考研考博-英語-天津外國語大學(xué)濱海外事學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津外國語大學(xué)濱海外事學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Hedecidedtogoaheadwithhisproject______whatotherpeoplesaid.

問題1選項

A.regarding

B.regardlessof

C.regardless

D.regardingof

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組。A項regarding“關(guān)于，至于”，B項regardlessof“不管，不顧”，C項regardless“不管的”，D項regardingof“關(guān)于”。句意：不論其他人怎么說，他都決定繼續(xù)完成他的計劃。根據(jù)句意，正確答案為B。

2.單選題

Althoughinthenovelthemillenniumhasbeenandgone,therearenoreferencesatalltorealcontemporaryAmericanorglobalpoliticaleventsofthetimeofwriting.Chapstick,Pledge,andSkevenerintheirstudyTheEndlessLoopofHistory:SpaceTimeintheworkofDavidFosterWallace(London2001)havealreadynotedthewayInfiniteJestdivorcesitselffromhistorybytheuseofscifielements.TheynotehowcomparedwiththeAmericanpostmoderns,whoseworksinteractwithrealhistoricaltime,InfiniteJesttakesplaceinanahistorical,allegoricaltime.DFW'sinventionofSubsidizedTime,andtherenamingofyearsafterproductsandcompaniesshowsthewayinwhichthesoul-rottingeffectsofadvertisinginfecttimeaswellasinternalandexternalspace(cf:PhillipKDick'sadvertsprojectedontothemooninTheManintheHighCastle).Otherwise,theubiquitouspresenceofadvertisingincontemporarydailylifeisabsentfromthenovel.Actually,thisisnotcorrect.Thethemeofwastemanagement(alsotheunderlyingstructureofDonDeLillo'snovelUnderworld)reflectssomeoftheanxietiesofthe90s,thedecadeinwhichthenovelwaswritten:namely,globalwarming,environmentalconcerns,nuclearwastemanagement,includingitsexporttothirdworldcountries,thetradingofcarbonemissionpoints,futuresswapsincarbonfootprintsetc.DFWisheresimplysatirizingcontemporaryconcerns;andaFreudianreadingofthisthemeisbothunnecessaryandnotreallyilluminating,DonGately'sworkasashithosernotwithstanding.DFW'suseofspuriousknowledgeandscholarship(includingaspuriousacademicapparatusatthebackofthebook)hasbeenamplycommentedon,especiallythedoubtfulphysicsofJ.O.Incandenza'sworkwithlensesandnuclearannulation,andtheiffeymathinvolvedintheEschatongame.ByhisuseofthespuriousDFWisnotonlysatirizingthediscourseofacademicknowledge,butmakingaseriouspointabouttheextentandtypologyofknowledgeitself.Onceknowledgebecomessospecializedastobecomecomprehensibletoonlyaveryfew—thosefirmlyinsidethediscourse—whatstatusdoesthatknowledgegain?Tothoseoutsidethediscourse,theknowledgecanonlybetakenontrust,andthereforeallmannerofhoodsmaybewinked.Inthiscasetheboundariesbetweenthefictionalandtherealbecomeblurred,amatterforargument.Weareusedtoquestioningthereliabilityofthenarrativevoiceinfiction,butnotsoabletoquestioninthesamewaythereliabilityofacademicdiscourseorspecialistknowledge.Thepresenceofthespuriousnexttotherealinfectsthereal,invitingustoextendourdistrustoffictionalnarrativetonon-fictionalexposition,thefiction(lemensonge)andthetruthbecomemirrorsofeachother.Thetitleofaworkstandsinmetonymicrelationshiptothecontentofthework:WarandPeace,forexample,signifiesthetwomainthemesandstructuringdevicesofthatnovel.Forexistingbooks,(real,readbooks),thetitlesummonsupeverythingweknoworrememberaboutthebook.Wherethatworkisnon-existent(fictional,spurious,lostorsimplyunknown/unread)thetitleactsasanemptysignifier,whichwecanfillwithourimagination,effectivelywritingtheworkourselvesinaflash.Barthescallsthesebooklesstitlesprolepses;Nabokovcreatessummariesanddetailedcommentariesforthem(inPaleFireandTheReallifeofSebastianKnight);Borgesbaseshiswholestylisticsonthisprocessofmetonymicexpansion;andEcofillsentireimaginarylibrarieswiththesefantasticalbooks.DFWforhisimaginaryworks,likeHoffmann,hasapenchantforexcessivelylongandhumoroustitles,whoselengthguidesusinthisprocessofcreationcf:GoodLookingMeninSmallCleverRoomsthatUtilizeEveryCentimeterofAvailableSpaceWithMind-BogglingEfficiency(titleofoneofJ.O.Incandenza'sentertainments),andMousetrapsandtheirInfluenceontheCharacterandAchievementoftheFelineRace(titleofoneofMurr'sbooksfromHoffmann'sTheLifeandOpinionsoftheTomcatMurr).

1.Accordingtotheauthor,theuseofsomeoftheanxietiesofthe90sdoesnotcontradictthepropositionthatthenovelInfiniteJesttakesplaceinanahistoricaltimebecause（

）.

2.DFW'sinventionofSubsidizedTimeexemplifies

（

）.

3.FollowingRolandBarthes,whichofthefollowingtitleswouldbeanexampleofprolepsis?

4.AninnovationbyDFWtopostmodernfictionisexemplifiedby

（

）.

5.Thetitleofthenovelsuggeststhatitis（

）.

問題1選項

A.themillenniumhasbeenandgone

B.DFWisheresimplysatirizingcontemporaryconcerns

C.DFW'sinventionofSubsidizedTime

D.heusesscifielements

問題2選項

A.theubiquitouspresenceofadvertisingincontemporarydailylife

B.thecommercializationofAmericansociety

C.theendlessloopofhistory

D.Americanpostmodernism

問題3選項

A.WarandPeace

B.TheReallifeofSebastianKnight

C.MousetrapsandtheirInfluenceontheCharacterandAchievementoftheFelineRace

D.TheLifeandOpinionsoftheTomcatMurr

問題4選項

A.theunreliablenarrator

B.thedistrustofacademicdiscourse

C.theprocessofmetonymicexpansion

D.fictional,spurious,lostorsimplyunknown/unreadworks

問題5選項

A.anallegory

B.aparody

C.anapophasis

D.aprocatalepsis

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:1.細節(jié)事實題。題干問的是：作者認為，使用90年代的一些焦慮并不與小說《無盡的玩笑》發(fā)生在一個非歷史時期的觀點相矛盾，是因為什么?由“Chapstick,Pledge,andSkevenerintheirstudyTheEndlessLoopofHistory:SpaceTimeintheworkofDavidFosterWallace(London2001)havealreadynotedthewayInfiniteJestdivorcesitselffromhistorybytheuseofscifielements.TheynotehowcomparedwiththeAmericanpostmoderns,whoseworksinteractwithrealhistoricaltime,InfiniteJesttakesplaceinanahistorical,allegoricaltime.Chapstick、Pledge和Skevener在他們的研究《歷史的無限循環(huán)：時空》（TheEndlessLoopofHistory:SpaceTimeintheworkofDavidFosterWallace(London2001)）中已經(jīng)注意到，無窮無盡的玩笑是如何通過使用科幻元素從歷史中分離出來的。他們注意到，與美國后現(xiàn)代主義者相比，他們的作品是如何與真實的歷史時間互動的，無窮無盡的笑話發(fā)生在一個非歷史的寓言時代。”據(jù)此可知，DFW運用了一些科幻元素將InfiniteJest與歷史分離，所以與當(dāng)代（90年代）的一些焦慮不相矛盾。

第2題:2.細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到“DFW’sinventionofSubsidizedTime,andtherenamingofyearsafterproductsandcompaniesshowsthewayinwhichthesoul-rottingeffectsofadvertisinginfecttimeaswellasinternalandexternalspace(cf:PhillipKDick’sadvertsprojectedontothemooninTheManintheHighCastle).Otherwise,theubiquitouspresenceofadvertisingincontemporarydailylifeisabsentfromthenovel.DFW發(fā)明了補貼時間（政府通過銷售年份的名字來賺錢的項目），并在產(chǎn)品和公司之后對時間進行了重新命名，這些都顯示出廣告對時間以及內(nèi)部和外部空間的腐蝕作用（參見菲利普?K?迪克（PhillipKDick）在《高城堡里的人》（TheManintheHighCastle）中對月球的廣告）。否則，現(xiàn)代生活中無處不在的廣告就會從小說中消失?！迸cA項“廣告在當(dāng)代日常生活中無處不在”相符。

第3題:3.判斷推理題。首先得弄清楚文中對prolepsis（預(yù)期敘述，預(yù)辯法）的解釋，由Wherethatworkisnon-existent(fictional,spurious,lostorsimplyunknown/unread)thetitleactsasanemptysignifier,whichwecanfillwithourimagination,effectivelywritingtheworkourselvesinaflash.Barthescallsthesebooklesstitlesprolepses;在作品不存在的地方（虛構(gòu)的、虛假的、丟失的或根本不為人知的/未讀的），標(biāo)題就像一個空的符號，我們可以用我們的想象力來填滿它，有效地在一瞬間寫出自己的作品。巴特稱這些無書的書名為prolepses；而后由DFWforhisimaginaryworks,likeHoffmann,hasapenchantforexcessivelylongandhumoroustitles,whoselengthguidesusinthisprocessofcreation…DFW對于他的想象作品，比如霍夫曼，有一個寫非常長的，幽默的標(biāo)題的嗜好，它的長度引導(dǎo)我們在想象創(chuàng)作……隨后舉了兩個例子來說明，MousetrapsandtheirInfluenceontheCharacterandAchievementoftheFelineRace.是其中一個，人們可以通過長長的標(biāo)題來創(chuàng)作。故C項符合題意。

第4題:4.細節(jié)事實題。由ByhisuseofthespuriousDFWisnotonlysatirizingthediscourseofacademicknowledge,butmakingaseriouspointabouttheextentandtypologyofknowledgeitself.Onceknowledgebecomessospecializedastobecomecomprehensibletoonlyaveryfew—thosefirmlyinsidethediscourse—whatstatusdoesthatknowledgegain?運用虛假的知識，DFW不是在諷刺學(xué)術(shù)話語而是嚴(yán)肅地指出了知識的范圍和類型本身。一旦知識變得如此專業(yè)化，以至于只有極少數(shù)人——那些堅定地站在話語之內(nèi)的人——才能理解，那么這些知識又能獲得什么樣的地位呢？由此可知B項“DFW對專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)話語持不信任態(tài)度”符合題意。

第5題:5.判斷推理題。題干問由小說的標(biāo)題可知這是一篇……？由InfiniteJesttakesplaceinanahistorical,allegoricaltime.可知InfiniteJest無盡的玩笑最有可能是一篇寓言。

3.單選題

Trynottosayanythinghurtfultoher.Sheisavery（

）person.

問題1選項

A.sensible

B.sensitive

C.tough

D.reasonable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項sensible“明智的，合乎情理的”；B選項sensitive“敏感的，易受影響的”；C選項tough“堅強的，強壯的”；D選項reasonable“合理的”。句意：不要說任何傷害她的話。她是非常（）的人。根據(jù)前面一句，不要說任何傷害她的話，所以可以推測“她”可能會比較敏感，所以答案選B。

4.單選題

Children’sliteraturetracesitsbeginningstopreliteratetimes,whenancientstorytellerspassagetalesandlegendsfromgenerationtogenerationintheoraltradition.WilliamCaxton,whoestablishedEngland’sfirstprintingpress,publishedbooksofetiquette,fablesandlegends.However,thesedidn’tconstituteabodyofworkthatcouldbeconsideredliteratureforchildren.Becausechildrenatthattimewereconsidered“miniatureadults”,booksweredidacticinnature.Thecontentforyoungreadersconsistedmainlyofreligiousinstruction,rulesofbehavior,ethicalmessages,andmoralplatitudes.In1744EnglishmanJohnNewberrychangedchildren’spublishingwhenhebegantocreatebookswithattractiveformats,qualityillustrations,andsturdybindings,whichweredesignedprimarilyforchildrentoenjoy.Theoldest,andmostprestigiousawardgivenforchildren’sbookspublishedinAmerica,istheNewberryMedal.

Inthefollowingcentury,children’sliteraturebegantobloom.HansChristianAndersenwrotewonderfulstorieslike“TheUglyDuckling”,and“TheLittleMermaid”,andGrimmbrotherscollectedtwovolumesofGermanfolktalesthatincludedstoriessuchas“SnowWhite”and“RumpelstiltskinChildhoodcametoberecognizedasajoyfulandcarefreeperiodoflife,andbookscelebratingitbegantobepublished,CharlesDodgson(LewisCarrol)wrotethefantast“AliceinWonderland”,thefirstbookthatwasintendedpurelyforchildren’senjoymentwithoutanypretenseofinstruction.EdwardsLear’sbooksofnonsensepoetrydelightedbothyoungandoldreaders.InNorthAmerica,booksforayoungaudiencewerebecomingpopularaswell.KateDouglasWigginwrote“RebeccaofSunnybrookFram”,LouisaMayAlcottwrote“LittleWomen’’,andSamuelClemens(MarkTwain)createdTomSawyerandHuckleberryFinn.Bytheendofthecentury,thepiousandmoralisticbooksofearliertimeshadbeenreplacedbywritingdesignedtoamuseandentertainayoungaudience.Inthe1800scolorprintingwasintroduced,andbythemiddleofthe19thcentury,theroughillustrationsthatcharacterizedearlierchildren’sbookshadbeenreplacedbyworksofartthatcapturedthewordandsomeofthestory.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theearlybooksofetiquette,fables,andlegendscouldnotreallybeconsideredchildren’sliteraturebecause（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatchangedchildren’spublishingin1744?

3.Theword“sturdy”inline11isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbythestatement“children’sliteraturebegantobloom”inline15?

5.Accordingtothepassage“AliceinWonderland”wasanexampleof（

）.

6.Theword“characterized”inline32isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

7.Whatimpactdidcolorprintinghaveonchildren’sbooks?

問題1選項

A.thechildrencouldn’treadthem

B.theearlybooksweretooheavyforchildrentouse

C.thestoriesweretoodifficultforchildrentoappreciate

D.thestorieswereforeducationratherthanenjoyment

問題2選項

A.theNewberryMedal

B.somebooksbegantobeproducedmainlyforchildrentoenjoy

C.somebookshadattractiveformat,qualityillustrations,andsturdybindings

D.somebooksnolongercontainedreligiousinstruction,rulesofbehavior,ethicalmessages,

問題3選項

A.robust

B.ornate

C.soft

D.hard

問題4選項

A.qualityillustrationsandattractiveformatsmadebooksmoreappealing.

B.illustrationsoftenincludedflowers.

C.Children’sliteraturebecamemorevariedandattractive.

D.Children’sliteraturebecamemorenumerousandpopular.

問題5選項

A.afantasystory

B.aGermanfolktale

C.abookcelebratingchildhood

D.abookofinstruction

問題6選項

A.rejected

B.described

C.devalued

D.amused

問題7選項

A.salesincreasedbythemiddleofthe19thcentury

B.roughillustrationswerenowmoreappealing

C.illustrationstoldmoreofthestoryandweremoreappealing

D.booksbecamemoreamusing

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

第6題:B

第7題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)判斷題。文章第一段提到“...thesedidn’tconstituteabodyofworkthatcouldbeconsideredliteratureforchildren.”后面由because引導(dǎo)的句子解釋原因，當(dāng)時孩子被看作“小大人”，因此書籍本質(zhì)上以說教為主。直到1744年英國人JohnNewbeny才出版了以娛樂為目的的兒童書籍。D選項正確。

2.細節(jié)判斷題。A“NewberryMedal”并不是1744年發(fā)生的改變，排除。C符合文章意義，但是C項是B項的具體措施，目的是為了實現(xiàn)B的改變。所以答案為B。D項在文章沒有提及，排除

3.詞義推測題。此處“bindings”意為裝訂。后文提及書籍主要用于讓孩子享受閱讀，因此必須是很穩(wěn)固的裝訂，可以讓孩子們一讀再讀。B“華麗的”、C“柔軟”以及D“堅硬”明顯與上下文不符。所以B選項‘穩(wěn)固‘正確。

4.語義理解題。文章第二段開頭“...children’sliteraturebegantobloom.",緊接著下文中描述了眾多作家開始開創(chuàng)多種新的兒童文學(xué)體裁，并且廣受好評。因此判斷D選項‘兒童文學(xué)越來越多，越來越受歡迎‘符合文意。

5.細節(jié)判斷題。“AliceinWonderland”作為前文“thefantast”的定語。此處thefantasy意為“n.幻想小說”。所以A選項正確。B“德國民間故事”的作者是格林兄弟，代表作是白雪公主。C和D與文章意思不符。

6.詞義推測題。文章中“...theroughillustrations”后接由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾“theroughillustrations”。由前文可以得知，簡單粗糙的插畫是早期兒童書籍的特色。因此，A“拒絕”、C“低估的”和D“使發(fā)笑的”不符合文意，排除，B選項“描述的”符合題意。

7.語義推理題。文章并沒有提19世紀(jì)兒童書籍的銷量，A選項排除。19世紀(jì)中期，兒童書籍用文字講述故事取代了早期粗糙插畫的形式，與B項內(nèi)容意思相反，B選項排除。18世紀(jì)末，兒童書籍以取悅年輕讀者為主要目的，因此這并不是彩印出現(xiàn)的影響，D選項排除。所以為C選項‘插圖講述了更多的故事，也更吸引人‘正確。

5.單選題

Thecommandersaidtohistroopsthatundernocircumstances（）tostepacrosstheborder.

問題1選項

A.theenemyshouldbeallowed

B.shouldtheenemybeallowed

C.shouldallowtheenemy

D.theenemyshouldallow

【答案】B

【解析】考查倒裝。帶有否定意義的短語，其主謂部分要倒裝，首先向排除選項A和D。不被允許表被動，所以選項B正確。句意：指揮官對他的部隊說，在任何情況下都不允許敵人跨越邊境。

6.單選題

Heseemstobe（

）enoughtoclimbtothemountaintopinanhour.

問題1選項

A.radiant

B.conscientious

C.conspicuous

D.energetic

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。radiant意為“光芒四射的，輻射的”；conscientious意為“認真負責(zé)的”；conspicuous意為“明顯的”；energetic意為“精力充沛的，充滿活力的”。

句意：他似乎精力充沛，能夠在一小時內(nèi)爬上山頂。

7.單選題

Povertyisnot（）inmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsincertainareas,itismorevisiblethere.

問題1選項

A.rare

B.temporary

C.prevalent

D.segmental

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。prevalent普遍的，流行的；segmental部分的，分段的。句意：盡管貧困在大多數(shù)城市并不普遍，或許是由于某些地區(qū)很擁擠，貧困才更為明顯。選項C符合句意。

8.單選題

HostilitytoGypsieshasexistedalmostfromthetimetheyfirstappearedinEuropeinthe14thcentury.TheoriginsoftheGypsies,withlittlewrittenhistory,wereshroudedinmystery.Whatisknownnowfromcluesinthevariousdialectsoftheirlanguage,Romany,isthattheycamefromnorthernIndiatotheMiddleEastathousandyearsago,workingasminstrels（吟游歌手）andmercenaries（雇傭兵）,metal-smithsandservants.EuropeansmisnamedthemEgyptians,soonshortenedtoGypsies.Aclan（部落）system,basedmostlyontheirtraditionalcraftsandgeography,hasmadethemadeeplyfragmentedandfractiouspeople,onlyreallyunifyinginthefaceofenmityfromnon-Gypsies,whomtheycallgadje.TodaymanyGypsyactivistsprefertobecalledRoma,whichcomesfromtheRomanywordfor"man".ButonmytravelsamongthemmoststillreferredtothemselvesasGypsies.

InEuropetheirpersecutionbythegadjebeganquickly,withthechurchseeingheresy（異端）intheirfortune-tellingandthestateseeinganti-socialbehaviorintheirnomadism（流浪）.Atvarioustimestheyhavebeenforbiddentoweartheirdistinctivebrightclothes,tospeaktheirownlanguage,totravel,tomarryoneanother,ortoplytheirtraditionalcrafts.Insomecountriestheywerereducedtoslavery.Itwasn'tuntilthemid-1800sthatGypsyslaveswerefreedinRomania.InmorerecenttimestheGypsieswerecaughtupinNaziethnichysteria,andperhapshalfamillionperishedintheHolocaust（大屠殺）.Theirhorseshavebeenshotandthewheelsremovedfromtheirwagons,theirnameshavebeenchanged,theirwomenhavebeensterilized（消除）,andtheirchildrenhavebeenforciblygivenforadoptiontonon-Gypsyfamilies.

ButtheGypsieshaveconfoundedpredictionsoftheirdisappearanceasadistinctethnicgroupandtheirnumbershaveburgeoned(迅速成長).Todaythereareanestimated8to12millionGypsiesscatteredacrossEurope,makingthemthecontinent’slargestminority.Theexactnumberishardtopindown.Gypsieshaveregularlybeenundercounted,bothbyregimesanxioustodownplay(不予重視)theirprofileandbyGypsiesthemselves,seekingtoavoidbureaucracies.Attemptingtoremedypastinequities,activistgroupsmayovercount.HundredsofthousandsmorehaveemigratedtotheAmericasandelsewhere.WithveryfewexceptionsGypsieshaveexpressednogreatdesireforacountrytocalltheirown—unliketheJews,towhomtheGypsyexperienceisoftencompared.“Romanestan”saidRonaldLee,theCanadianGypsywriter,"iswheremytwofeetstand.”

1.Gypsiesareunitedonlywhenthey（

）.

2.InhistoryhostilitytoGypsiesinEuroperesultedintheirpersecutionbyallthefollowingEXCEPT

（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweentheGypsiesandtheJewsliesintheirconceptsof

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthehistoryoftheGypsies?

問題1選項

A.areengagedintraditionalcrafts

B.callthemselvesRoma

C.liveunderaclansystem

D.faceexternalthreats

問題2選項

A.theEgyptians

B.thestate

C.thechurch

D.theNazis

問題3選項

A.language

B.culture

C.identity

D.custom

問題4選項

A.TheoriginoftheGypsiescanonlybeguessedfromtheirlanguage.

B.EuropeanshadthoughtthattheGypsiesoriginatedfromEgypt.

C.SomepeoplehadthoughtthattheGypsiesmightdisappearasadistinctnationality.

D.TherewasonceacountryoftheGypsiesinnorthernIndia.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的onlyreallyunifyinginthefaceofenmityfromnon-Gypsies（只有在非吉普賽人的威脅面前才能真正團結(jié)起來）可知D選項“面對外部威脅”符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段中的InEuropetheirpersecutionbythegadjebeganquickly,withthechurchseeingheresyintheirfortune-tellingandthestateseeinganti-socialbehaviorintheirnomadism.InmorerecenttimestheGypsieswerecaughtupinNaziethnichysteria,andperhapshalfamillionperishedintheHolocaust.（在歐洲，非吉普賽人對他們的迫害開始得很快，教會認為他們的算命行為是異端邪說，而政府認為他們的游牧生活是反社會行動。在更近的歷史中，吉普賽人被陷入納粹黨歇斯底里的種族迫害中，大約50萬人死于大屠殺）可知吉普賽人受到了教堂、政府以及納粹的迫害，因此選A。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由文章最后一段中的WithveryfewexceptionsGypsieshaveexpressednogreatdesireforacountrytocalltheirown—unlikeJews（除了極少數(shù)例外，吉普賽人并沒有表達出對一個國家的強烈愿望—不像猶太人那樣）可知吉普賽人與猶太人的主要區(qū)別在于對身份的認同，因此選C。

4.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Whatisknownnowfromcluesinthevariousdialectsoftheirlanguage,Romany,isthattheycamefromnorthernIndiatotheMiddleEastathousandyearsago（從他們的語言羅曼語的各種方言中的線索可知，一千年前他們從印度北部來到中東）可知D選項“印度北部曾經(jīng)有一個吉普賽人國家”表示不正確，只能推測吉普賽人從印度北部而來。

9.單選題

Althoughthetwoplayersare

inthetenniscourt,theyarereallygoodfriendsindailylife.

問題1選項

A.partners

B.enemies

C.rivals

D.opponents

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。Partner“合作伙伴”；enemy“敵人”；rival“競爭對手”；opponent“反對者”。句意：雖然他們在網(wǎng)球賽場上是競爭對手，但是他們私底下是好朋友。選項C符合題意。

10.單選題

AclassicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasreportedinFebruaryof1962inanarticleinScientificAmerican.Theexperimentswereconductedbyapsychologist,JohnB.Calhoun,andhisassociates.Ineachoftheseexperiments,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosureandgivenanadequatesupplyoffood,water,andothernecessities.Theratpopulationswereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Heandhisassociatesthencarefullyobservedandrecordedbehaviorintheseoverpopulatedcommunities.Attheendoftheirexperiments,Calhounandhisassociateswereabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratswouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.

Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity:Theyshoweddeviantmaternalbehavior:theydidnotbehaveasmotherratsnormallydo.Infact,manyofthepups,asratbabiesarecalled,diedasaresultofpoormaternalcare.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,and,withouttheirmothers’care,thepupsdieD.Undernormalconditions,amotherratwouldnotleaveherpupsalonetodie.However,theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,motherratsdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsideredpathologicallydiseased.

Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdiD.Thefactthatthedominantmaleshadadequatespaceinwhichtolivemayexplainwhytheywerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyoverpopulationastheotherrats.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmaleshadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowdingintheenclosure.

Non-dominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely;theymovedverylittleandateanddrankattimeswhentheotherratsweresleepinginordertoavoidcontactwiththem.Othernon-dominantmaleswerehyperactive;theyweremuchmoreactivethanisnormal,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thissegmentoftheratpopulation,tikealltheotherparts,wasaffectedbytheoverpopulation.Thebehaviorofthenon-dominantmalesandoftheothercomponentsoftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun’sexperiments.InlargeurbanareassuchasNewYork,London,MexicanCity,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividuals,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Thequantityofotherformsofsocialpathologysuchasmurder,rape,androbberyalsofrequentlyoccurindenselypopulatedhumancommunities.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun'sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.

1.Paragraph1isorganizedaccordingto（）.

2.Calhounstabilizedtheratpopulation（）.

3.WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefromtheinformationinParA.1.

4.Whichofthefollowingbehaviordidn'thappeninthisexperiment?

5.Themainideaoftheparagraphthreeisthat（）.

問題1選項

A.reasons

B.experiments

C.examples

D.definition

問題2選項

A.whenitwasdoublethenumberthatcouldliveintheenclosurewithoutstress

B.byremovingyoungrats

C.ataconstantnumberofadultratsintheenclosure

D.alloftheabovearecorrect

問題3選項

A.Calhoun'sexperimentisstillconsideredimportanttoday.

B.Overpopulationcausespathologicalbehaviorinratpopulations.

C.Stressdoesnotoccurinratcommunitiesunlessthereisovercrowding

D.Calhounhadexperimentedwithratsbefore.

問題4選項

A.Allthemaleratsexhibitedpathologicalbehavior.

B.Motherratsabandonedtheirpups.

C.Femaleratsshoweddeviantmaternalbehavior

D.Motherratslefttheirratbabiesalone.

問題5選項

A.dominantmaleshadadequatelivingspace

B.dominantmaleswerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingastheotherrats

C.dominantmalesattackedweakerrats

D.thestrongestmalesarealwaysabletoadapttobadconditions

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段中“AclassicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasreportedinFebruaryof1962inanarticleinScientificAmerican.”中文翻譯為：1962年2月，一篇發(fā)表在《科學(xué)美國人》雜志上的文章報道了一組經(jīng)典的實驗，以確定過量種群對老鼠群落的影響。結(jié)合后文，可以得知B選項符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵字ratpopulation可以定位到文章第一段中“Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.”中文翻譯為“然后，他通過移除那些不依賴母親的后代來穩(wěn)定人口?！币虼薆為正確答案。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由B項可以定位到文章中“Calhounandhisassociateswereabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindof.socialdisease.”中文翻譯為：卡爾霍恩和他的同事能夠得出結(jié)論，過度擁擠會導(dǎo)致老鼠之間正常的社會關(guān)系破裂，這是一種社會疾病。則排除B選項；由C選項可以定位到文章中“Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratswouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.”中文翻譯為：實驗中的老鼠沒有與生活在不過度擁擠環(huán)境的老鼠一樣遵循同樣的行為模式。則排除C選項；由D項可以定位到文章中“Calhounknewfromexperience...”中文翻譯為：卡爾霍恩從經(jīng)驗中得知……，則排除D選項；可以得知A選項符合題意。

4.細節(jié)事實題。由B項可以定位到文章中“Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups”中文翻譯為：母親們有時會拋棄他們的幼崽……則排除B選項；由C選項可以定位到文章中“Theyshoweddeviantmaternalbehavior”中文翻譯為：他們表現(xiàn)出異常的母性行為。則排除C選項；由D項可以定位到文章中“Undernormalconditions,amotherratwouldnotleaveherpupsalonetodie.”中文翻譯為：在正常情況下，一只老鼠媽媽不會讓她的幼崽獨自死去。則排除D選項；因此A項“所有雄性大鼠均表現(xiàn)出病態(tài)行為”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。根據(jù)B項“主導(dǎo)性的雄性老鼠并不像其他大鼠一樣嚴(yán)重地受到過度擁擠的影響”可以定位到文章第三段第一句“Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.”中文翻譯為：在大鼠種群中，主導(dǎo)性的雄性種群受到的影響最小。故選B。

11.單選題

Oneofthemajorpleasures（1）lifeisappetite,andoneofourmajordutiesshouldbeto（2）it.Appetiteisthe（3）ofliving:itisoneofthe（4）thattellsyouthatyouarestillcurioustoexist,thatyoustillhaveanedgeonyourlongingsandwanttobiteintotheworldandtasteitsmultitudinous（5）andjuices.（6）appetite,ofcourse,Idon’tmeanjustthedesireforfood,butanyconditionof（7）desire,anyburninginthebloodthatprovesyouwantmorethanyou’vegot,andthatyouhaven’tyet（8）yourlife.Wildesaidhefeltsorryforthosewhonevergottheirheart’sdesire,butsorrier（9）forthosewhodid.Igotmineonceonly,anditnearlykilledme,andI’vealwayspreferredwanting（10）since.

Forappetite,forme,isthisstateofwanting,whichkeepsone’s（11）alive.Irememberlearningthislessonlongagoasachild,whentreatsandorgieswere（12）,andwhenIdiscoveredthatthe（13）pitchofhappinesswasnot