財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)審計(jì)學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)（英文版）

Chapter1TheAssuranceServicesMarketDefinitionofAuditingInformationriskAssuranceServiceandattestationserviceThreemaintypesofauditsDescribeAuditingNatureofauditing:Auditingistheaccumulationandevaluationofevidenceaboutinformationtodetermineandreportonthedegreeofcorrespondencebetweentheinformationandestablishedcriteria.Auditingshouldbedonebyacompetent,independentperson.Informationandestablishedcriteria:todoanaudit,theremustbeinformationinaverifiableformandsomestandards(criteria)bywhichtheauditorcanevaluatetheinformation.(FASB:GAAP;IASB:IFRS)Accumulatingevidenceandevaluatingevidence:evidenceisanyinformationusedbytheauditortodeterminewhethertheinformationbeingauditedisstatedinaccordancewiththeestablishedcriteria.(CH7:transactiondata;clientinquiry;writtenandelectroniccommunicationswithoutsiders;observations)Competent,independentperson:competence,independence,judgmentandexperience->evaluationofevidence—properconclusionDistinguishbetweenauditingandaccountingAccountingistherecording,classifying,andsummarizingofeconomiceventsforthepurposeofprovidinafinancialinformationusedindecisionmaking.Auditingisdeterminingwhetherrecordedinformationproperlyreflectstheeconomiceventsthatoccurredduringtheaccountingperiod.Asaccountant:youshouldknowthemethodsandprocedurestopreparefinancialstatements(accountingstandards),asauditor:besides,youshouldknowhowtodetectthepotentialerrorsandfraudsinfinancialstatements,orpossesstheexpertiseintheaccumulationandinterpretationofauditevidence(accountingstandardsandauditingstandards)ExplaintheimportanceofauditinginreducinginformationriskEconomicdemandforauditing:demanddriver-*informationrisk(informationriskreflectsthepossibilitythattheinformationuponwhichthebusinessriskdecisionwasmadewasinaccurate.)Auditingcanhaveasignificanteffectoninformationrisk.Listthecausesofinformationrisk,andexplainhowthisriskmaybereducedCausesofinformationrisk?remotenessofinformation?biasesandmotivesoftheprovider?voluminousdata?complexexchangetransactionsReducinginformationriskcanbeachievedby:userverifiesinformation;usersharesinformationriskwithmanagement;auditedfinancialstatementsareprovidedWhatifauditorsfailtodetectaccountingfraud?Litigationcostandreputationloss.Relationshipsamongauditors,clientandexternalusersExternaluserprovidescapitaltoclient.Clientprovidesfinancialstatementstoexternalusers.Clientorauditcommitteehiresauditor.Auditorissuesreportrelieduponbyusertoreduceinformationrisk.Sarbanes-OxleyactofUS:TheactestablishedthePublicCompanyAccountingOversightBoard.(PCAOB).Italsorequiresauditorstoreportontheeffectivenessofinternalcontroloverfinancialreporting.Describeassuranceservicesanddistinguishauditservicesfromotherassuranceandnon-assuranceservicesprovidedbyCPAsAssurance:增信(保證)服務(wù);attestation:鑒證服務(wù)Assuranceservices:anindependentprofessionalservicethatimprovesthequalityofinformationfordecisionmakers.ItcanbeperformedbyCPAsorbyavarietyofotherprofessionals.Attestationservices:atypeofassuranceservice.CPAreportsonthereliabilityofanassertion.Assertionistheresponsibilityofanotherparty.Fivecategoriesofattestationservices:①audit?internalcontroloverfinancialreporting?review(performprocedurestoobtainlimitedassurance)?informationtechnology⑤otherGreeninitiativesbringassuranceopportunities,competitionGlobalinteresthastriggeredasurgeinreports.80%oftheglobalfortune250releasedenvironmental,social,andgovernancedata.Presentedinstandalonereportsorintegratedintoannualfinancialreports.DifferentiatethethreemaintypesofauditsTypesofaudit:(DOperational:evaluatestheefnc/encyandeffectivenessofanypartofanorganization'soperatingproceduresandmethods.?Compliance:determinewhethertheauditeeisfollowingspecificprocedures,rules,orrequlationssetbysomehigherauthority.?Financialstatement:determinewhetherthefinancialstatementsarestatedinaccordancewithspecificcriteria.Identifytheprimarytypesofauditors①I(mǎi)ndependentcertifiedpublicaccountin日f(shuō)irms(^Governmental區(qū)eneralaccountingofficeauditorsWorkforgovernmentaccountabilityoffice(GAO);Auditfinancialinformationpreparedbyfederalgovernmentagencies③Internalrevenuesagents稅務(wù)審計(jì)人貝④InternalauditorsInternalauditors:manyinternalauditorsareinvolvedinfinancialstatementsauditing,operationalauditingorhaveexpertiseinevaluatingcomputersystemsTheinternalauditgrouptypicallyreportsdirectlytothepresident,ortheauditcommitteeoftheboardofdirectors.ThelackofindependenceisthemajordifferencebetweeninternalauditorsandCPAfirmsCh叩ter2TheCPAProfessionStructureofCPAfirmsAuditingStandardsQualityControlActivitiesofCPAfirms:①accountingandbookkeepingservices②taxservices③managementconsultingservicesOrganizationalStructure:①proprietorship②Generalpartnership③Limitedliabilitycompany?LimitedliabilitypartnershipLimitedliabilitypartnership:Alimitedliabilitypartnership(LLP)isownedbyoneormorepartners.Itisstructuredandtaxedlikeageneralpartnership,butthepersonalliabilityprotectionofanLLPislessthanthatofageneralcorporationofanLLC.PartnersofanLLParepersonallyliableforthepartnership/sdebtsandobligations,theirownacts,andactsofothersundertheirsupervision.Partnersarenotpersonallyliableforliabilitiesarisingfromnegligentactsofotherpartnersandemployeesnotundertheirsupervision.AlloftheBigFourfirmsandmanysmallerfirmsnowoperateasLLPs.HierarchyofatypicalCPAfirm:partners(reviewtheoverallauditworkandareinvolvedinsignificantauditdecisions.Theultimateresponsibilityforconductingtheaudit),managers,seniorsandin-chargeauditors,staffassistants(performsmostofthedetailedauditwork)UnderstandtheimpactofthePCAOBandSarbanes-OxleyontheCPAprofessionPCAOB:(Dprovidesoversightforauditors?establishauditingandqualitycontrolstandards③performinspectionsofthequalitycontrolAuditingstandardsproviderequirementsandapplicationandotherexplanatorymaterialtoaidauditorsinfulfillingtheirprofessionalresponsibilitiesintheauditofhistoricalfinancialstatements.ThethreemainsetsofauditinqstandardsareInternationalStandardsonAuditing,AICPAauditingstandards(applicabletoprivateentitiesinU.S.)forentitiesotherthanpubliccompanies,andPCAOBAuditingStorictonfe.(applicabletoU.S.publiccompaniesandotherSECregistrants,includingbroker-dealers).

Professionalskepticismthatincludesaauestioninamind,beincialerttoconditionsthatmightindicatepossiblemisstatementsGenerallyAcceptedAuditingStandards:?responsibilities:theauditor'sresponsibilitiesstresstheimportanceofthequalitiesthattheauditorshouldpossess:AppropriatecompetenceandcapabilitiesComplywithrelevantethicalrequirementsMaintainprofessionalskepticismandexerciseprofessionaliudaement?performance:toobtainreasonableassurancethatthefinancialstatementspresentedfairly,theauditorfulfillsseveralperformanceresponsibilitiesAdequateplanningandsupervisionDetermineandapplymaterialitylevelsAssessrisksofmaterialmisstatementsSufficientappropriateevidence?reporting:theauditorisresponsibleforexpressinganopinionintheformofaw/Vttecreportaboutwhetherthefinancialstatementsareexpressedfairly,inallmaterialrespects,inaccordancewiththeapplicablefinancialreportingframework.Theauditreportisthefinalstepintheauditingprocess.Statementsonauditingstandards:theprinciplesunderlyingauditingstandardsaregeneral.Thestandards(SASsissuedbytheAICPAandASsissuedbythePCAOB)providespecificguidance.QualityControl:foraCPAfirm,qualitycontrolcomprisesthemethodsusedtoensurethatthefirmmeetsitsprofessionalresponsibilitiestoclientsandothers.ThesemethodsincludetheorganizationalstructureoftheCPAfirmandtheproceduresthefirmestablishes.AuditingstandardsrequireeachCPAfirmtoestablishqualitycontrolpoliciesandprocedures.Enhancingauditquality:qualityhasalwaysbeenthebedrockofCPAProfession.Auditingisattheverycoreofourservices.CPAhasearnedareputationforintegrity,objectivityandcompetence.日ementsofqualitycontrol:①independence,integrity,andobjectivityEngagementperformance:policiesandproceduresshouldexisttoensurethattheworkperformedbyengagementpersonnelmeetsapplicableprofessionalstandards,lecialandrequlatoryrequirements,andthefirm'sstandardsofquality.Monitoring:policiesandproceduresshouldexisttoensurethattheotherqualitycontrolelementsarebeincieffectivelyapplied.?Acceptanceandcontinuanceofclientsandengagementsminimizetheriskassociatingwithaclientwhosemanagementlacksintegrity.,peerreview:Thereview,byCPAs,ofanotherCPAfirm'scompliancewithitsqualitycontrolsystem.ThepurposeofapeerreviewistodeterminesandreportwhethertheCPAfirmbeingreviewedhasdevelopedadequatequalitycontrolpoliciesandproceduresandfollowstheminpractice.OversightsoverCPAfirm:InUS:PCAOB,SEC,AICPAChapter3AuditReportsTypesofauditreport:cleanopinion:unqualifiedModifiedopinion:unqualifiedwithexplanatoryparagraph;qualified;disclaimer;adverseThecomoc/wr?"ofthestandardunqualifiedauditreportThefivecircumstanceswhenanunqualifiedreportwithanexplanatoryparagraphormodifiedwordingisappropriateThecircumstanceswhenaqualifiedreport/disclaimerisappropriateHowmaterialityaffectsauditreportingdecisionsDescribethepartsofthestandardunqualifiedauditreportPartsofthestandardunqualifiedauditreport:①reporttitle?auditreportaddress?introductoryparagraph?scopeparagraph?opinionparagraph⑥nameofCPAfirm?AuditreportdateAuditorsresponsibility:Thefirstparagraphstatesthattheauditor'sresponsibilityistoexpressanopiniononthefinancialstatementsandthattheauditwasconductedinaccordancewithauditingstandardsgenerallyacceptedintheUS.Thisparagraphalsonotesthattheauditisdesignedtoobtainreasonableassuranceaboutwhetherthefinancialstatementsarefreeofmaterialmisstatements.Theinclusionofthewordmaterialconveysthatauditorsareonlyresponsibletosearchforsianificantmisstatements,cotminormisstatementsthatdocotaffectusers'decisions,Theuseofthetermreasonableossuグacceisintendedtoindicatethatanauditcoc/iotbeexpectedtocompletelyeliminatethepossibilitythatamaterialmisstatementwillexistinthefinancialstatements.Inotherwords,anauditprovesahighlevelofassurance,butitiscotnquorantee.Auditreportdate:Thedateindicatesthelastdayoftheauditor'sresponsibilityforthereviewofsignificanteventsthatoccurredafterthedateofthefinancialstatements.Theappropriatedateforthereportistheoneonwhichtheauditorcompletedtheauditorprocedures.Thelastdayofauditor'sresponsibilitytosearchformaterialtransactionsandevents.Mavoaemect勺responsibilityforthefinancialstatements:managementisresponsibleforthepreparationandfairpresentationofthefinancialstatementsinaccordancewithaccountingprinciplesgenerallyacceptedintheU.S.;thisincludesthedesign,implementation,andmaintenanceofinternalcontrolrelevanttothepreparationandfairpresentationoffinancialstatementsthatarefreefrommaterialmisstatements,whetherduetofraudorerror.Auditor'sresponsibility:ourresponsibilityistoexpressanopiniononthesefinancialstatementsbasedonouraudits.WeconductedoutauditsinaccordancewithauditingstandardsgenerallyacceptedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thosestandardsrequirethatweplanandperformtheaudittoreasonableassuranceaboutwhetherthefinancialstatementsarefreefrommaterialmisstatements.Anauditinvolvesperformingprocedurestoobtainauditevidenceabouttheamountsanddisclosuresinthefinancialstatements.Theproceduresselecteddependontheauditor'sjudgement.Webelievethattheauditevidencewehaveobtainedissufficientandappropriatetoprovideabasisforourauditopinion.Opinion:inouropinion,theF/Sreferredtoabovepresentfairly,inallmaterialrespects,thefinancialpositionof...,andtheresultsoftheiroperationsandcashflowsfortheyearsthenendedinaccordancewithGAPP.ThesianatureidentifiestheCPAfirmorpractitionerwhoperformedtheaudit.Typically,thefirm/snameisusedbecausetheentireCPAfirmhasleaalandprofessionalresponsibilitytoensurethatthequalityoftheauditmeetsprofessionalstandards.Thecityandstateoftheauditfirmshouldalsobeindicated.Disclosureoftheengaaementpartner:auditors'reportissuedonorafterJan.31,2017Thenewrulestoauditingstandardsrequireauditfirmstodisclosethenamesofeachauditenaaqementpartneraswellasthenamesofotherauditfirmsthatparticipatedineachaudit.Specifytheconditionsrequiredtoissuethestandardunqualifiedauditreport1.Conditionsforstandardunqualifiedauditreport?includesallfinancialstatements?sufficientappropriateevidenceaccumulated?financialstatementsarepresentedfairlyinaccordancewithGAPPorotherframework?nocircumstancesrequiringtheadditionofanemphasis-of-matterparagraphormodification2.Recentchangetoauditorreport:ISA701(NEW):communicatinRkeyauditmatters(thosemattersthattheauditorviewsasmostsignificant,withanexplanationofhowtheywereaddressedintheaudit)intheindependentauditor'sreport,designedtosignificantlyenhanceauditor'sreportsforinvestorsandotherusersofF/S.Purposeofcommunicatingkeyauditmattersistoenhancethecommunicativevalueoftheauditor'sreportbyprovidinggreatertransparencyabouttheauditthatwasperformed.Communicatingkeyauditmattersprovidesadditionalinformationtointendedusersofthefinancialstatementstoassisttheminunderstandingthosemattersthat,intheauditor'sprofessionaljudgement,wereofmostsignificanceintheauditofthefinancialstatementsofthecurrentperiod.Theauditorshalldetermine,fromthematterscommunicatedwiththosechargedwithgovernance,thosemattersthatreauiredsianificantauditorattentioninperforminatheauditInmakingthisdetermination,theauditorshalltakeintoaccountthefollowing:(Dareasofhigherassessedriskofmaterialmisstatementsorsignificantrisks.?significantauditorjudgmentsrelatingtoareasinthefinancialstatementsthatinvolvedsignificantmanagementjudgement,includingaccountingestimatesthathavebeenidentifiedashavinghighestimationuncertainty.③TheeffectontheauditofsignificanteventsortransactionsthatoccurredduringtheperiodSomeotherinformationinauditorreportDescribethefivecircumstanceswhenanunqualifiedreportwithanexplanatoryparaaraphormodifiedwordingisappropriate①Lackofconsistentapplicationofgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples?substantialdoubtaboutqoinqconcern?auditoragreeswithadeparturefrompromulgatedaccountingprinciples④Emphasisofamatter?reportsinvolvingotherauditorsLackofconsistentapplicationofGAAP:auditorsmustnotecircumstancesinwhichaccountingprinciplesarecotconsistentlyapplied.AuditorsshouldmodifythereportwhenamaterialchangeoccursbyaddinganexplanatoryparagraphinthereportSubstantialdoubtaboutgoingconcern?Significantrecurringoperatinglossesorworkingcapitaldeficiencies②inabilityofthecompanytopayitsobliqationsastheycomedue③/ossofmajorcustomers,theoccurrenceofuninsuredcatastrophesQDleqolproceedinglegislationthatmightjeopardizetheentity'sabilitytooperateAuditorsagreeswithadeparturefromapromulgatedprinciple(公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則)DeparturemaynotrequireaqualifiedoradverseopinionTheauditormustseparatelyexplainintheauditreportthatadheringtotheprinciplewouldnotproducedamisleadinaresult.(mostunusual)Emphasisofamatter:undercertaincircumstances,theCPAmaywanttoemphasizespecificmattersregardingtheF/S,eventhoughtheCPAintendstoexpressanunqualifiedopinion.?financialstatementscomparability?subsequentevents③RPT?Materialuncertainties?majorcatastropheIdentifythetypesofauditreportsthatcanbeissuedwhenanunqualifiedopinionisnotjustifiedDeparturesfromanunqualifiedopinion:?scopelimitation②GAAPdeparture?AuditornotindependentQualifiedopinion:Aqualifiedopinionreportcanresultfromalimitationonthescopeoftheauditoffailuretofollowgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.Limitationonthescope:whentheauditorhascotaccumulatedsufficientappropriateevidencetoconcludewhetherfinancialstatementsarestatedinaccordancewiththeappropriatefinancialreportingframeworkTwomajorcousesofscopeク。sびた"。rs:①restrictionsimposedbytheclient(eg.Management'srefusaltopermittheauditortoconfirmmaterialreceivablesortophysicallyexamineinventory)and?thosecausedbycircumstancesbeyondeithertheclient'sorauditor'scontrol.GAAPdeparture:ThefinancialstatementshavenotbeenpreparedinaccordancewithGAAPExceptfor...,theF/Spresentfairly,inallmaterialrespects,...Adverseopinion:auditorsbelievesthefinancialstatementsarecotpresentedfairlyinconformitywithGAAP.Becauseof…,theF/Sdocot々reseatfairly,...Disclaimerofopinion:adisclaimerisissuedwhenevertheauditorhasbeenunabletosatisfyhimselfthattheovera//financialstatementsarefairlypresented.①aseverelimitationonthescopeoftheaudit②anonindependentrelationshipbetweentheauditorandtheclientAdisclaimerisdistinguishedfromanadverseopinioninthatitcanariseonlyfromalackofknowledaebytheauditorWewerenotabletoobtainsufficientevidence...Ifyouissuequalifiedopiniontofinancialstatementsthathave”〇problem:youwillloseclientIfyouissueunqualifiedopiniontoF/Sthataremisleading:youwillfacelitigationandlosereputation.ExplainhowmaterialityaffectsauditreportingdecisionsMateriality:amisstatementintheF/Scanbeconsideredmaterialifknowledgeofthemisstatementwouldaffect〇decisionofareasonableuserofthestatements.Howmaterialismaterial-*professionaljudgmentMaterialitydecisions?dollaramountcomparedwithabase②measurability可度量性③natureoftheitemLevelsofmateriality?amountsareimmaterial?amountsarematerialbutdonotovershadowthefinancialstatementsasawhole?amountsaresomaterialorsopervasivethatoverallfairnessofthestatementsisinquestionNatureoftheitemThefollowingmayaffectausers*decisionandthereforetheauditor'sopinioninadifferentwaythanmostmisstatements?transactionsareilleqalorfraudulent②anitemmaymateriallyaffectsomefutureperiod,eventhoughitisimmaterialwhenonlythecurrentperiodisconsidered(§)anitemhasanpsychiceffect(changeasmalllosstoasmallprofit)?anitemmaybeimportantintermsofpossibleconsequencesarisingfromcontractualobliaations.Materialitydecisions:scopelimitation(unqualified,qualifiedscopeandopinion,disclaimer)FailuretofollowGAPP(unqualified,qualifiedopiniononly,adverse)MaterialitylevelSignificanceintermsofreasonableusers'decisionsTypesofopinionimmaterialUsers'decisionsareunlikelytobeaffectedunqualifiedmaterialUsers'decisionsarelikelytobeaffectedqualifiedHighlymaterialUsers'decisionsarelikelytobesignificantlyaffectedDisclaimeroradverseDraftappropriatelymodifiedauditreportsunderavarietyofcircumstancesDiscussionofconditionsrequiringdepartureAuditorsscopehasbeenrestrictedStatementsarecotinconformitywithGAAPAuditorisnotindependentScoperestrictions:CDscooerestrictionsimposedbソ〇client:theauditorshouldbeconcernedaboutthepossibilitythatmanagementistryingtopreventdiscoveryofmisstatedinformation.Adisclaimerofopinionwhenmaterialityisinquestion②whenrestrictionsresultfromconditionsbeyondtheclient'scontrol,aqualificationofscopeopinionismorelikely※先考慮5個(gè)explanatoryparagraphconditions,immaterial-*standardunmodifiedmaterial-*unqualifiedopinionwithexplanatoryparagraph再考慮①scopelimitation②notinconformitywithGAAP③independentauditor①②:immaterial-*unqualifiedMaterialbutnotpervasivetotheF/Sasawhole-*additionalparagraph,qualifiedopinionSomaterialthatoverallfairnessisinquestion-*?disclaimer?adverse?independentauditor-*disclaimerregardlessofmaterialityDeterminetheappropriateauditreportforagivenauditsituationAuditor'sdecisionprocess:determinewhetheranyconditionexistsreauirinciadeparturefromastandardunqualifiedreport.Decidemateriality-*decideappropriatetypeofreport-*writeauditreportMorethanoneconditionrequiringadepartureormodificationScopelimitation+goingconcernuncertainty+departurefromGAAP(pDeparturefromGAAP:qualifiedofadverse,dependinguponmaterialityandpervasiveness(^Unabletoconducttheauditinaccordancew汁/)G/AS:[sc。。圧limitation):qualifiedordisclaimer,dependinguponmaterialityandpervasiveness?auditorswishtobringmatterstoreaders'attention:unqualifiedwithadditionalexplanationConsistency,going-concernuncertainty,rule203departuresfromGAABdivisionofresponsibility,emphasisofamatterNumbersofparagraphsinthereportTypeofReportNumberofParagraphsStandardWordingParagraphsModifiedLocationofAdditionalParagraphStandardunqualified3NoneNoneUnqualifiedwithexplanatoryparagraph4NoneAfteropinionUnqualifiedsharedreportwithotherauditors3AllthreeparagraphsNoneQualified-opiniononly4OpiniononlyBeforeopinionQualified-scopeandopinion4ScopeandopinionBeforeopinionDisclaimer-scopelimitation3Introductoryandopinionparagraphsmodified;scopeparagrapheliminatedBeforeopinionAdverse4OpiniononlyBeforeopinion ： )TABLE3-3NumberofParagraphs,StandardWordingParagraphsModified,andLocationofAdditionalParagraphforAuditReports?introductoryparagraph?scopeparagraph?opinionparagraphUnderthefinalrules,auditorswillberequiredtofileanewPCAOBFormAuditorReportingofCertainAuditParticipants,foreachissueraudit,disclosing①thenames,locations,andextentofparticipationofotheraccountinqfirmsthattookpartintheaudit,iftheirworkconstituted5percentormoreofthetotalaudithours(2)thenumberandaggregateextentofparticipationofallotheraccountingfirmsthattookpartintheauditwhoseindividualparticipationwaslessthan5percentofthetotalaudithours.Reportsinvolvingotherauditors(commonwhentheclienthasseveralwidespreadbranchesorsubdivisions)Principalauditor;componentauditorAuditormustconsiderQ)thematerialityoftheportionoftheF/Sbeingauditedincomparisontotheportionotherauditorshaveaudited@theauditor'sknowledgeoftheoverallF/S(3)theimportanceofthecomponentsauditedinrelationtothewholeThreemethodsofdisclosure,dependingonthedeareeofresponsibilitytheprincipalorleadauditordecidestoaccept①makenoreferencetootherauditorsintheauditreport(standardthreeparagraphs)TheotherauditorauditedanimmaterialportionTheotherauditoriswe//knownorcloselysupervisedbytheprincipalauditorTheprincipalauditorhasthoroughlyreviewedtheotherauditor'swork?makereferenceinthereporttotheotherauditor(sharedopinionorsharedreport)Responsibilityandopinionparagraphsaremodifiedtoexplainwhichportionswereauditedbywhichauditor.WhenitisimpracticaltoreviewtheworkofotherauditorWhentheportionoffinancialstatementsauditedbyotherauditorismaterial③qualifythereportordisclaimanopinion,dependingonmateriality.Chapter4EthicsandtheAuditProfessionAuditcommitteeRequirementofindependenceConfidentialityWhatareethics:ethicscanbedefinedbroadlyasasetofmoralprinciplesorvalues.Eachofushassuchasetofvalues.Ethicalbehaviorisnecessaryforasocietytofunctioninanorderlymanner.Theneedforethicsinsocietyissufficientlyimportantthatmanycommonlyheldethicalvaluesareincorporatedintolaws.CPAsencouragedtoconductthemselvesatahighlevelConductofCPAfirmpersonnel:GAASandinterpretationsContinuingeducationrequirementsLegalliabilityAICPApracticesectionsCodeofprofessionalconductPCAOBandSECPeerReviewQualitycontrolUnderstandSarbanes-OxleyActandotherSECandPCAOBindependencerequirementsandadditionalfactorsthatinfluenceauditorindependenceIndependence:TheAICPAandIESBAcodesofethicsbothdefineindependenceasconsistingoftwocomponents:①independenceofmind:reflectstheauditor'sstateofmindthatpermitstheaudittobeperformedwithanunbiasedattitude②independenceinappearance:theresultofothers'interpretationsofthisindependence.Ifauditorsareindependentinfactbutusersbelievethemtobeadvocatesfortheclient,mostofthevalueoftheauditfunctionislost.Non-auditservicesmayaffectindependenceNon-auditservicesmayaffecttheauditingperformanceoftheauditorAsaconflictofinterest,accountantsfearingtoloserichconsultingdealswithacorporatecclientasaresultofatoughauditNon-auditservicesmayaffectthepublicinvestors'attitudeortrustoftheauditorSarbanes-OxleyActandSECProvisionsaddressingauditorindependenceProhibitedservices:?bookkeepingandotheraccountingservices?financialinformationsystemsdesignandimplementation③appraisal（估價(jià)）orvaluationservices?actuarialservices?internalauditoutsourcing?managementofHRfunctions⑦Broker,dealer,orinvestmentadviserorinvestmentbankerservices⑧l(xiāng)egalandexpertservicesunrelatedtotheaudit⑨anyotherservicethatthePCAOBdeterminesbyregulationisimpermissibleCPAfirmsarenotprohibitedfromperformingprivatecompaniesandforpubliccompaniesthatarenotauditclients.Arelatedconcernisthatnon-auditservicesfeesmayimpairinvestorperceptionsofauditorindependence.Thispresumptionhasledtoregulationsthatbansomenon-auditservices,mandatefeedisclosure,andrequirethepriorapprovalofsuchservicesbyindependentdirectors.Thereareeconomicbenefitstocombiningnon-auditserviceswithauditservices.Knowledaespilloversbet