考研考博-英語-四川希望汽車職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川希望汽車職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye,intheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization.

ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBM,halfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopment,andnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&T.Coca-Cola,Prudential,andMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompanies,heweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlong-termcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%,image,30%;andexposure,afull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreases,itwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourwork,andhowhighuptheyare.

Ridiculousbeliefs?Nottomanypeople,especiallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswho,likeColeman,feelthatthescales(障眼物)havedroppedfromtheireyes.“Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs,”saysKaleelJamison,aNewYork-basedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues.“Theythinkthatifyouworkhard,you’llgetahead—thatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion.”Sheadds,“Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility.”Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight.

1.Accordingtothepassage,“thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid”(Para.1)probablyrefersto“________”.

2.Toachievesuccessinyourcareer,themostimportantfactor,accordingtothepassage,isto________.

3.Thereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey________.

4.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe________.

問題1選項

A.criticismsthatshapeeveryone’sexperience

B.theopinionswhichcontradicttheestablishedbeliefs

C.thetendenciesthathelpthenewcomerstoseeofficematterswithafresheye

D.theideaswhichusuallycomeupwithnewwaysofmanagementintheorganization

問題2選項

A.performwellyourtasksgivenbyyoursuperiors

B.projectafavorableimagetothepeoplearoundyou

C.workasaconsultanttoyoursuperiors

D.letyoursuperiorsknowhowgoodyouare

問題3選項

A.knowthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgivethemapromotion

B.wanttogivepeopletheimpressionthattheyworkunderfalsebeliefs

C.don’twantpeopletothinkthattheirpromotionswereduetosexorcolor

D.believetheycangetpromotedbyreasonoftheirsexorcolor

問題4選項

A.RoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagement

B.TheImportanceofBeingVisible

C.JobPerformanceandAdvancement

D.SexandCareerSuccess

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:【選項釋義】

Accordingtothepassage,“thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid”(Para.1)probablyrefersto“________”.根據(jù)文章，“以前認為最好不要說的事情”（第一段）可能指的是“________”。

A.criticismsthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceA.形成每個人的經驗的批判

B.theopinionswhichcontradicttheestablishedbeliefsB.與既定信念相矛盾的觀點

C.thetendenciesthathelpthenewcomerstoseeofficematterswithafresheyeC.有助于新人用新眼光看待辦公室事務的傾向

D.theideaswhichusuallycomeupwithnewwaysofmanagementintheorganizationD.在組織中通常會產生新型管理方式的想法

【答案】B

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞judgedtobebestleftunsaid定位到第一段第一句，該處講到“她們似乎就越想談論以前認為最好不要說的事情（thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid）”，結合該段第二句“新人傾向于用全新的眼光（fresheye）來看待公司的事務，在這過程中，有時會對形成組織中每個人經驗的力量進行批判性分析（criticalanalyses）。”，可知這里不能說的是和新觀點相反的，并且之前在大環(huán)境中普遍贊同的觀點，因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“形成每個人的經驗的批判”：對應第一段第二句，該處講到“有時會對形成組織中每個人經驗的力量（forcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperience）進行批判性分析（criticalanalyses）”，這里指的不是批判塑造經驗，而是批判形成經驗的力量，屬于偷換概念；

C選項“有助于新人用新眼光看待辦公室事務的傾向”：對應第一段第二句，該處講到“新人傾向于用全新的眼光來看待公司的事務（tendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye）”，這里描述的是這件事本身，而不是說要推動這件事，屬于偷換概念；

D選項“在組織中通常會產生新型管理方式的想法”：文中沒有提到這些會產生新的管理方式，屬于無中生有。

第2題:【選項釋義】

Toachievesuccessinyourcareer,themostimportantfactor,accordingtothepassage,isto________.根據(jù)這篇文章，想要在你的職業(yè)生涯中取得成功，最重要的因素是________。

A.performwellyourtasksgivenbyyoursuperiorsA.出色完成上級交代的任務

B.projectafavorableimagetothepeoplearoundyouB.在周圍人面前樹立良好形象

C.workasaconsultanttoyoursuperiorsC.做你上司的顧問

D.letyoursuperiorsknowhowgoodyouareD.讓你上司知道你有多優(yōu)秀

【答案】D

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞themostimportantfactor定位到第二段第一句，該處講到“長期職業(yè)成功的不同要素（differentelements）如下：業(yè)績僅占10%，形象占30%，而曝光率高達60%（exposure,afull60%）。”，結合該段第六句“晉升往往取決于（advancementmoreoftendependson）有多少人了解（howmanypeopleknow）你和你的工作，以及他們的職位高低”，可知在事業(yè)成功上，讓上司知道自己的優(yōu)秀最重要，因此D選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“出色完成上級交代的任務”：對應第二段第一句“業(yè)績僅占10%（performancecountsamere10%）”，可知這不是最重要的因素，屬于反向干擾；

B選項“在周圍人面前樹立良好形象”：對應第二段第一句“形象占30%（image,30%）”，可知這不是最重要的因素，屬于反向干擾；

C選項“做你上司的顧問”：對應第三段第三句“幫助企業(yè)處理這些問題的管理顧問（managementconsultant）卡列爾?賈米森”，這里只是提到此人及其職業(yè)，和取得職業(yè)生涯的成功無關，屬于偷換概念。

第3題:【選項釋義】

Thereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey________.女性和黑人減少自己曝光率的原因是他們________。

A.knowthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgivethemapromotionA.知道權威人士會向下視察，給他們升職

B.wanttogivepeopletheimpressionthattheyworkunderfalsebeliefsB.想給人一種他們抱著錯誤信念工作的印象

C.don’twantpeopletothinkthattheirpromotionswereduetosexorcolorC.不希望人們認為他們晉升是由于性別或膚色

D.believetheycangetpromotedbyreasonoftheirsexorcolorD.認為他們能因性別或膚色而晉升

【答案】C

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞playdowntheirvisibility定位到第三段第五句，該處講到“大多數(shù)女性和黑人害怕人們認為（sofrightenedthatpeoplewillthink）他們是因為性別或膚色而晉升，因此他們減少了自己的曝光率（thattheyplaydowntheirvisibility）?！?，可知其原因是不希望別人認為他們只因為性別或膚色而晉升，因此C選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“知道會有上級向下視察，給他們升職”：對應第三段第四句，該處講到“他們認為（Theythink）權威人士會向下視察，給你升職（someoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion）?！保@是在解釋前一句提到的錯誤信念，而非減少曝光率的主要原因，屬于張冠李戴；

B選項“想給人一種他們在錯誤信念下工作的印象”：對應第三段第三句，該處講到“列爾?賈米森說（saysKaleelJamison），女性和黑人抱著錯誤的信念工作?！?，這句話是別人對他們的評價，而非他們自己想要這樣做，屬于偷換概念；

D選項“認為他們能因性別或膚色而晉升”：他們不希望別人認為自己因性別或膚色而晉升，自己也不認為這樣的事情會發(fā)生，屬于反向干擾。

第4題:【選項釋義】

Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe________.這篇文章最好的標題是________。

A.RoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagementA.女性和少數(shù)族裔在管理中的作用

B.TheImportanceofBeingVisibleB.被看見的重要性

C.JobPerformanceandAdvancementC.工作表現(xiàn)與晉升

D.SexandCareerSuccessD.性別與事業(yè)成功

【答案】B

【考查點】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】第一段提出女性、少數(shù)族裔（womenandminorities）和新人對于公司原有觀點的沖擊（talkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid）；第二段點出自己和自己工作被上級看到（exposure,afull60%）是在職場中成功最重要的因素；第三段建議女性和黑人讓自己成為焦點（findtheirwayintothespotlight）。綜上所述，這篇文章層層遞進，最終要表達的是在職場中，成為焦點、被看到很重要，因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“女性和少數(shù)族裔在管理中的作用”：文中沒有提到女性和少數(shù)族裔在管理中如何發(fā)揮作用，屬于無中生有；

C選項“工作表現(xiàn)與晉升”和D選項“性別與事業(yè)成功”：只是文章的部分內容，不能概括全文，屬于以偏概全。

2.單選題

Oneairlinechiefexecutiveofficer(CEO)wasthemasterofthepersonaltouch.Spendinghourswithhisemployeesandgettingtoknowtheirjobs,hepersuadedthemtoacceptpaycutsinreturnforanownershipstake.TheconcessionputthecompanysosolidlyintheblackthattheCEOwasabletosellitfor$860million.AnotherCEOscoldedmanagersinfrontofothers,cutonethirdoftheworkforceandsoembitteredthesurvivorsthathisairlinebegantolosemoney,andtheboardofdirectorsfiredhim.

InanytestofknowledgeorIQ,thetwoCEOscouldhavedueledtoadraw.Thedifferencewastheabilitytohandlerelationships,arguesDanielGolemaninhisnewbook,workingwithEmotionalIntelligence.Buildingonhis1995bestseller,EmotionedIntelligence,GolemannowprobeshowEIrelatestotheworldofwork.Ashedidinhisearlierbook,GolemanmasterfullyexplainshowalowEIhinderspeople’sfullintellectualpotentialbyfloodingthebrainwithstresshormonesthatimpairmemory,learningandthinking.Theheartofthebook,though,isananalysisofdatacollectedfrommorethan150firmsonwhatdistinguishesso-soperformersfromsuperstars.Goleman’sfindings:conventionalintelligencetakessecondpositiontoemotionalintelligenceindeterminingjobperformance.Injobsrangingfromrepairmantoscientist,IQaccountsfornomorethan25percentofthedifferencebetween,say,asuccessfulhigh-techentrepreneurandafailedone.Inanothersurprise,thecontributionofIQshrinksandthecontributionofEIriseswithdifficultyofajobandhowhighitranksinanorganization.Basedontraitsthatcompaniessaydistinguishwinnersfromlosers,GolemanconcludesthatEIcarriesmuchmoreweightthanIQindeterminingsuccessatthetop.

However,themanyexamplesofCEOsandotherpeopleintoppositionswhohavetheemotionalintelligenceofasnake-butstillwereCEOs-underminethecaseforEPSindispensabilityinbusiness.ButevenifyouacceptthatEIdetermineswhoexcels,youhavetowonderifitshould.Golemandescribeshow112entry-levelaccountantswerejudgedmoreorlesssuccessful(bytheirbosses)accordingtotheirlevelofEIratherthantheiractualskills.Nowondersomanyauditorsfailtonoticecookedbooks.

1.AccordingtoGoleman,thebiggestdifferencebetweenthetwoCEOsdescribedinthefirstparagraphliesin______.

2.Goleman’snewbookWorkingwithEmotionalIntelligenceischieflyabout

______.

3.AccordingtoGoleman,whichofthefollowingpersonsowesthemosttoEIforhis/hersuccess?

4.Thephrase“cookedbooks”inthelastsentencemostprobablymeans______.

問題1選項

A.theirattitudetowardtheiremployees

B.theiremotionalintelligence

C.theirconventionalintelligence

D.theirbusinessstrategy

問題2選項

A.thedifferencebetweenIQandEI

B.therelationshipbetweenEIandjobperformance

C.theroleofEIinaperson’ssuccess

D.theimportanceofhandlingpersonalrelationships

問題3選項

A.Presidentofacompany

B.Managerofthepersonneldepartment

C.Managerofthesalesdepartment

D.Plumber

問題4選項

A.falsifiedaccountbooks

B.bookscontaininginformationforpreparationoffood

C.damagedbooks

D.piratedbooks

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干，可以定位到文章第一段，文章提到兩個CEO對待他們的員工有不同的方法。B選項“他們的情商”，關于兩位CEO的比較結果在第二段段首體現(xiàn)，兩位CEO最主要的區(qū)別是處理各種關系的能力，也就是下文討論的情商，故本題答案應為B。A選項“他們對員工的態(tài)度”，在第一段提到，但它只是情商的具體表現(xiàn)形式。C選項“他們的傳統(tǒng)智慧”，第二段首句指出兩位CEO的知識或智商水平都幾近持平，可排除。D選項“他們的業(yè)務策略”，原文沒有提到此內容，可排除。因此B選項正確。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第二句Thedifferencewastheabilitytohandlerelationships,arguesDanielGolemaninhisnewbook,workingwithEmotionalIntelligence.（丹尼爾?戈爾曼在他的新書《如何處理情商》中指出，差異在于處理人際關系的能力）。這里解釋了本書的內容，本書主要探討情商和工作的關系，因此B選項“EI與工作績效的關系”正確。A選項“IQ和EI之間的區(qū)別”，雖在書中有提及，但不是主要內容。C選項“EI在一個人的成功中所起的作用”，雖在書中有提及，但不是主要內容，可排除。D選項“處理人際關系的重要性”，雖在書中有提及，但不是主要內容，可排除。因此B選項正確。

3.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干，可以定位到文章第三段倒數(shù)第二句Golemandescribeshow112entry-levelaccountantswerejudgedmoreorlesssuccessful(bytheirbosses)accordingtotheirlevelofEIratherthantheiractualskills.（戈爾曼描述了112名初級會計師（他們的老板）是如何根據(jù)他們的EI水平而不是他們的實際技能來判斷他們是否成功的）。從該句可推測：工作性質越重要，EI的作用就越大。A選項“公司總裁”，根據(jù)文章內容，A選項正確。B選項“人事部經理”，文章沒有提到這一點，因此可排除。C選項“銷售部經理”，文章沒有提到這個內容，可排除。D選項“水管工”，文章沒有提到此內容，可排除。因此A選項正確。

4.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】語義理解題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Nowondersomanyauditorsfailtonoticecookedbooks.（難怪這么多審計師沒有注意到造假的賬目）。這里談的是審計員的情況，因此可推測cookedbooks和cook的基本意思“做飯”無關，book的意思不是“書”，而是和審計會計有關的意思“賬簿”。A選項“偽造會計賬簿”符合句意，A選項正確。B選項“載有烹調食物資料的書籍”，可排除。C選項“破損圖書”，文章沒有提到這個內容，可排除。D選項“盜版書”，不符合文章內容，可排除。因此A選項正確。

3.不定項選擇題

TheestablishmentoftheThirdReichinfluencedeventsinAmericanhistorybystartingachainofeventswhichculminatedinwarbetweenGermanyandtheUnitedStates.Thecompetedestructionofdemocracy,thepersecutionofJews,thewaronreligion,thecrueltyandbarbarismoftheNazis,andespeciallytheplansofGermanyandherallies,ItalyandJapan,forworldconquestcausedgreatindignationinthiscountryandbroughtonfearofanotherworldwar.

WhilespeakingoutagainstHitler’satrocities,theAmericanpeoplegenerallyfavoredisolationistpoliciesandneutrality.

TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936prohibitedtradewithanybelligerentsorloanstothem.In1937thePresidentwasempoweredtodeclareanarmsembargoinwarsbetweennationsathisdiscretion.

AmericanopinionbegantochangesomewhatafterPresidentRoosevelt’s“quarantinetheaggressor”speechatChicago(1937)inwhichheseverelycriticizedHitler’spolicies.Germany’sseizureofAustriaandtheMunichPactforthepartitionofCzechoslovakia(1938)alsoarousedtheAmericanpeople.

TheconquestofCzechoslovakiainMarch,1939wasanotherrudeawakeningtothemenaceoftheThirdReich.InAugust,1939cametheshockoftheNazi-sovietPactandinSeptembertheattackonPolandandtheoutbreakofEuropeanwar.

TheUnitedStatesattemptedtomaintainneutralityinspiteofsympathyforthedemocraciesarrayedagainsttheThirdReich.TheNeutralityActof1939repealedthearmsembargoandpermitted“cashandcarry”exportsofarmstobelligerentnations.Astrongnationaldefenseprogramwasbegun.

Adraftactwaspassed(1940)tostrengthenthemilitaryservices.ALendAct(1941)authorizedthePresidenttosell,exchange,orlendmaterialstoanycountrydeemednecessarybyhimforthedefenseoftheUnitedStates.HelpwasgiventoBritainbyexchangingcertainoveragedestroyersfortherighttoestablishAmericanbasesinBritishterritoryintheWesternHemisphere.InAugust,1940PresidentRooseveltandPrimeMinisterChurchillmetandissuedtheAtlanticCharterwhichproclaimedthekindofaworldwhichshouldbeestablishedafterthewar.

InDecember,1941,JapanlaunchedtheunprovokedattackontheUnitedStatesatPearlHarbor.Immediatelythereafter,GermanydeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.

1.Oneitemoccurringbefore1937thattheauthordoesnotmentioninhislistofactionsthatalienatedtheAmericanpublicwas_____.

2.TheLend-LeaseActwasdesignedto_____.

3.Americanpolicyduringtheyears1935-1936maybedescribedasbeing______.

4.TheNeutralityActof1939______.

5.WeenteredthewaragainstGermany________.

問題1選項

A.theburningoftheReichstag

B.Germanplansforconquest

C.Nazibarbarism

D.thepersecutionofreligiousgroup

問題2選項

A.helptheBritish

B.strengthenthenationaldefenseoftheUnitedStates

C.promotetheAtlanticCharter

D.avengePearlHarbor

問題3選項

A.watchful

B.isolationist

C.peaceful

D.indifferent

問題4選項

A.permittedthesellingofarmstobelligerentnations

B.antagonizedJapan

C.permittedtheBritishtotradeonlywiththeAllies

D.ledtotheLend-LeaseAct

問題5選項

A.becauseGermanydeclaredwar

B.becauseJapanwasanallyofGermany

C.afterGermanyhadsignedtheNazi-SovietPact

D.afterpeacefuleffortshadfailed

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.【選項釋義】

Oneitemoccurringbefore1937thattheauthordoesnotmentioninhislistofactionsthatalienatedtheAmericanpublicwas____.有一件事發(fā)生在1937年之前，但作者在他的疏遠美國公眾的行為清單中沒有提到的是____。

A.theburningoftheReichstagA.國會大廈的焚毀

B.GermanplansforconquestB.德國征服計劃

C.NazibarbarismC.納粹暴虐

D.thepersecutionofreligiousgroupD.宗教團體的迫害

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到Para.1第二句，該處講到“對猶太人的迫害（thepersecutionofJews）”“納粹的暴虐（barbarismoftheNazis）”以及“德國征服計劃（theplansofGermany…forworldconquest）”。B、C、D都有提到，只有A沒有。因此選A。

【干擾項排除】

A選項國會大廈的焚毀，屬于無中生有。

2.【選項釋義】

TheLend-LeaseActwasdesignedto____.租借法案的目的是____。

A.helptheBritishA.幫助英國

B.strengthenthenationaldefenseoftheUnitedStatesB.加強美國的國防

C.promotetheAtlanticCharterC.促進《大西洋憲章》

D.avengePearlHarborD.珍珠港報仇

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息詞Lend-LeaseAct可定位到倒數(shù)第二段1941處，該處講到“這項法案的目的是為了保衛(wèi)美國（forthedefenseoftheUnitedStates）”。換言之，就是加強美國的國防。比對選項，B選項恰好是此信息的同義轉換，因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“幫助英國”，這個法案頒布后確實給英國提供了幫助，但是這不是美國的根本目的。A選項屬于本末倒置；

C選項“促進《大西洋憲章》”，文中沒有提到，C選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“珍珠港報仇”，文中沒有提及兩者的關系，D選項屬于無中生有。

3.【選項釋義】

Americanpolicyduringtheyears1935-1936maybedescribedasbeing____.美國在1935-1936年間的政策可以被描述為____。

A.watchfulA.注意的；警惕的

B.isolationistB.孤立主義的

C.peacefulC.和平的，愛好和平的

D.indifferentD.冷淡的，不關心的

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)出處提示詞1935-1936與題干信息詞Americanpolicy可定位到Para.3第一句，該處講到“1935-1936的中立法案（TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936）”。還講到“美國人民普遍支持孤立政策（theAmericanpeoplegenerallyfavoredisolationistpoliciesandneutrality）”。比對選項，B選項恰好是此信息的同義轉換，因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“注意的”，屬于無中生有；

C選項“和平的”，屬于無中生有；

D選項“冷淡的”，屬于無中生有。

4.【選項釋義】

TheNeutralityActof1939____.1939年《中立法案》____。

A.permittedthesellingofarmstobelligerentnationsA.允許向交戰(zhàn)國家出售武器

B.antagonizedJapanB.對抗日本

C.permittedtheBritishtotradeonlywiththeAlliesC.允許英國只與協(xié)約國進行貿易

D.ledtotheLend-LeaseActD.導致了《租借法案》的出臺

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息詞TheNeutralityActof1939可定位到倒數(shù)第三段第二句，該處講到“廢棄了武器禁運，允許向交戰(zhàn)國家‘現(xiàn)購自運’出口武器”。換言之，允許對交戰(zhàn)國家出口武器。比對選項，A選項恰好是此信息的同義轉換，因此A選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“對抗日本”，屬于無中生有；

C選項“允許英國只與協(xié)約國進行貿易”，屬于無中生有；

D選項“導致了《租借法案》的出臺”，文中沒有提及兩者關系，D選項屬于過度推斷。

5.【選項釋義】

WeenteredthewaragainstGermany____.我們參加了對德戰(zhàn)爭____。

A.becauseGermanydeclaredwarA.因為德國宣戰(zhàn)了

B.becauseJapanwasanallyofGermanyB.因為日本是德國的盟友

C.afterGermanyhadsignedtheNazi-Soviet

C.在德國簽署了納粹—蘇聯(lián)條約之后

D.afterpeacefuleffortshadfailedD.在和平努力失敗之后

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到最后一段，該處講到“GermanydeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.”。因為前文一直講到美國處于中立狀態(tài)，所以德國宣戰(zhàn)后美國才參加了對德戰(zhàn)爭。比對選項，A選項恰好是此信息的同義轉換，因此A選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“因為日本是德國的盟友”，屬于無中生有；

C選項“在德國簽署了納粹-蘇聯(lián)條約之后”，文中沒有提過，屬于無中生有；

D選項“在和平努力失敗之后”，文中美國一直處于中立狀態(tài)，沒有進行和平努力，屬于無中生有。

4.單選題

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andPlexiglasweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexceptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

36.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

37.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury（）.

38.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

39.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

40.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’smainpoint?

問題1選項

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

問題2選項

A.wereproducedlargelyasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopment.

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

問題3選項

A.Expendituresforvariousaspectsofresearcharelisted.

B.Reasonsforsupportingmonopolisticpoweraregivenandthenquestioned.

C.Argumentsarepresentedforminimizingcompetitivebiddingforresearch.

D.Resourcesnecessaryforresearcharedefined.

問題4選項

A.Monopolisticpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.

B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.

C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.

D.Firmswithasmallshareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.

問題5選項

A.Inthelastdecade,conglomerateshavesignificantlyincreasedtheirresearchbudgetsfordefensetechnology.

B.Taxrestructuringpermitssmallerfirmstowriteoffalargerpercentageofprofitsagainstresearch.

C.Aten-yearstudyoftheextentofresourcesdevotedtoresearchbysmallerenterprisesrevealsasteadydecline.

D.Militaryresearchisbeingdirectedmoreextensivelytospacetechnologythantoshort-rangemissiles.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】36.主旨目的題。文章第一段是全文的主題段，前兩句的對比指出了文章的主旨，“Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.”即大型工業(yè)的發(fā)展不代表工業(yè)研究投入的增加。從而得出本題答案。

37.

細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞importantinventions定位到原文第一段第二句?！癆recentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.（最近一項關于世紀之交以來重要發(fā)明的研究顯示，超過一半的發(fā)明是獨立于有組織的工業(yè)研究的單個發(fā)明家的發(fā)明。）”從而得出本題答案。

38.

細節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段。第二段第二句“Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.”指出，用于改善生活標準的研究只能由大型企業(yè)承擔，但在第三句“Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.”又指出，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)政府支出的用于工業(yè)研究的資金有一大部分用于防御項目，有人對這些研究是否會提高生活標準提出質疑。從而得出本題答案。

39.

細節(jié)事實題。定位第三段最后一句?！癇ycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.（相比之下，小公司不受大型工廠和資本設備投資的阻礙，往往積極追求新技術和新產品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴大其市場份額。）”即可得出本題答案。

40.

細節(jié)判斷題。通過閱讀文章后發(fā)現(xiàn)，作者的主要觀點是看好小公司的發(fā)展前途，所以削弱的話，必然是對小公司進行負面評價，從而得出本題答案。

5.單選題

MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowardsmakingpulpandpaper.AccordingtoCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation,Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.Ifthesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherway,Canadianforestscouldbepreserved.Recently,apossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp.

Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaper,fuel,oils,textiles,food,andrope.Forcenturies,itwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworld-widetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenfeasiblewithouthemp.Nowadays,ships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibers,butscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempholdberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponents,fourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantrees,andmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’sforests.

However,thereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplant,sousefulforfiber,rope,oil,fuelandtextiles,isaspeciesofcannabis,relatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930s,amovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherforce,resultingintheeventualbannin