworld,willhaveaneurologicaldisorder.Andtherearezerocuresforthesediseases.Andsoitseemsthatwhatweshouldbedoingisreachingbackearlierintheeductionprocessandteachingstudentsaboutneurosciencesothatinthefuture,theymaybethinkingaboutpossiblybecomingabrainscientist.很遺憾的是，我們每五個(gè)人當(dāng)中就有一個(gè)，也就是全球人口的20%會(huì)受神經(jīng)性失調(diào)的困擾。然而還沒(méi)有任何方法能治愈這些疾病。這么看來(lái)，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)從教育的更早期階段開(kāi)始就傳授給學(xué)生神經(jīng)科學(xué)的知識(shí)，這樣在將來(lái)，他們或許會(huì)考慮成為腦神經(jīng)科學(xué)家。WhenIwasagraduatestudent,mylabmateTimMarzulloandmyself,decidedthatwhatifwetookthiscomplexequipmentthatwehaveforstudyingthebrainandmadeitsimpleenoughandaffordableenoughthatanyonethatyouknow,anamateurorahighschoolstudent,couldlearnandactuallyparticipateinthediscoveryofneuroscience.當(dāng)我還是一名研究生的時(shí)候，就與同實(shí)驗(yàn)室的TimMarzullo決定，將我們現(xiàn)在研究大腦用的復(fù)雜儀器進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，價(jià)格能足夠親民，讓任何人，從神經(jīng)科學(xué)愛(ài)好者到高中生，都能夠?qū)W習(xí)并參與到探索神經(jīng)科學(xué)的過(guò)程當(dāng)中。Andsowedidjustthat.Afewyearsago,westartedacompanycalledBackyardBrainsandwemakeDIYneuroscienceequipmentandIbroughtsomeheretonight,andIwanttodosomedemonstrations.Youguyswanttoseesome?于是我們這樣做了。幾年前，我們成立了一家名叫BackyardBrains(大腦后院)的公司，主要生產(chǎn)DIY的神經(jīng)科學(xué)儀器，我今天帶來(lái)了一些，打算為大家做現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的演示。你們想看嗎?SoIneedavolunteer.Sorightbefore--whatisyourname?(Applause)SamKelly:Sam.GregGage:Allright,Sam,I'mgoingtorecordfromyourbrain.Haveyouhadthisbefore?SK:No.GG:Ineedyoutostickoutyourarmforscience,rollupyoursleeveabit,SowhatI'mgoingtodo,I'mputtingelectrodesonyourarm,andyou'reprobablywondering,IjustsaidI'mgoingtorecordfromyourbrain,whatamIdoingwithyourarm?我需要一個(gè)志愿者。首先——你叫什么名字?SamKelly:Sam。GregGage:很好，Sam，我接下來(lái)要記錄你的腦部活動(dòng)了。你以前做過(guò)這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)嗎?SK：沒(méi)有。GG：我需要你為了科學(xué)伸出胳膊，稍微卷起你的袖子，我接下來(lái)要做的，是在你的胳膊上貼幾個(gè)電極，你可能在想，我剛說(shuō)我要記錄你的大腦，這跟胳膊有什么關(guān)系?Well,youhaveabout80billionneuronsinsideyourbrainrightnow.They'resendingelectricalmessagesbackandforth,andchemicalmessages.Butsomeofyourneuronsrighthereinyourmotorcortexaregoingtosendmessagesdownwhenyoumoveyourarmlikethis.They'regoingtogodownacrossyourcorpuscallosum,downontoyourspinalcordtoyourlowermotorneuronouttoyourmuscleshere,andthatelectricaldischargeisgoingtobepickedupbytheseelectrodesrighthereandwe'regoingtobeabletolistentoexactlywhatyourbrainisgoingtobedoing.SoI'mgoingtoturnthisonforasecond.其實(shí)，此時(shí)此刻在你的大腦內(nèi)有800億神經(jīng)元，它們?cè)趤?lái)回發(fā)送電信號(hào)和化學(xué)信號(hào)。但在這里有一些位于你的運(yùn)動(dòng)皮質(zhì)的神經(jīng)元，你這樣運(yùn)動(dòng)胳膊的時(shí)候會(huì)向下發(fā)送信號(hào)。這些信號(hào)會(huì)向下穿過(guò)胼胝體，進(jìn)入你的脊髓，到達(dá)下運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元，再到達(dá)你這里的肌肉，這種電信號(hào)釋放會(huì)被這里的電極接收，于是我們就能夠聽(tīng)到你的大腦到底想要做些什么。我來(lái)打開(kāi)這個(gè)東西。Haveyoueverheardwhatyourbrainsoundslike?SK:No.GG:Let'stryitout.Sogoaheadandsqueezeyourhand.(Rumbling)Sowhatyou'relisteningto,sothisisyourmotorunitshappeningrighthere.Let'stakealookatitaswell.SoI'mgoingtostandoverhere,andI'mgoingtoopenupourapphere.SonowIwantyoutosqueeze.(Rumbling)你有聽(tīng)過(guò)你的大腦的聲音嗎?SK:沒(méi)有。GG:來(lái)試試吧。來(lái)試著抬肘握一下拳。(隆隆聲)你現(xiàn)在聽(tīng)到的，這就是你的運(yùn)動(dòng)單元正在此處發(fā)揮作用。我們也來(lái)看一下好了。我會(huì)站在這里，我需要打開(kāi)我們的應(yīng)用程序?，F(xiàn)在握一下拳，(隆隆聲)Sorighthere,thesearethemotorunitsthatarehappeningfromherspinalcordouttohermusclerighthere,andasshe'sdoingit,you'reseeingtheelectricalactivitythat'shappeninghere.Youcanevenclickhereandtrytoseeoneofthem.Sokeepdoingitreallyhard.Sonowwe'vepausedononemotoractionpotentialthat'shappeningrightnowinsideofyourbrain.就在這兒，這些就是正在起作用的運(yùn)動(dòng)單元，從她的脊椎延伸到這里的肌肉，伴隨著她的動(dòng)作，你可以看到這里的電信號(hào)活動(dòng)。你甚至可以點(diǎn)進(jìn)去看其中的一個(gè)。繼續(xù)不停地使勁握拳。我們現(xiàn)在暫停在此時(shí)此刻正在你腦內(nèi)的一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)電勢(shì)。Doyouguyswanttoseesomemore?(Applause)That'sinteresting,butlet'sgetitbetter.Ineedonemorevolunteer.Whatisyourname,sir?MiguelGoncalves:Miguel.GG:Miguel,allright.You'regoingtostandrighthere.Sowhenyou'removingyourarmlikethis,yourbrainissendingasignaldowntoyourmusclesrighthere.你們想看更多的嗎?剛才的那個(gè)挺有趣的，不過(guò)還有更有意思的。我還需要一名志愿者。先生，請(qǐng)問(wèn)你的名字是?MiguelGoncalves：MiguelGG：好的，Miguel。你需要站在這里。(對(duì)SK)當(dāng)你在這樣握拳的時(shí)候，你的大腦向你這里的肌肉發(fā)出了信號(hào)。(對(duì)MG)我想讓你也像那樣握拳。你的大腦也將向你的肌肉發(fā)出信號(hào)。Iwantyoutomoveyourarmaswell.Soyourbrainisgoingtosendasignaldowntoyourmuscles.Andsoitturnsoutthatthereisanervethat'srightherethatrunsupherethatinnervatesthesethreefingers,andit'scloseenoughtotheskinthatwemightbeabletostimulatethatsothatwhatwecandoiscopyyourbrainsignalsgoingouttoyourhandandinjectitintoyourhand,sothatyourhandwillmovewhenyourbraintellsyourhandtomove.Soinasense,shewilltakeawayyourfreewillandyouwillnolongerhaveanycontroloverthishand.Youwithme?實(shí)際上這里有一根神經(jīng)一路上來(lái)并支配這三根手指的活動(dòng)，而這根神經(jīng)又離皮膚足夠近，讓我們能夠刺激它，所以我們能做的是復(fù)制從你(SK)的大腦向手臂發(fā)出的信號(hào)，并把這個(gè)信號(hào)注入到你(MG)手臂里，于是你的手臂會(huì)在你(SK)的大腦告訴手臂要?jiǎng)拥臅r(shí)候動(dòng)。所以從某種意義上說(shuō)，(對(duì)MG)她會(huì)奪走你的自由意志，你將無(wú)法控制你自己的這只手。你明白了嗎?SoIjustneedtohookyouup.(Laughter)SoI'mgoingtofindyourulnarnerve,whichisprobablyrightaroundhere.Youdon'tknowwhatyou'resigningupforwhenyoucomeup.SonowI'mgoingtomoveawayandwe'regoingtoplugitintoourhuman-to-humaninterfaceoverhere.我需要把你連接上。我要找到你的尺神經(jīng)，大概在這個(gè)位置。你上臺(tái)的時(shí)候還不知道將要發(fā)生什么吧。我現(xiàn)在要讓開(kāi)，并連接好我們的人對(duì)人互動(dòng)界面。Okay,soSam,Iwantyoutosqueezeyourhandagain.Doitagain.Perfect.SonowI'mgoingtohookyouupoverheresothatyougetthe--It'sgoingtofeelalittlebitweirdatfirst,thisisgoingtofeellikea--（Laughter）Youknow,whenyouloseyourfreewill,andsomeoneelsebecomesyouragent,itdoesfeelabitstrange.好了，Sam,我想請(qǐng)你再次握一下拳。再做一次。好的，完美。（對(duì)MG）我現(xiàn)在要把你連接上，這樣你就能接收到一一剛開(kāi)始會(huì)覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)奇怪，你會(huì)覺(jué)得--（笑聲）你懂的，當(dāng)你失去了意志，別人成為了你的代理人，這的確會(huì)感覺(jué)有點(diǎn)奇怪。NowIwantyoutorelaxyourhand.Sam,you'rewithme?Soyou'regoingtosqueeze.I'mnotgoingtoturnitonyet,sogoaheadandgiveitasqueeze.我現(xiàn)在需要你放松你的手。Sam，你有在聽(tīng)吧?你現(xiàn)在握拳。我還沒(méi)要打開(kāi)機(jī)器呢，所以不要擔(dān)心，先握一下。Sonow,areyouready,Miguel?MG:ReadyasI'lleverbe.GG:I'veturnediton,sogoaheadandturnyourhand.Doyoufeelthatalittlebit?MG:Nope.GG:Okay,doitagain?MG:Alittlebit.GG:Alittlebit?（Laughter）Sorelax.Sohititagain.（Laughter）Oh,perfect,perfect.Sorelax,doitagain.那么現(xiàn)在，你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎，Miguel?MG：我已經(jīng)迫不及待了。GG：我已經(jīng)打開(kāi)儀器了，（對(duì)SK）現(xiàn)在試著握一下拳。你感覺(jué)到了嗎?MG：沒(méi)有。GG:好，（對(duì)SK）再試一次?MG:有一點(diǎn)。GG:有