考研考博-英語-延安職業(yè)技術(shù)學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-延安職業(yè)技術(shù)學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

TheexistingchildprotectionlawsinChinadoallowforabusiveparents（）oftheircustodyrights,buttheydonotincludedetailsonimplementation.

問題1選項

A.deprive

B.tobedeprived

C.todeprive

D.beingdeprived

【答案】B

【解析】語法題。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，Theexistingchildprotectionlaws為句子的主語，allowfor作謂語，所以空格的部分應該要填入非謂語動詞，用來修飾前句的名詞laws，因為動詞deprive與其邏輯主語laws之間存在被動關(guān)系，選項A和C可排除。又根據(jù)空格中的動作發(fā)生在將來，所以選用動詞不定式表將來。選項B符合題意。

2.單選題

Microwavesareatypeofelectromagneticradiation;theyareaverymildformofelectricalormagneticwavethatmovesthroughspace.UnlikeX-raysandgammarays,whichareverypowerfulraysofradiation,microwavesareratherweakandaremuchmorelikethewavesofradiationusedinradiobroadcasting.

Inmicrowaveovens,theuseofmicrowaveswithwhichmostpeoplearefamiliar,thewavesareproducedbyanelectronictubecalledamagnetron.Microwavesproducebeatinanyfoodplacedinsidetheovenbycausingthewaterinthefoodtovibraterapidlyandthusheatup.Foodthathavemorewaterinthemtakelesstimetocookandprobablyhavemoreoftheirnutrientsleftintactwhencookedinamicrowaveoven.

Microwavesdonotpassthroughmetalssothemicrowavesareretainedwithintheoven.Microwavespassimmediatelythroughglass,paper,andplasticwithnoeffectonthesematerialsoronthemicrowaves;nothinginsidethemicrowaveovenisheatedexceptthefooditself,sothecookingprocessismuchmoreefficientthaninconventionalovens.Sometimesapartorcontainerisheatedbecauseitistouchingthehotfood,though;someusersofmicrowaveovenshavebeenburnedbyhotfood,byhotpans,orsteamescapingfromthefood.Nodocumentedcaseofradiationburnsfromamicrowaveovenhaseverbeenreported.

Actually,weknowverylittleabouthowmicrowaveradiationmightaffecthumanbeings.Obviously,ifmicrowavescancookaroastbyexcitingthewatermoleculesinthemeatstheycoulddothesamethingtohumanflesh.Humanbeingcouldbeburnedbyprolongedexposuretohighlevelsofmicrowaves.Butscientistsaremoreconcernedabouttheeffectsoflowlevelmicrowaveexposures,suchasmightresultfromaleakingmicrowaveoven.

Noresearchhasyetbeenperformedonpeoplewhohavebeenexposedtolowlevelmicrowaveradiation.Someexperimentshavebeenperformedonanimals,buttheresultsareverydifficulttointerpret.Astheeyesareparticularlysensitive,rabbitsexposedtolowlevelmicrowaveswerecheckedforthegrowthofcataracts,andnonewerefound.Ontheotherhand,someanimalsseemabletosensemicrowaveradiationandtrytoescapefromitimmediately.Inothers,microwaveradiationcausesthebodytoreactasifdefendingitselfagainstdecease.Theseresponsesleadsomescientiststothinkthatmicrowaveradiationisharmful，thoughinsomeyetundiscoveredway.

1.Thepurposeofthispassageistodiscuss（）.

2.Microwavesare（）.

3.Wecanconcludefromthispassagethat（）.

4.Theauthor’stoneis（）.

5.Asusedinthe3rdparagraphofthispassage,theword“documented"means（）.

問題1選項

A.thebeneficialuseofmicrowaves

B.theharmfuleffectsofmicrowaves

C.themodernmethodsofcooking

D.theuseandpossibleharmfuleffectsofmicrowaves

問題2選項

A.absolutelysafeatlowlevels

B.veryefficientforcooking

C.cancer-causinginpeoplewithweakeyes

D.completelyunderstoodbyScientists

問題3選項

A.theheatcreatedinmicrowaveovensisverydifficulttocontrol

B.foodtastesbetterwhencookedinamicrowaveoven

C.foodcookedinmicrowaveovensisprobablymorenutritiousthanfoodcookedinmoreconventionalways

D.mostresearchontheeffectsofmicrowavesonhumanbeingshasbeenrestrictedtothestudyoflowlevelmicrowaveradiation

問題4選項

A.objective

B.sarcastic

C.negative

D.skeptical

問題5選項

A.numbered

B.recorded

C.legal

D.believable

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文第一段介紹了微波的特點，第二三段講述了微波的用途，最后分析了微波可能對人體造成的傷害。故D項“微波的用途及可能造成的影響”正確。ABC三項均比較片面。

2.推理判斷題。由第三段“nothinginsidethemicrowaveovenisheatedexceptthefooditself,sothecookingprocessismuchmoreefficientthaninconventionalovens.除了食物本身，微波爐里的任何東西都不會被加熱，因此烹飪過程比傳統(tǒng)的烤箱更有效率?？芍狟項正確。由Theseresponsesleadsomescientiststothinkthatmicrowaveradiationisharmful，thoughinsomeyetundiscoveredway.這些反應使一些科學家認為微波輻射是有害的，盡管是以一些尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的方式?？芍狝項錯誤。Noresearchhasyetbeenperformedonpeoplewhohavebeenexposedtolowlevelmicrowaveradiation.目前還沒有對暴露在低水平微波輻射下的人進行研究?？芍狢項錯誤。

3.推理判斷題。第四段Butscientistsaremoreconcernedabouttheeffectsoflowlevelmicrowaveexposures,suchasmightresultfromaleakingmicrowaveoven.但科學家們更關(guān)心的是低水平微波照射的影響，比如微波爐泄漏可能造成的影響。與D項“微波對人體影響的研究大多局限于對低水平微波輻射的研究”同義。AB兩項文中沒有提及；C項“用微波爐烹飪的食物可能比用傳統(tǒng)方法烹飪的食物更有營養(yǎng)”是對原文“Foodthathavemorewaterinthemtakelesstimetocookandprobablyhavemoreoftheirnutrientsleftintactwhencookedinamicrowaveoven.含有更多水分的食物烹飪時間更短，在微波爐中烹飪時可能會保留更多的營養(yǎng)成分?！钡那?。

4.觀點態(tài)度題。本文前半部分提到了微波給人們的生活帶來了便利，可以快速地加熱食物，后半部分提到了科學家對微波是否會對人體造成傷害進行了討論，全文沒有涉及主觀性色彩的內(nèi)容，所以作者的態(tài)度是客觀的，故A項正確。

5.詞義題。Someusersofmicrowaveovenshavebeenburnedbyhotfood,byhotpans,orsteamescapingfromthefood.Nodocumentedcaseofradiationburnsfromamicrowaveovenhaseverbeenreported.一些使用微波爐的人被熱的食物、熱鍋或從食物中逸出的蒸汽燒傷。沒有記錄在案的微波爐輻射灼傷案例。聯(lián)系上文可以推斷documented為記錄的。

3.單選題

Uptothebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,thenervoussystemwasthoughttocontrolallcommunicationwithinthebodyandtheresultingintegrationofbehavior.Scientistshaddeterminedthatnervesran,essentially,onelectricalimpulses.Theseimpulseswerethoughttobetheengineforthought,emotion,movement,andinternalprocessessuchasdigestion.However,experimentsbyWilliamBaylissandErnestStarlingonthechemicalsecretion,whichisproducedinthesmallintestinewhenfoodentersthestomach,eventuallychallengedthatview.Fromthesmallintestine,secretiontravelsthroughthebloodstreamtothepancreas.There,itstimulatesthereleaseofdigestivechemicals.Inthisfashion,theintestinalcellsthatproducesecretionultimatelyregulatetheproductionofdifferentchemicalsinadifferentorgan,thepancreas.

Suchacoordinationofprocesseshadbeenthoughttorequirecontrolbythenervoussystem;BaylisaandStarlingshowedthatitcouldoccurthroughtorequirecontrolbythenervoussystem;BaylissandStarlingshowedthatitcouldoccurthroughchemicalsalone.ThisdiscoveryspurredStarlingtocointhetermhormonetorefertosecretion,takingitfromtheGreekwordhormone,meaning“toexcite”or66tosetinmotion.”Ahormoneisachemicalproducedbyeonetissuetomakethingshappenelsewhere.

Asmorehormoneswerediscovered,theywerecategorized,primarilyaccordingtotheprocessbywhichtheyoperatedonthebody.Someglands(whichmakeuptheendocrinesystem)secretehormonesdirectlyintothebloodstream.Suchglandsincludethethyroidandthepituitary.Theexocrinesystemconsistsoforgansandglandsthatproducesubstancesthatareusedoutsidethebloodstream,primarilyfordigestion.Thepancreasisonesuchorgan,althoughitsecretessomechemicalsintothebloodandthusisalsopartoftheendocrinesystem.

Muchhasbeenlearnedabouthormonessincetheirdiscovery.Someplaysuchkeyrolesinregulatingbodilyprocessesorbehaviorthattheirabsencewouldcauseimmediatedeath.Themostabundanthormoneshaveeffectsthatarelessobviouslyurgentbutcanbemorefar-reachinganddifficulttotrack:Theymodifymoodsandaffecthumanbehavior,evensomebehaviorwenormallythinkofasvoluntary.Hormonalsystemsareveryintricate.Evenminuteamountsoftherightchemicalscansuppressappetite,calmaggression,andchangetheattitudeofaparenttowardachild.Certainhormonesacceleratethedevelopmentofthebody,regulatinggrowthandform;othersmayevendefineanindividual’spersonalitycharacteristics.Thequantitiesandproportionsofhormonesproducedchangewithage,soscientistshavegivenagreatdealofstudytoshiftsintheendocrinesystemovertimeinthehopesofalleviatingailmentsassociatedwithaging.

Infact,somehormonetherapiesarealreadyverycommon.Acombinationofestrogenandprogesteronehasbeenprescribedfordecadestowomenwhowanttoreducemoodswings,suddenchangesinbodytemperature,andotherdiscomfortscausedbylowernaturallevelsofthosehormonesastheyentermiddleage.Knownashormonereplacementtherapy(HRT),thetreatmentwasalsobelievedtopreventweakeningofthebones.AtleastonestudyhaslinkedHRTwithaheightenedriskofheartdiseaseandcertaintypesofcancer.HRTmayalsoincreasethelikelihoodthatbloodclots-dangerousbecausetheycouldtravelthroughthebloodstreamandblockmajorbloodvessels-willform.SomeproponentsofHRThavetemperedtheirenthusiasminthefaceofthisnewevidence,recommendingitonlytopatientswhosesymptomsinterferewiththeirabilitiestolivenormallives.

Humangrowthhormonemayalsobegiventopatientswhoaresecretingabnormallylowamountsontheirown.Becauseofthecomplicatedeffectsgrowthhormonehasonthebody,suchtreatmentsaregenerallyrestrictedtochildrenwhowouldbepathologicallysmallinstaturewithoutit.Growthhormoneaffectsnotjustphysicalsizebutalsothedigestionoffoodandtheagingprocess.Researchersandfamilyphysicianstendtoagreethatitisfoolhardytodispenseitincasesinwhichtherisksarenotclearlyoutweighedbythebenefits..

1.Thewordengineinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（

）.

2.Theworditinthesecondparagraphrefersto（

）.

3.Thewordspurredinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（

）

4.Tobeconsideredahormone,achemicalproducedinthebodymust（

）.

5.Theglandsandorgansmentionedinparagraph3arecategorizedaccordingto（

）.

6.Thewordkeyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（

）.

7.Thewordminuteinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（

）.

8.Thewordtemperedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（

）.

9.Whichpatientsareusuallytreatedwithgrowthhormone?

10.Whichofthefollowingsentencesexplainstheprimarygoalofhormonereplacementtherapy?

問題1選項

A.desire

B.origin

C.science

D.chemical

問題2選項

A.secretion

B.smallintestine

C.bloodstream

D.pancreas

問題3選項

A.remembered

B.surprised

C.invented

D.motivated

問題4選項

A.bepartofthedigestiveprocess

B.influencetheoperationsofthenervoussystem

C.affectprocessesinadifferentpartofthebody

D.regulateattitudesandbehavior

問題5選項

A.whetherscientistsunderstandtheirfunction

B.howfrequentlytheyreleasehormonesintothebody

C.whetherthehormonestheysecreteinfluencetheagingprocess

D.whethertheysecretechemicalsintotheblood

問題6選項

A.misunderstood

B.precise

C.significant

D.simple

問題7選項

A.sudden

B.small

C.changing

D.noticeable

問題8選項

A.decreased

B.advertised

C.prescribed

D.researched

問題9選項

A.Adultsofsmallerstatuethannormal

B.Adultswithstrongdigestivesystems

C.Childrenwhoarenotatriskfromthetreatment

D.Childrenwhomayremainabnormallysmall

問題10選項

A.Thequantitiesandproportionsofhormonesproducedchangewithage,soscientistshavegivenagreatdealofstudytoshiftsintheendocrinesystemovertimeinthehopesofalleviatingailmentsassociatedwithaging.

B.Acombinationofestrogenandprogesteronehasbeenprescribedfordecadestowomenwhowanttoreducemoodswings,suddenchangesinbodytemperature,andotherdiscomfortscausedbylowernaturallevelsofthosehormonesastheyentermiddleage.

C.Hrtmayalsoincreasethelikelihoodthatbloodclots-dangerousbecausetheycouldtravelthroughthebloodstreamandblockmajorbloodvessels-willform.

D.Becauseofthecomplicatedeffectsgrowthhormonehasonthebody,suchtreatmentsaregenerallyrestrictedtochildrenwhowouldbepathologicallysmallinstaturewithoutit.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:B

第8題:A

第9題:D

第10題:A

【解析】1.詞義題。Engine所在句子為:Theseimpulseswerethoughttobetheengineforthought,emotion,movement,andinternalprocessessuchasdigestion(這些沖動被認為是思想、情感、運動和消化等內(nèi)部過程的引擎)。desire欲望,要求;origin起源,原點;science科學;chemical化學的。因此推測B項origin與engine同義。

2.詞義題。第二段主要講的是關(guān)于“激素”的問題。

3.詞義題?！皊purred”所在句為:ThisdiscoveryspurredStarlingtocointhetermhormonetorefertosecretion(這一發(fā)現(xiàn)激發(fā)Starling創(chuàng)造了“荷爾蒙”一詞來指分泌物)。D項motivate(激勵、促進、使有動機)與之意思相近。、

4.細節(jié)題。第二段指出:Ahormoneisachemicalproducedbyeonetissuetomakethingshappenelsewhere。

5.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位至第三段:Thepancreasisonesuchorgan,althoughitsecretessomechemicalsintothebloodandthusisalsopartoftheendocrinesystem(胰腺就是這樣一個器官，盡管它分泌一些化學物質(zhì)進入血液，因此也是內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的一部分)。

6.詞義題。定位至第四段:Someplaysuchkeyrolesinregulatingbodilyprocessesorbehaviorthattheirabsencewouldcauseimmediatedeath(有些激素在調(diào)節(jié)身體過程或行為方面起著關(guān)鍵作用，因此沒用的話會導致立即死亡)。因此C項significant與key意思相近。

7.詞義題。定位至第四段:Evenminuteamountsoftherightchemicalscansuppressappetite,calmaggression,andchangetheattitudeofaparenttowardachild(即使是微量的正確的化學物質(zhì)也能抑制食欲，平息侵略，改變父母對孩子的態(tài)度)。因此B項small與minute意思相近。

8.詞義題。定位至第五段:SomeproponentsofHRThavetemperedtheirenthusiasminthefaceofthisnewevidence(面對這一新的證據(jù)，一些人力資源技術(shù)的支持者已經(jīng)緩和/減少了他們的熱情)。因此A項decrease含義最為接近。

9.細節(jié)題。最后一段指出:Humangrowthhormonemayalsobegiventopatientswhoaresecretingabnormallylowamountsontheirown(對于那些自身分泌量異常低的患者,可能會增加他們的生長激素)。

10.細節(jié)題。通過第五段可知,A項(激素的數(shù)量和比例隨著年齡的增長而變化，因此科學家們對內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)隨時間的變化進行了大量的研究，以期減輕與衰老有關(guān)的疾病)正確。

4.單選題

Mr.Smithbecamevery（）whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.

問題1選項

A.ingenious

B.empirical

C.objective

D.indignant

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析。句意：當史密斯先生被暗示犯了一個錯誤時，他變得非常（）。ingenious靈敏的，聰明的；empirical以事實為依據(jù)的；objective客觀的；indignant憤怒的。故選D。

5.單選題

Ourcorporation’sobligationunderthis（

）islimitedtorepairorreplacement.

問題1選項

A.warranty

B.license

C.market

D.necessity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項warranty“（商品）保用單”；B選項license“執(zhí)照，許可證”；C選項market“市場，交易”；D選項necessity“必然，必要”。根據(jù)repairorreplacement（修理或更換）可知A選項符合語境。句意：我公司在本保證項下的義務僅限于修理或更換。

6.單選題

Shoulddoctorseverlietobenefittheirpatients—tospeedrecoveryortoconcealtheapproachofdeath?Inmedicineasinlaw,government,andotherlinesofwork,therequirementsofhonestyoftenseemdwarfedbygreaterneeds:theneedtoshelterfrombrutalnewsortoupholdapromiseofsecrecy.

Whatshoulddoctorssay,forexample,toa46-year-oldmancominginforaroutinephysicalcheckupwho,thoughhefeelsinperfecthealth,isfoundtohaveaformofcancer?Ifheasks,shouldthedoctordenythatheisill,orminimizethegravityoftheillness?Doctorsconfrontsuchchoicesoftenandurgently.Attimes,theyseeimportantreasonstolieforthepatient’sownsake.Intheireyes,suchliesdiffersharplyfromself-servingones.

Studiesshowthatmostdoctorssincerelybelievethattheseriouslyilldonotwanttoknowthetruthabouttheircondition,andthatinformingthemrisksdestroyingtheirhope,sothattheymayrecovermoreslowly,ordeterioratefaster,perhapsevencommitsuicide.Asonephysicianwrote:“Oursisaprofessionwhichtraditionallyhasbeenguidedbyapreceptthattranscendsthevirtueofutteringthetruthfortruth’ssake,andthatis,asfaraspossible‘donoharm’.”Armedwithsuchaprecept,anumberofdoctorsmayslipintodeceptivepracticesthattheyassumewill“donoharm”andmaywellhelptheirpatients.

Buttheillusorynatureofthebenefitssuchdeceptionismeanttoproduceisnowcomingtobedocumented.Studiesshowthat,contrarytothebeliefofmanyphysicians,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsdowanttobetoldthetruth,evenaboutgraveillness,andfeelbetrayedwhentheylearnthattheyhavebeenmisled.Wearealsolearningthattruthfulinformation,humanelyconveyed,helpspatientscopewithillness.

Notonlydoliesnotprovidethe“help”hopedforbyadvocatesofbenevolentdeception,theyinvadetheautonomyofpatientsandrenderthemunabletomakeinformedchoicesconcerningtheirownhealth.Liesalsodoharmstothosewhotellthem:harmtotheirintegrityand,inthelongrun,totheircredibility.Lieshurttheircolleaguesaswell.Thesuspicionofdeceitundercutstheworkofthemanydoctorswhoarescrupulouslyhonestwiththeirpatients;itcontributestothespiraloflawsuitsandof“defensivemedicine”,andthusitinjures,inturn,theentiremedicalprofession.

1.Doctorsthinkthatlyingtotheirpatientsis（）.

2.Mostpatientsthinkthatbeingtoldthetruthoftheirillnessmay（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtotheauthor?

4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsdoctors?

問題1選項

A.amedicaltradition

B.toharmtheirownintegrity

C.todefendmedicine

D.utteringthetruthfortruth’ssake

問題2選項

A.slowdownrecovery

B.leadtosuicideinsomecases

C.betoohardforthemtoaccept

D.helpdealwithillness

問題3選項

A.Doctorsareofteninadilemmaastotellthepatienthisrealconditionofhealth.

B.Doctors’reluctancetotellpatienttruthhasnorealsupportinreality.

C.Doctors’liesaredifferentfromthatoflawyersandgovernmentofficials.

D.Doctorsandpatientsholddifferentviewsabouttellingtruth.

問題4選項

A.realistic

B.praising

C.objective

D.appreciative

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.信息推斷題。根據(jù)第三段的第二句“Oursisaprofession...asfaraspossible‘donoharm’.”我們這個職業(yè)，傳統(tǒng)上恪守一個信條，這個信條超越了為真理而說真話的美德，那就是盡可能“不傷害他人”。由此可知，醫(yī)生認為對病人撒謊是一種醫(yī)學傳統(tǒng)。選項A符合原文。

2.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容可知，研究表明，與許多醫(yī)生的信念相反，絕大多數(shù)患者希望被告知真相，甚至是關(guān)于嚴重疾病的真相。真實的信息和人性化的傳達，有助于病人應對疾病。選項D符合原文。

3.信息判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“itcontributestothespiraloflawsuitsandof“defensivemedicine”...”病人的不信任使醫(yī)療訴訟案增多,造成醫(yī)生避免風險的“防御性診治”增多。這里的“防御性診治”指的就是對病人撒謊的行為，所以選項A說醫(yī)生陷入兩難境地的說法是錯誤的。

4.觀點態(tài)度題。結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容可知，作者對醫(yī)生的這種做法并沒有贊美或者賞識，選項B和D首先排除。全文作者都是在客觀的描述事實，客觀的分析問題，所以作者的態(tài)度是客觀的，選項B正確。

7.單選題

Duringthe19thcenturyfurtheradvancesweremade,notablyBessemer’sprocessfor（）ironintosteel,whichmadethematerialmorecommerciallyviable.

問題1選項

A.altering

B.varying

C.converting

D.transforming

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項altering“變更”；B選項varying“相異，（根據(jù)情況）變化”；C選項converting“使改變，皈依”；D選項transforming“轉(zhuǎn)化，發(fā)生巨變，發(fā)生巨大變化”。句意：在19世紀取得了進一步的進展，特別是將鐵_____為鋼的貝西麥工藝，使這種材料更具有商業(yè)可行性。這里表達的意思是“將鐵轉(zhuǎn)化為鋼”，因此D選項符合題意。

8.單選題

Thepressureofpopulationonavailableresourcesisthekeytounderstandinghistory;consequently,anyhistoricalwritingthattakesnocognizanceof（）factsis（）flawed.

問題1選項

A.ecological...marginally

B.rinsically

C.cultural...substantively

D.political...demonstratively

【答案】B

【解析】詞匯辨析ecological“生態(tài)學的”；marginally“少量地”；demographic“人口統(tǒng)計學的”；intrinsically“本質(zhì)上地”；cultural“文化的”；substantively“從本質(zhì)上講”；political“政治上的”；demonstratively“論證地”。句意：人口對現(xiàn)有資源的壓力是理解歷史的關(guān)鍵;因此，任何不認識人口統(tǒng)計學事實的歷史著作都有其本質(zhì)上的缺陷。選項B符合題意。

9.單選題

Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformand

function,theirdimensionsandappearance,weredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers-usingnon-scientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeennon-verbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetailsofourmaterialsurroundings.Pyramids,cathedrals,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsofthosewhobuiltthem.Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist'smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldthevalvesbeplaced?Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysicalrequirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andnotleastbyasenseofform.Somedecisionssuchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary.

Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestock-in-tradeoftheartist,notthescientist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoentail“hardthinking,”nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessesandinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisitestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.

Itcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblem-solving,arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,earlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialaberrations;theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorthinksengineeringcurriculaare（

）

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestillustratesthemainpointofthefirstpassage?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldbestserveasanintroductiontothepassage?

5.TheauthorcallsthepredicamentfacedbytheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecord“paradoxical”(lines22)mostprobablybecause（

）

6.Accordingtothepassagerandomfailuresinautomaticcontrolsystemsare“notmerelytrivialaberrations”(lines32)because（

）

7.Theauthorusestheexampleoftheearlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadcarsprimarilyto（

）

問題1選項

A.identifyingthekindsofthinkingthatareusedbytechnologists

B.stressingtheimportanceofnonverbalthinkinginengineeringdesign

C.proposinganewrolefornonscientificthinkinginthedevelopmentoftechnology

D.contrastingthegoalsofengineerswiththoseoftechnologists

問題2選項

A.strengthenedwhentheyincludecourseindesign

B.weakenedbythesubstitutionofphysicalsciencecoursesforcoursesdesignedtodevelopmathematicalskills

C.strongbecausenonverbalthinkingisstillemphasizedbymostofthecourses

D.strongdespitetheerrorsthatgraduatesofsuchcurriculahavemadeinthedevelopmentofautomaticcontrolsystems

問題3選項

A.Whenamachinelikearotaryenginemalfunctions,itisthetechnologistwhoisbestequippedtorepairit.

B.Eachcomponentofanautomobile-forexample,theengineorthefueltank-hasashapethathasbeenscientificallydeterminedtobebestsuitedtothatcomponent’sfunction.

C.Thedistinctivefeaturesofasuspensionbridgereflectitsdesigner’sconceptualizationaswellasthephysicalrequirementsofitssite.

D.Thedesignerofanewrefrigeratorshouldconsiderthedesignsofotherrefrigeratorsbeforedecidingonitsfinalform.

問題4選項

A.Theassumpt