考研考博-英語-華東理工大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-華東理工大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

BACKin1922,ThomasEdisonpredictedthat“themotionpictureisdestinedtorevolutionizeoureducationalsystemand...inafewyearsitwillsupplantlargely,ifnotentirely,theuseoftextbooks.”Well,weallmakemistakes.ButatleastEdisondidnotsquandervastquantitiesofpublicmoneyoninstallingcinemascreensinschoolsaroundthecountry.

Withcomputers,thestoryhasbeendifferent.Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools,convincedthattheirpresencewouldimprovethepaceandefficiencyoflearning.Largenumbersofstudies,somemoreacademicallyrespectablethanothers,havepurportedtoshowthatcomputershelpchildrentolearn.Now,however,astudythatcomparesclasseswithcomputersagainstsimilarclasseswithoutthemcastsdoubtonthatview.

InthecurrentEconomicJournal,JoshuaAngristoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandVictorLavyoftheHebrewUniversityofJerusalemlookataschemewhichputcomputersintomanyofIsrael'sprimaryandmiddleschoolsinthemid-1990s.Dr.AngristandDr.LavycomparethetestscoresformathsandHebrewachievedbychildreninthefourthandeighthgrades(i.e.,agedaboutnineand13)inschoolswithandwithoutcomputers.Theyalsoaskedtheclasses'teachershowtheyusedvariousteachingmaterials,suchasXeroxedworksheetsand,ofcourse,computerprograms.TheresearchersfoundthattheIsraelischemehadmuchlesseffectonteachingmethodsinmiddleschoolsthaninelementaryschools.Italsofoundnoevidencethattheuseofcomputersimprovedchildren’stestscores.Infact,itfoundthereverse.Inthecaseofthemathscoresoffourth-graders,therewasaconsistentlynegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores.Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe.First,theintroductionofcomputersintoclassroomsmighthavegobbledupcashthatwouldotherwisehavepaidforotheraspectsofeducation.Butthatisunlikelyinthiscasesincethemoneyfortheprogrammercamefromthenationallottery,andthestudyfoundnosignificantchangeinteachingresources,methodsortraininginschoolsthatacquiredcomputersthroughthescheme.

Asecondpossibilityisthatthetransitiontousingcomputersininstructiontakestimetohaveaneffect.Maybe,saytheauthors,buttheschoolssurveyedhadbeenusingthescheme’scomputersforafullschoolyear.Thatwasenoughforthenewcomputerstohavehadalarge(andapparentlymalign)influenceonfourth-grademathsscores.Thethirdexplanationisthesimplest:thattheuseofcomputersinteachingisnobetter(andperhapsworse)thanotherteachingmethods.

ThebottomlinesaysDrAngrist,isthat"thecostsareclear-cutandthebenefitsaremurky.”Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Dr.AngristandDr.Lavyhavedonethefollowingexcept（）.

3.AccordingtoDr.AngristandDr.Lavy,intheIsraelischeme,studentsdidn’tmakeimprovementintheirtestscoresbecause（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsgovernments'packingcomputersinschoolsseemstobe（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.motionpicturehasrevolutionizededucationsystem

B.Edison'spredictionhasbeenprovedwrong

C.Edisonencouragedschoolstoinstallcinemascreens

D.schoolsarecautiousaboutEdison’sidea

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.comparingthetestscoresofstudentsindifferentagegroups

B.interviewingteachersabouttheirteachingmethods

C.launchingthecomputerprograminmanyIsraelischools

D.explainingstudents’schoolperformance

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.otheraspectsofeducationwereaffectedduetocashshortage

B.itwasnotlongenoughfortheprogramtotakeeffect

C.therewasanegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores

D.theuseofcomputerwasnobetterthanotherteachingmethods

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.therehasn’tbeenaproperstudyonthisissueyet

B.schoolauthoritiesshouldprovideprooftosupportthecomputerprogram

C.installingcomputersinschoolscoststoomuch,buthaslittleornoeffect

D.chalkandtalkworkbetterthancomputerinteaching

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.biased

B.indifferent

C.disapproving

D.puzzling

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問：我們可以從第一段中得知什么？針對愛迪生的言論，后文提到“we

allmakemistakes（當(dāng)然，人都會犯錯）”，由此可判斷作者通過這樣的表述暗指愛迪生的言論錯誤。因此B項(xiàng)“愛迪生的預(yù)言被證明是錯誤的”表述正確，而其余三項(xiàng)均不能由原文第一段得出，故本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

第2題:2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問Dr.Angrist和Dr.Lavy沒有做下列哪件事？根據(jù)原文第三段可知，這兩位研究人員“comparethetestscoresfor...（對比了學(xué)生的考試成績）和Theyalsoaskedtheclasses'teachershow...（詢問教師如何使用各種教學(xué)材料）”，由此可判斷A選項(xiàng)與B選項(xiàng)表述正確。再由原文第四段“Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe”可知，他們還提供了可能的解釋。因此，A、B和D項(xiàng)都是這兩位研究員所做的事情，而由原文第二段第二句“Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools”可知，C項(xiàng)launchthecomputerprogram是由以色列政府所為，并非這兩位科學(xué)家，因此本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問：根據(jù)以色列計(jì)劃中Dr.Angrist和Dr.Lavy的表述，學(xué)生分?jǐn)?shù)在測試中沒有進(jìn)步的原因是什么？根據(jù)題干可定位到原文第四段和第五段，分析這兩段內(nèi)容可知，兩位研究人員提出了電腦沒有提高學(xué)生成績的三種最可能的解釋。而在描述前兩種解釋時，都舉出了不成立的理由，因此可判斷A選項(xiàng)和B選項(xiàng)錯誤，C選項(xiàng)“使用電腦與考試成績之間一直存在著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系”只是一種現(xiàn)象，不是學(xué)生沒有進(jìn)步的原因。作者在闡述第三種解釋時并未指出其不合理，說明這種解釋有一定的可靠性。這種解釋認(rèn)為：學(xué)生成績沒有進(jìn)步可能是因?yàn)樵诮虒W(xué)中使用電腦并不比其他教學(xué)方法更好（也許還更糟）”。由此可判斷D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。題干詢問：由文章最后一段可以推斷出什么？作者指出“Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.”，所以要說明使用電腦有助于課堂教學(xué)這一說法得需要課堂電腦的推廣者來證明。而根據(jù)“Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.”可知，要證明他們的觀點(diǎn)，唯一可靠的方法當(dāng)然是進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)適當(dāng)?shù)难芯浚押⒆与S機(jī)分配給使用電腦的老師和使用其他方法的老師。因此，作者對以前的研究方法提出了質(zhì)疑，A選項(xiàng)“在這個問題上還沒有一個適當(dāng)?shù)难芯俊北硎稣_。B選項(xiàng)表示“學(xué)校當(dāng)局應(yīng)該提供證據(jù)來支持電腦程序”，C選項(xiàng)表示“在學(xué)校里安裝電腦花費(fèi)太多，但收效甚微”，D選項(xiàng)表示“在教學(xué)中，粉筆和談話比電腦更有效”，均不可由最后一段內(nèi)容得出。故本題正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。

第5題:5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干詢問：作者對政府在學(xué)校安裝電腦似乎是什么樣的態(tài)度？在四個選項(xiàng)中，A選項(xiàng)biased表示“片面的；有偏見的”；B選項(xiàng)indifferent表示“冷淡的；漠不關(guān)心的”；C選項(xiàng)disapproving表示“反對的；不贊成的”；D選項(xiàng)puzzling表示“費(fèi)解的；令人困惑的”。前文作者講到至少愛迪生沒有浪費(fèi)公共資金，暗示了在學(xué)校安裝電腦取代教科書的使用是浪費(fèi)公共資金。文章最后一段作者引用研究人員的觀點(diǎn)，說明在學(xué)校安裝電腦成本明確但收效甚微，并提出應(yīng)該采用適當(dāng)?shù)难芯糠椒▉韺Ρ日嬲贸鍪欠裼斜匾趯W(xué)校安裝電腦來取代課本。因此，作者對在學(xué)校安裝電腦這件事更偏向于持有否定的態(tài)度，故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

2.單選題

MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemcaptivatedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequently,nothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious.Accordingly,itrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixing(thedeterminationofpricesbytheseller)asboth“normal”andhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Hence,acomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree--marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantpricecutting,becausepricecuttingwouldbeprejudicialtocommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot.

Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixing,thecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave.

Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.Intheearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitedStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;rather,Sovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices.

50.Theauthor’sattitudetoward“Mosteconomists”intheUnitedStates(para1)canbestbedescribedas____.

51.Itcanbeinferredfromtheauthor’sargumentthatapricefixedbytheseller“seemspernicious”(para1)because____.

52.Thesuggestioninthetextthatpricefixinginindustrializedsocietiesisnormalarisesfromtheauthor’sstatementthatprice-fixingis____.

53.Accordingtotheauthor,pricefixinginnon-socialistcountriesisoften____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.spitefulandenvious

B.scornfulanddenunciatory

C.criticalandcondescending

D.ambivalentbutdeferential

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.peopledonothaveconfidenceinlargefirms

B.peopledonotexpectthegovernmenttoregulateprices

C.mosteconomistsbelievethatconsumersasagroupshoulddetermineprices

D.mosteconomistsassociatefixedpriceswithcommunistandsocialisteconomies

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.aprofitableresultofeconomicdevelopment

B.aninevitableresultoftheindustrialsystem

C.theresultofanumberofcarefullyorganizeddecisions

D.aphenomenoncommontoindustrializedandnon-industrializedsocieties

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.accidentalbutproductive

B.illegalbutuseful

C.legalandinnovative

D.intentionalandwidespread

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】50.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。定位到文章第一段最后一句Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot（大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家并不知道價格操縱會在何時發(fā)生，因?yàn)樗麄兤谕麅r格操縱由大公司之間的一系列明確協(xié)議帶來；事實(shí)并非如此）和第二段第一句Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates（此外，那些認(rèn)為允許自由市場不受干擾地運(yùn)行是建立價格的最有效方法的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家沒有考慮美國以外的非社會主義國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)），可以看出作者對大部分經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的態(tài)度是批判的，所以C項(xiàng)“批判”符合。A項(xiàng)“怨恨和嫉妒”，B項(xiàng)“蔑視和譴責(zé)”和D項(xiàng)“矛盾但恭敬”，均未在文中體現(xiàn)。

51.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干：從作者的論點(diǎn)可以推斷，賣方定價“似乎有害”，因?yàn)椤６ㄎ坏轿恼碌谝欢蔚诙銩pricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious（就此而言，由賣方?jīng)Q定的價格，或由消費(fèi)者群體以外的任何人確定的價格，似乎是有害的），所以C項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，消費(fèi)者作為一個群體應(yīng)該決定價格”符合這句話所表達(dá)的意思。而A項(xiàng)“人們對大公司沒有信心”，B項(xiàng)“人們不指望政府調(diào)控物價”，D項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家把固定價格與共產(chǎn)主義和社會主義經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系起來”均屬于無中生有。

52.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干：本文認(rèn)為，工業(yè)社會的價格管制是正常的，這是因?yàn)樽髡哒J(rèn)為價格管制是……？定位到文章第一段第四句Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.（事實(shí)上，在所有工業(yè)化社會中，定價都是正常的，因?yàn)楣I(yè)體系本身提供了它所需要的定價，這是它自身發(fā)展的一個不費(fèi)吹灰之力的結(jié)果），可知B項(xiàng)“工業(yè)系統(tǒng)的必然結(jié)果”符合文意，當(dāng)選。A項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的有益結(jié)果”，C項(xiàng)“一系列精心組織的決定的結(jié)果”，D項(xiàng)“工業(yè)化和非工業(yè)化社會的共同現(xiàn)象”，均在文中未提及。

53.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。從第二段第二句和第三句Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace（這些經(jīng)濟(jì)體通常以公開的方式有意操縱價格?？ㄌ貭柕恼蕉▋r和涵蓋行業(yè)成員的協(xié)議的非正式定價是司空見慣的），特別是里面的關(guān)鍵詞intentional和commonplace，可知D項(xiàng)“有意和普遍的”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“偶然但富有成效”，B項(xiàng)“非法但有用”，C項(xiàng)“合法且創(chuàng)新”，都不符合文意，排除。

3.單選題

Manypeoplewerehomelessinthe（）oftheearthquake.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.aftermath

B.premonition

C.omen

D.presentiment

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)aftermath“后果；余波”；B選項(xiàng)premonition“預(yù)感”；C選項(xiàng)omen“預(yù)兆，征兆”；D選項(xiàng)presentiment“預(yù)感”。句意：地震的后果就是許多人無家可歸。因此A項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

Whenyourparentsadviseyouto“getaneducation”inordertoraiseyourincome,theytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.

Getahighschooldiploma,atleast.Withoutthat,youwillbeoccupationallydeadunlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.

Getacollegedegree,ifpossible.WithaB.A,youareonthelaunchingpad.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegree,makesureitisanM.B.A.andisfamouslawofdiminishingreturnsbeginstotakeeffect.

Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?Yes,theaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas$24,000,whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoearnjust$23,030.

APh.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucanget.Exceptforafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistrywherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposes,ifyoupursuesuchadegreeinanyotherfield,youwillfaceadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythaninanyotherpartoftheworld.

IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguagesorworstofallinphilosophy,youruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneeds,mindyou,butforourdemands.

ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoes,drivingcars,waitingontables,andendlesslyfillingoutapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Theymayalsotakeajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegethatpaysmuchlessthanthedoorkeeperearns.

Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeducationonlysofar.Farenough,thatis,tomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproduct,butnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.

1.Accordingtothewriter,whatthesocietyexpectsofeducationistoturnoutpeoplewho（）.

2.ManyPh.Dsareoutofajobbecause（）.

3.Thenationisonlyinterestedinpeople（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNottrue?

5.Thewriterseeseducationas（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.willnotbeadisgracetosociety

B.willbecomeloyalcitizens

C.cantakecareofthemselves

D.canmeetthenation'sdemandsasasourceofmanpower

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theyareimproperlyeducated

B.theyareoflittlecommercialvaluetotheirsociety

C.therearefewerjobsinhighschools

D.theyprefereasierjobsthatmakemoremoney

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.withdiplomas

B.whospecializeinphysicsandchemistry

C.whoarevaluabletothegrossnationalproduct

D.bothAandC

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.BernardShawdidn’tfinishhighschool,nordidEdison.

B.Onemustthinkcarefullybeforepursuingamasterdegree.

C.Thehigheryoureducationlevel,themoremoneyyou'llearn.

D.Ifyouaretoowell-educated,you'llbeover-educatedforsociety'sdemands.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ameansofprovidingjobsecurityandfinancialsecurityandameansofmeetingacountry’sdemandsfortechnicalworkers

B.awaytobroadenoneshorizons

C.moreimportantthanfindingajob

D.anopportunitythateveryoneshouldhave

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.他們真正的意思是獲得足夠的教育來為社會提供人力資源，而不是證明你在社會中的尷尬?！币簿褪钦f，社會希望教育能夠轉(zhuǎn)向培養(yǎng)出作為人力資源來滿足國家需要的人才。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)原文最后一段的內(nèi)容“你只能到目前為止把收入水平與教育水平等同起來。也就是說，要讓你對國民生產(chǎn)總值有用，但又不能讓任何人從你身上賺取太多利潤?！庇纱丝芍?，很多博士生失業(yè)，正是因?yàn)閷ι鐣]有什么商業(yè)價值，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。本題的答案定位也是在原文最后一個自然段。根據(jù)上一題可知，國家只對那些國民生產(chǎn)總值有價值的人感興趣。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?比如說，你知道嗎?長途卡車司機(jī)的年收入比全職教授要高?！庇纱丝芍?，并不是教育水平越高，賺的錢就越多。所以選項(xiàng)C不正確。

5.判斷推理題。原文第一自然段提及“當(dāng)你的父母建議你‘接受教育’以提高你的收入時，他們只告訴了你一半的真相。他們真正的意思是獲得足夠的教育來為社會提供人力資源，而不是證明你在社會中的尷尬?！币簿褪钦f，作者認(rèn)為教育不僅僅是一種提供工作保障和財(cái)政保障的手段，也是一種滿足國家對技術(shù)工人需求的手段，所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

5.問答題

FishingandRights

Acidification,warming,thedestructionofcoralreefs:thebiggestproblemsfacingtheseaareasvast,deepandseeminglyintractableastheoceansthemselves.Solongastheworldfailstocutitsemissionsofgreenhousegases,causeoftheglobalwarmingbehindthesetroubles,theywillgrow.Bycomparison,overfishing,anothergreatcause,shouldbeeasiertoputright,especiallyinthecoastalwaterswheremostfishingoccurs.Andyetitgoeson,yearafteryear.

Fishermenhaveeveryreasontodosomething.Manyfisheriesarehurtlingtowardscollapse;stocksoflargefishhavebeenreducedbyupto90%.Whenstocksareoverfished,theyyieldasmallercatch.Thecostofmismanagement,inlosteconomicoutput,ishuge:some$50billionayear,accordingtotheWorldBank.

Onereasonwhythepillagecontinuesisthatknowledgeoffishstocksispoor,especiallyindevelopingcountries.Anewstatisticalattemptatestimatingtheremainingshoals,fromUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,isthereforewelcome—evenifthatisnottrueofitsfindingsthatstocksareevenmoreravagedthanpreviouslythought.Thestudyfoundthatbetterunderstoodfisheriesarelikeliertobehealthy.Anotherreasonforoverfishingisnewtechnology(developed,aptlyenough,for

battlefields),whichmakesshoalseasiertodetect.Aslargeboatsandrefrigerationhavespread,fishingfleetshavecoveredgreaterdistancesandhovereduplargercatches.Becausetechnologyletsfishermenfishwithlesseffort,itdisguisesjusthowfastthestocksaredepleting.

Fishermengenerallyunderstandtherisksofoverfishing.Yetstilltheyfloutquotas,wheretheyexist.Thatisoftenbecausetheytakeashort-termviewoftheasset—theywouldrathercashinnowandinvestthemoneyinsomethingelse.Anditisinvariablycompoundedbyacommons-despoilingfeeingthatiftheydon'tplunder,otherswill.

Inmostfisheries,thefishermenwouldmakemoremoneybyhusbandingtheirresource,anditshouldbepossibletoincentivizethemtodoso.Thebestwayistogivethemadefined,long-termrighttoashareofthefish.Inregulatedindustrialfisheries,asinIceland,NewZealandandAmerica,thishastakentheformofatradable,individualshareofafishingquota.Developingcountries,wherelawenforcementisweak,seemtodobetterwhenagrouprightoveranexpanseofwaterisgiventoacooperativeorvillagefleet.Theprincipleisthesame:fishermenwhofeellikeownersaremorelikelytobehaveasresponsiblestewards.Thenewstatisticalstudyconfirmsthatrights-basedfisheriesaregenerallyhealthier.

Yetonlyafewhundredoftheocean'sthousandsoffisheriesarerunthisway,mainlybecausesuchschemesarehardtogetright.Limitingaccesstoacommonresourcecreateslosers,andthereforediscord.Culturaldifferencesaffectsuccessrates;noteveryoneisaslaw-abidingasIcelanders.Almosteverywhereittakestimetoconvincefishermen,thelasthunter-gatherers,tochangetheirhabits.But,barnacledbycaveatsthoughitmaybe,therights-basedapproachisthebestavailable.

Inrichcountries,satelliteimagerywillincreasinglyhelp,bymakingmonitoringcheaperandbetter.Inmanypoorones,devolutionismakingiteasiertoformlocalorganizations.Anotherpromisingideaistoincorporaterights-basedfisherieswithno-catchzones.Thesesafeguardbreeding-stocksandareeasiertomonitorthanindividualcatches.Wherestocksarerecovering,asaresultofthesereforms,fishermenarelikeliertoseescientificallydeterminedquotasasintheirself-interest.Intheend,thatmaybetheonlyhope.

【答案】Inthisessay"FishingandRights",theauthorthinksthatglobalwarmingcausesacidification,warming,andthedestructionofcoralreefs.However,overfishingisanothergreatcause,andshouldbeeasiertoputright.Theoverfishingoffishermenhasleadedthestocksoflargefishtoreducelargely.

Themainreasonwhythepillagecontinuesisthatknowledgeoffishstocksispoor,especiallyindevelopingcountries.Fishermengenerallyunderstandtherisksofoverfishing,theyfloutquotas.Moreover,thefishermeninmostfisherieswouldmakemoremoneybyhusbandingtheirresource.Onlyafewhundredoftheocean'sthousandsoffisheriesarerunthisway,andbarnacledbycaveatsthoughitmaybe,therights-basedapproachisthebestavailable.Interestingly,theincorporationoftherights-basedfisherieswithno-catchzonesmaybetheonlyhope.

6.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethanonehundredregionsofvolcanicactivityknownashotspots(hotspot:aplaceintheuppermantleoftheearthatwhichhotmagmafromthelowermantleupwellstomeltthroughthecrustusuallyintheinteriorofatectonicplatetoformavolcanicfeature;alsoaplaceinthecrustoverlyingahotspot).Unlikemostvolcanoes,hotspotsarerarelyfoundalongtheboundariesofthecontinentalandoceanicplatesthatcomprisetheEarth’scrust;mosthotspotsliedeepintheinteriorofplatesandareanchoreddeepinthelayersoftheEarth’ssurface.Hotspotsarealsodistinguishedfromothervolcanoesbytheirlavas,whichcontaingreateramountsofalkalimetalsthandothosefromvolcanoesatplatemargins.

Insomecases,platesmovingpasthotspotshavelefttrailsofextinctvolcanoesinmuchthesamewaythatwindpassingoverachimneycarriesoffpuffsofsmoke.ItappearsthattheHawaiianIslandswerecreatedinsuchamannerbyasinglesourceoflava,wellingupfromahotspot,overwhichthePacificOceanplatepassedonacourseroughlyfromtheeasttowardthenorthwest,carryingoffalineofvolcanoesofincreasingage.TwootherPacificislandchains—theAustralRidgeandtheTuamotuRidge—paralleltheconfigurationoftheHawaiianchain;theyarealsoalignedfromtheeasttowardthenorthwest,withthemostrecentvolcanicactivityneartheireasternterminuses.

ThatthePacificplateandtheotherplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute;therelativemotionoftheplateshasbeenreconstructedindetail.HowevertherelativemotionoftheplateswithrespecttotheEarth’sinteriorcannotbedeterminedeasily.Hotspotsprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsforresolvingthequestionofwhethertwocontinentalplatesaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheroneisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Themostcompellingevidencethatacontinentalplateisstationaryisthat,atsomehotspots,lavasofseveralagesaresuperposedinsteadofbeingspreadoutinchronologicalsequence.Ofcourse,reconstructionofplatemotionfromthetracksofhot-spotvolcanoesassumesthathotspotsareimmobile,ornearlyso.Severalstudiessupportsuchanassumption,includingonethathasshownthatprominenthotspotsthroughouttheworldseemnottohavemovedduringthepasttenmillionyears.

Beyondactingasframesofreference,hotspotsapparentlyinfluencethegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspot,materialwellingupfromdeeperlayersformsabroaddomethat,asitgrows,developsdeepfissures.Insomeinstances,thecontinentalplatemayruptureentirelyalongsomeofthefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thus,justasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentalplates,sohot-spotactivitymaysuggestatheorytoexplaintheirmutability.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,hotspotsdifferfrommostvolcanoesinthathotspots________.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatevidencefortheapparentcourseofthePacificplatehasbeenprovidedbythe________.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthespreadingoutoflavasofdifferentagesathotspotsindicatesthata________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.explainhowtoestimatetheageoflavaflowsfromextinctvolcanoes

B.describethewayinwhichhotspotsinfluencetheextinctionofvolcanoes

C.describehotspotsandexplainhowtheyappeartoinfluenceandrecordthemotionofplates

D.describeandexplaintheformationoftheoceansandcontinents

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.aresituatedclosertotheearth’ssurface

B.havegreateramountsofalkalimetalsintheirlavas

C.canbefoundalongtheedgesoftheplates

D.areactivewhereasallothervolcanoesareextinct

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.concurrentmovementoftwohotspots

B.configurationsofseveralmid-oceanislandchains

C.patternoffissuresintheoceanfloor

D.dimensionsofoceanhotspots

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.continentalruptureisimminent

B.hotspotisactive

C.hotspothadbeenmovingveryrapidly

D.continentalplatehasmoved

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。A選項(xiàng)“解釋如何估計(jì)死火山熔巖流的年齡”；B選項(xiàng)“描述熱點(diǎn)影響火山滅絕的方式”；C選項(xiàng)“描述熱點(diǎn)并解釋它們是如何影響和記錄板塊運(yùn)動的”；D選項(xiàng)“描述并解釋海洋和大陸的形成”。根據(jù)題干，定位到文章第一段第一句Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethanonehundredregionsofvolcanicactivityknownashotspots（地球上散布著100多個被稱為熱點(diǎn)的火山活動區(qū)域）；第二段第一句Insomecases,platesmovingpasthotspotshavelefttrailsofextinctvolcanoes…（在某些情況下，板塊經(jīng)過熱點(diǎn)時留下了死火山的痕跡……）；第三段第三句Hotspotsprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsforresolvingthequestionof…（熱點(diǎn)為解決熱點(diǎn)問題提供了測量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)……）；第四段第一句Beyondactingasframesofreference,hotspotsapparentlyinfluencethegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.（除了作為參考的框架，熱點(diǎn)顯然還影響著推動板塊在全球范圍內(nèi)運(yùn)動的地球物理過程。）從這四句可以看出，整篇文章講述了熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)以及它在追溯板塊運(yùn)動方面所起的作用，因此答案選C；A選項(xiàng)只是提及沒有展開細(xì)講，B選項(xiàng)錯誤，熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)不能影響火山的滅絕；D選項(xiàng)與文章無關(guān)。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干：根據(jù)這篇文章，熱點(diǎn)不同于大多數(shù)火山在于熱點(diǎn)……。A選項(xiàng)“都位于更接近地球表面的地方”；B選項(xiàng)“熔巖中含有更多的堿金屬”；C選項(xiàng)“能在板塊的邊緣找到”；D選項(xiàng)“是活火山，而其他的火山都是死火山”。最后一段倒數(shù)一二句話Unlikemostvolcanoes,hotspotsarerarelyfoundalongtheboundariesofthecontinentalandoceanicplatesthatcomprisetheEarth’scrust;mosthotspotsliedeepintheinteriorofplatesandareanchoreddeepinthelayersoftheEarth’ssurface.Hotspotsarealsodistinguishedfromothervolcanoesbytheirlavas,whichcontaingreateramountsofalkalimetalsthandothosefromvolcanoesatplatemargins.（與大多數(shù)火山不同，熱點(diǎn)很少沿著組成地殼的大陸和海洋板塊的邊界出現(xiàn)；大多數(shù)熱點(diǎn)位于板塊內(nèi)部深處，并錨定在地球表面的深層。熱點(diǎn)與其他火山的區(qū)別還在于它們的熔巖，它們比板塊邊緣的火山含有更多的堿金屬。）由此可知答案選B。其他選項(xiàng)文中沒有提及是否為熱點(diǎn)和其他種類的火山的不同。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)理解題