考研考博-英語(yǔ)-北京建筑大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-北京建筑大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologistMarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists’suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditionedmicetoavoidsaccharinbysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.

1.Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity____.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto____.

3.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder’sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat____.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’sexperimentwasthat____.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itaffectedtheirimmunesystems

C.itledtostomachpains

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin

B.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginjections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity____.勞登斯拉格的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，那些能切斷電源的老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)____。

A.wasstrengthenedA.得到了加強(qiáng)

B.wasnotaffectedB.沒(méi)有受到影響

C.wasalteredC.發(fā)生了改變

D.wasweakenedD.被削弱了

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到第一段倒數(shù)第二句“勞登斯拉格發(fā)現(xiàn)，無(wú)助的老鼠的免疫反應(yīng)低于正常水平，而那些可以切斷電源的老鼠則沒(méi)有?！币虼诉xB。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、C、D選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto____.根據(jù)文章，無(wú)助的經(jīng)歷導(dǎo)致老鼠____。

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuliA.試圖控制不愉快的刺激

B.turnofftheelectricityB.關(guān)掉電源

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituationsC.在可控的情況下被動(dòng)地行動(dòng)

D.becomeabnormallysuspiciousD.變得異常多疑

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到第二段“如果這些動(dòng)物面對(duì)它們無(wú)法控制的情況，它們?cè)诿鎸?duì)它們可以控制的經(jīng)歷時(shí)，會(huì)表現(xiàn)得被動(dòng)。（theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol）”因此選C。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“試圖控制不愉快的刺激”，文中提到“杜克大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的心理學(xué)家杰伊?韋斯已經(jīng)證明，能夠控制不愉快刺激的動(dòng)物不會(huì)出現(xiàn)睡眠障礙，也不會(huì)出現(xiàn)典型的應(yīng)激大鼠大腦化學(xué)變化。但是，如果動(dòng)物面對(duì)他們無(wú)法控制的情況，它們以后在面對(duì)它們可以控制的經(jīng)歷時(shí)會(huì)表現(xiàn)被動(dòng)?！庇纱丝芍?，一旦動(dòng)物遇到過(guò)它們控制不了的事情和局面，以后即使面對(duì)它們能夠控制的事情，它們依然會(huì)很被動(dòng)。該選項(xiàng)與原文意思相反，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“關(guān)掉電源”，文中第一段提到“無(wú)助的老鼠的免疫反應(yīng)低于正常水平，而那些可以切斷電源的老鼠則沒(méi)有。他認(rèn)為，他所證明的是，缺乏對(duì)事件的控制是削弱免疫系統(tǒng)的原因，而不是經(jīng)歷本身?！庇纱丝芍P(guān)掉電源這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明的是無(wú)助的老鼠的免疫反應(yīng)低于正常水平，并沒(méi)有說(shuō)無(wú)助的經(jīng)歷會(huì)讓老鼠關(guān)掉電源，該選項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推斷；

D選項(xiàng)“變得異常多疑”，文中沒(méi)提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。

3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

ThereasonwhythemiceinAder’sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat____.在阿德的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，老鼠不吃糖精的原因是____。

A.theydislikeditstasteA.它們不喜歡糖精的味道

B.itaffectedtheirimmunesystemsB.它會(huì)影響它們的免疫系統(tǒng)

C.itledtostomachpainsC.它會(huì)導(dǎo)致胃痛

D.theyassociateditwithstomachachesD.它們把糖精與胃痛聯(lián)系在一起

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到最后一段“通過(guò)同時(shí)給老鼠喂食甜味劑，并給它們注射一種藥物，這種藥物會(huì)抑制老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們胃部不適。老鼠將糖精與胃痛聯(lián)系起來(lái)（Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains），很快就學(xué)會(huì)了避開這種甜味劑?！庇纱丝赏茢?，因?yàn)榘⒌略谖估鲜筇蔷珪r(shí)，給它們注射了導(dǎo)致腸胃不適的藥物，因此老鼠把二者聯(lián)系起來(lái)，回避糖精。因此選D。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“它們不喜歡糖精的味道”，由推斷可知老鼠把糖精和腸胃不適聯(lián)系在一起，因此對(duì)糖精感到厭惡，該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置；

B選項(xiàng)“它會(huì)影響它們的免疫系統(tǒng)”，文中提到“通過(guò)同時(shí)給老鼠喂食甜味劑，并給它們注射一種藥物，這種藥物會(huì)抑制老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們胃部不適?！庇纱丝芍?，是這種藥物會(huì)影響老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)而不是糖精，該選項(xiàng)屬于張冠李戴；

C選項(xiàng)“它會(huì)導(dǎo)致胃痛”，文中提到“通過(guò)同時(shí)給老鼠喂食甜味劑，并給它們注射一種藥物，這種藥物會(huì)抑制老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們胃部不適?！庇纱丝芍沁@種藥物導(dǎo)致胃痛而不是糖精本身，該選項(xiàng)屬于張冠李戴。

4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’sexperimentwasthat____.這篇文章告訴我們，在阿德的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，老鼠死亡的最有可能的原因是____。

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharinA.它們的心理已經(jīng)被糖精削弱了

B.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemB.這種甜味劑對(duì)他們是有毒的

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemindC.它們的免疫系統(tǒng)被思想改變了

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioningD.它們?cè)谠缙诘臈l件反射中攝入了太多的甜味劑

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到文章最后一段“他只能推測(cè)，他已經(jīng)成功地使老鼠適應(yīng)環(huán)境，僅用糖精就足以削弱它們的免疫系統(tǒng)，殺死它們。”在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，老鼠已經(jīng)將胃痛與糖精聯(lián)系起來(lái)，因此再次接觸糖精時(shí)，老鼠的心理變化破壞了它們的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們死亡。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“它們的心理已經(jīng)被糖精削弱了”，文中推斷可知老鼠的心理確實(shí)被糖精削弱，但是它們死亡的根本原因是免疫系統(tǒng)的變化，該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置；

B選項(xiàng)“這種甜味劑對(duì)他們是有毒的”，文中提到“通過(guò)同時(shí)給老鼠喂食甜味劑，并給它們注射一種藥物，這種藥物會(huì)抑制老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們胃部不適。使它們能夠避免糖精”可知糖精本身是無(wú)毒的，是這種注射的藥物會(huì)使它們腸胃不適，該選項(xiàng)屬于張冠李戴；

D選項(xiàng)“它們?cè)谠缙诘臈l件反射中攝入了太多的甜味劑”，是因?yàn)樵缙诘臈l件反射導(dǎo)致它們的免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)生變化，導(dǎo)致死亡，該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置。

5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals____.從文章中可以得出結(jié)論，動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)____。

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioningA.可以被條件作用削弱

B.canbesuppressedbydruginjectionsB.可以被藥物注射抑制

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharinC.可能會(huì)受到頻繁劑量的糖精的影響

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocksD.可以被電擊改變

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】文章用老鼠與糖精的例子，老鼠對(duì)糖精形成條件反射，從而導(dǎo)致免疫系統(tǒng)被削弱。由此可推斷，動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)可以被條件作用削弱。因此選A。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“可以被藥物注射抑制”，文中提到對(duì)老鼠進(jìn)行藥物注射，但這只是其中的一個(gè)條件，并不能推出動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)只會(huì)被藥物抑制，該選項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全；

C選項(xiàng)“可能會(huì)受到頻繁劑量的糖精的影響”，文中用糖精做例子，但這只是其中的一個(gè)條件，該選項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全；

D選項(xiàng)“可以被電擊改變”，文中雖然提到對(duì)老鼠進(jìn)行電擊，但是并不能由此推出動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)被改變，該選項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推斷。

2.單選題

（）therewasnotasoularoundexceptsomecarspassingoccasionally.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Overnight

B.Atdusk

C.Inthedeadofnight

D.Fortnight

【答案】C

【解析】詞組短語(yǔ)辨析。overnight“過(guò)夜”；atdusk“傍晚；黃昏時(shí)刻”；inthedeadofnight“夜深人靜之時(shí)”；fortnight“兩星期”。句意：夜深人靜時(shí)，除了有幾輛車偶爾經(jīng)過(guò)外，沒(méi)有幾個(gè)行人。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.單選題

Humanmemoryisnotoriouslyunreliable.Evenpeoplewiththesharpestfacial-recognitionskillscanonlyremembersomuch.

It’stoughtoquantifyhowgoodapersonisatremembering.Noonereallyknowshowmanydifferentfacessomeonecanrecall,forexample,butvariousestimatestendtohoverinthethousands—basedonthenumberofacquaintancesapersonmighthave.

Machinesaren’tlimitedthisway.Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision.Thisskilliswhatsupportstheenormouspromiseoffacial-recognitionsoftwareinthe21stcentury.It’salsowhatmakescontemporarysurveillancesystemssoscary.

Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition.Andscientistsareonlyjustbeginningtounderstandwhatthoseconstraintsare.Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace—andtestedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithms(算法)astheyscaledupincomplexity.Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch.

Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacrosstheboard.Algorithmsthatwereright95%ofthetimewhentheyweredealingwitha13,000-imagedatabase,forexample,wereaccurateabout70%ofthetimewhenconfrontedwith1millionimages.That’sstillprettygood,saysoneoftheresearchers,IraKemelmacher-Shlizerman.“Muchbetterthanweexpected,”shesaid.

Machinesalsohaddifficultyadjustingforpeoplewholookalotalike—eitherdoppelgangers(長(zhǎng)相極相似的人),whomthemachinewouldhavetroubleidentifyingastwoseparatepeople,orthesamepersonwhoappearedindifferentphotosatdifferentagesorindifferentlighting,whomthemachinewouldincorrectlyviewasseparatepeople.

“Oncewescaleup,algorithmsmustbesensitivetotinychangesinidentitiesandatthesametimeinvarianttolighting,pose,age,”Kemelmacher-Shlizermansaid.

Thetroubleis,formanyoftheresearcherswho’dliketodesignsystemstoaddressthesechallenges,massivedatasetsforexperimentationjustdon’texist—atleast,notinformatsthatareaccessibletoacademicresearchers.TrainingsetsliketheonesGoogleandFacebookhaveareprivate.Therearenopublicdatabasesthatcontainmillionsoffaces.MegaFace’screatorssayit’sthelargestpubliclyavailablefacial-recognitiondatasetoutthere.

“Anultimatefacerecognitionalgorithmshouldperformwithbillionsofpeopleinadataset,”theresearcherswrote.

11.Comparedwithhumanmemory,machinescan_____.

12.WhydidresearcherscreateMegaFace?

13.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutmachineaccuracy?

14.Whatissaidtobeashortcoming-offacial-recognitionmachines?

15.Whatisthedifficultyconfrontingresearchersoffacial-recognitionmachines?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.identifyhumanfacesmoreefficiently

B.tellafriendfromamereacquaintance

C.storeanunlimitednumberofhumanfaces

D.perceiveimagesinvisibletothehumaneye

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Toenlargethevolumeofthefacial-recognitiondatabase.

B.Toincreasethevarietyoffacial-recognitionsoftware.

C.Tounderstandcomputers’problemswithfacialrecognition.

D.Toreducethecomplexityoffacial-recognitionalgorithms.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itfallsshortofresearchers’expectations.

B.Itimproveswithaddedcomputingpower.

C.Itvariesgreatlywithdifferentalgorithms.

D.Itdecreasesasthedatabasesizeincreases.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theycannoteasilytellapartpeoplewithnear-identicalappearances.

B.Theyhavedifficultyidentifyingchangesinfacialexpressions.

C.Theyarenotsensitivetominutechangesinpeople’smood.

D.Theyhaveproblemsdistinguishingpeopleofthesameage.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Nocomputerisyetabletohandlehugedatasetsofhumanfaces.

B.Theredonotexistpublicdatabaseswithsufficientfacesamples.

C.Therearenoappropriatealgorithmstoprocessthefacesamples.

D.Theyhavetroubleconvertingfacedatasetsintotherightformat.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】11.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第三段第二句話Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision“給計(jì)算機(jī)一個(gè)龐大的人臉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，它就可以處理它看到的東西，然后以驚人的速度和精度識(shí)別出它被要求尋找的人臉”，從這里可知答案選A選項(xiàng)“更有效地識(shí)別人臉”。

B選項(xiàng)“把朋友和僅僅相識(shí)的人區(qū)別開來(lái)”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“存儲(chǔ)無(wú)限數(shù)量的人臉”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“感知人眼看不見的圖像”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

12.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章第四段第一、三句話Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition…Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace“問(wèn)題是，機(jī)器在人臉識(shí)別方面仍然有局限性……為了弄清楚電腦是如何掙扎的，華盛頓大學(xué)的研究人員創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)巨大的人臉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)——他們稱之為MegaFace”，由此可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“為了解計(jì)算機(jī)在面部識(shí)別方面的問(wèn)題”。

A選項(xiàng)“以擴(kuò)大人臉識(shí)別數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的容量”，定位到第四段最后一句Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch“他們的想法是在一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)上測(cè)試機(jī)器，該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包括近70萬(wàn)人的100萬(wàn)張不同的圖像，而不僅僅是一個(gè)擁有相對(duì)較少不同面孔的大型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，這與其他研究中使用的更一致”，這里沒(méi)有說(shuō)建立數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的目的是為了擴(kuò)大數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤；

B選項(xiàng)“以增加面部識(shí)別軟件的多樣性”，文章沒(méi)有提及；

D選項(xiàng)“以降低人臉識(shí)別算法的復(fù)雜性”，定位到第四段第三句…testedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithmsastheyscaledupincomplexity“……測(cè)試了多種面部識(shí)別算法，隨著其復(fù)雜性的增大”，由此可知這是探究機(jī)器在人臉識(shí)別時(shí)會(huì)遇到什么問(wèn)題的步驟不是創(chuàng)造MegaFace的原因，這里屬于曲解原文，所以不選。

13.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章第五段第一句話Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacrosstheboard“隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的增長(zhǎng)，機(jī)器的準(zhǔn)確性全面下降”，由此可知答案選D選項(xiàng)“它隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)大小的增加而減少?！?/p>

A選項(xiàng)“它沒(méi)有達(dá)到研究人員的預(yù)期”，定位到第五段最后一句話“Muchbetterthanweexpected,”shesaid（“比我們預(yù)期的要好得多，”她說(shuō)。），由此可知A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不選；

C選項(xiàng)文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不選。

14.推理判斷題。第一步，尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到第六段第一句話Machinesalsohaddifficultyadjustingforpeoplewholookalotalike…“機(jī)器也很難適應(yīng)長(zhǎng)得很像的人……”，這里運(yùn)用擬人的手法把機(jī)器比做人，暗指其實(shí)機(jī)器區(qū)別不了長(zhǎng)得很像的人，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)“他們很難區(qū)分長(zhǎng)相幾乎相同的人”。

B選項(xiàng)“他們很難識(shí)別面部表情的變化”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不選；

C選項(xiàng)“他們對(duì)人們情緒的細(xì)微變化不敏感”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不選；

D選項(xiàng)“他們?cè)趨^(qū)分同齡人方面有困難”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不選。

15.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到倒數(shù)第二段第一句Thetroubleis…massivedatasetsforexperimentationjustdon’texist—atleast,notinformatsthatareaccessibletoacademicresearchers“問(wèn)題是……用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)根本不存在——至少，不存在學(xué)術(shù)研究人員可以訪問(wèn)的格式”，由此可知答案選B選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有擁有足夠的人臉樣本的公共數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)”。

A選項(xiàng)“目前還沒(méi)有能夠處理巨大的人臉數(shù)據(jù)的電腦”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不選；

C選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有合適處理人臉樣本的算法”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不選；

D選項(xiàng)“他們?cè)趯⑷四様?shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成正確格式時(shí)遇到了困難”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，這里說(shuō)的是研究人員不能夠訪問(wèn)的格式并不是說(shuō)在格式轉(zhuǎn)換方面存在問(wèn)題，所以D選項(xiàng)不選，屬于曲意理解。

4.翻譯題

1.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese:(10%)

Mostofushaveinheritedmoralityfromreligion,family,education,orsocietyingeneral,andusuallyfromallthesesources,becausetheysharecommontaboosagainstkilling,stealing,adultery,lying,andsoonandacommonbeliefinwhatconstitutespraiseworthybehavior.Insomerespects,however,thesesourcescanbeatoddswitheachother.Yournationalassessmentofasituationmayleadyouinonedirection,religion,inanother;andfamilytradition,instillanother.Lifepushusintosomanyquandariesthatdoingtherightthingineveryinstancebecomesexceedinglydifficult.

【答案】我們大多數(shù)人從宗教、家庭、教育或一般社會(huì)中繼承了道德，而且通常是從所有這些來(lái)源繼承的，因?yàn)樗麄兌加蟹磳?duì)殺戮、偷盜、通奸、撒謊等的共同禁忌，也都相信什么是值得稱贊的行為。然而，在某些方面，這些來(lái)源可能相互矛盾。你對(duì)國(guó)家形勢(shì)的評(píng)估可能會(huì)把你引向一個(gè)方向，宗教或另一個(gè)方向;還有家庭傳統(tǒng)。生活把我們推入如此多的困境，以至于在每個(gè)情況下做正確的事情變得極其困難。

5.單選題

Youmustletmehavetheannualreportwithout（）byteno’clocktomorrowmorning.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.failure

B.hesitation

C.trouble

D.fail

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。withoutfail為固定搭配,表示“必定,務(wù)必”。句意為:你必須在明天早上十點(diǎn)之前把年度報(bào)告交給我。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

6.單選題

Itmaybeworthwhileatthismomentto（）andseewhatprogresswehavemadeafteroneyear’sstudyincollege.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.lookinto

B.lookaround

C.lookover

D.lookback

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。Lookinto“調(diào)查，研究”；lookaround“環(huán)顧”；lookover“查看”；lookback“回顧”。句意：現(xiàn)在回顧一下我們?cè)诖髮W(xué)的一年學(xué)習(xí)中所取得的進(jìn)步是值得的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

7.單選題

TheHouseisexpectedtopassapieceoflegislationThursdaythatseekstosignificantlyrebalancetheplayingfieldforunionsandemployersandcouldpossiblyreversedecadesofdecliningmembershipamongprivateindustries.

TheEmployeeFreeChoiceActwouldallowauniontoberecognizedaftercollectingamajorityofvotecards,insteadofwaitingfortheNationalLaborRelationsBoardtooverseeasecretballotelection,whichcanoccurmorethan50daysafterthecardvoteiscompleted.

RepresentativesofbusinessonCapitolHillopposethebill.TheNationalAssociationofManufacturers,TheNationalFederationofIndependentBusiness,theU.S.ChamberofCommerceandotherbusinessgroupsopposetheshiftawayfromsecretballotssayingthechangecouldthreatentheprivacyoftheworkers.“Thisisn’taboutpreventingincreasedunionizationit’saboutprotectingrights,’’saidtheNationalAssociationofManufacturer’sJasonStraczewski,ofhisorganization’soppositiontobill.Straczewskisayseliminatingthesecret-ballotstepwouldopenupemployeestocoercion（強(qiáng)迫，脅迫）fromunions.

SamueloftheAFL-CIOcontendstherealcoercioncomesfromemployers.“Workerstalkingtoworkersareequalswhilemanagerstalkingtoworkersaren’t,”Samuelsaid.Hecitesthe31,358casesofillegalemployerdiscriminationactedonbytheNationalLaborRelationsBoardin2005.

Samuelalsopointsoutthatcountertoclaimsfromthebusinesslobby,thesecretballotwouldnotbeeliminated.Thechangewouldonlytakethecontrolofthetimingoftheelectionoutofthehandsoftheemployers.“Ontheground,thedifferencebetweenhavingthislegislationandnotwouldbethedifferencebetweennightandday,”saidRichardShawoftheHarrisCountyCentralLaborCouncil,whosaysitwouldhaveatremendousimpactonthelocallevel.

Thebillhasotherprovisions（條款，規(guī)定）aswell.TheEmployeeFreeChoiceActwouldalsoimposebindingarbitration（仲裁）whenacompanyandanewlyformedunioncannotagreeonacontractafter3months.Anagreementworkedoutunderbindingcompulsoryarbitrationwouldbeineffectfor2years,afactthatStraczewskicalls,“borderlineunconstitutional.”“Idon’tseehowitwillbenefitemployeesifthey’relockedintoacontract,”saidStraczewski.

Thebill’sproponentspointtothetrendofrecognizedunionsunabletogetcontractsfromunwillingemployers.TheFederalMediationandConciliationService,theorganizationthatoverseesarbitration,reportedthatin2004,45percentofnewlyformedunionsweredeniedfirstcontractsbyemployers.Thebillwouldalsostrengthenthepenaltiesforcompaniesthatillegallycoerceorintimidateemployees.Asitstands,thelawonthebookshasn’tchangedsubstantiallysincetheNationalLaborRelationsActwasmadeintolawin1935.TheNLBRcanenforcenootherpenaltythanreinstatingwrongfullyfiredemployeesorrecoveringlostwages.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

2.Accordingtoitsopponents,thebill（）.

3.Theword"it"（Line5,Para.5）refersto（）.

4.PeoplesupportthebillbecauseofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT（）.

5.thebillwillstrengthenthepunishmentforcompanieswhichillegallycoerceorthreatenemployees

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Housebillaimstospurlaboruniongrowth.

B.Housebillaimstocounterlaboruniongrowth.

C.EmployeeFreeChoiceActaimstospuremployment.

D.EmployeeFreeChoiceActaimstoraiseemployee’sincome.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.willprotectemployees'rights

B.willbenefitworkersbybindingcontracts

C.willempowerunionstoomuch

D.makesitpossibleforemployeestoyieldtocoercionfromunions

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.thechange

B.thelegislation

C.theAFL-CIO

D.thedifference

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thebillwillprobablyenableunionstohavefewermembersofprivateindustries

B.thebillwillallowauniontoberecognizedearlierandhaveagreateffectonthelocallevel

C.bindingarbitrationwillbeimposedtoprotectemployeesifacontractcan’tbeagreedonbetweenarecentlyestablishedunionandacompany

D.thebillwillstrengthenthepunishmentforcompanieswhichillegallycoerceorthreatenemployees

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.fewerprivateindustriesjoinedunionsinthepast

B.workers’coercionoftencomesfromunions

C.thebillwillbeawin-and-winoneforemployeesandemployers

D.punishmentauthorizedbythebillwillbelighter

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。原文首段表明眾議院將出臺(tái)新立法，seekstosignificantlyrebalancetheplayingfieldforunionsandemployers,是為了維護(hù)工會(huì)的權(quán)利，激發(fā)工會(huì)的發(fā)展。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞opponents定位到原文第三段第三句，opponents指的是JasonStraczewski。后面他說(shuō)道would?open?up?employees?to?coercion?(強(qiáng)迫：脅迫）from?unions,與選項(xiàng)D對(duì)應(yīng)。

3.語(yǔ)義題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到原文第五段第五行，who指代的是前句中RichardShaw，it指代前句中的legislation。

4.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。題干說(shuō)下列哪項(xiàng)不是人們支持該法案的原因，文章首段couldreverse?decades?of?declining?membership?among?private?industries(立法有助于改善勞工與雇主之間的關(guān)系)。

5.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。最后一段提到in2004,45percentofnewlyformedunionsweredeniedfirstcontractsbyemployers(2004年，45%的新成立工會(huì)被雇主拒絕簽訂第一份合同)，因此答案為A。

8.單選題

6.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.2.6

B.3.5

C.3.9

D.136

【答案】D

【解析】W:Hello,Eric,whatcanIdoforyou?

M:Iwaswonderingifyouhadtheresults.

W:Oh,yes,theresults.We’vegotthem.

M:Great.

W:Herewego.Urea(尿素)2.6,Sodium(鈉)136,andPotassium(鉀)3.9.

M:3.5.

W:No,that’s3.9

Q:Whatistheman’ssodiumlevel?

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。女士說(shuō)：Sodium（鈉）136，故選D。

9.問(wèn)答題

Amidthemultipleviolentincidents,acrackdownonterrorisminallformshasbeenaddedto

A

B

China’stoppriorities.Thegovernmentcalledonimprovedintelligencecollection,integrated

C

preventionandcontrolmeasures,andbetterearly-warningandemergencyresponsecapabilities

D

soastoleavenoloopholesforterroriststoexploit.

【答案】試題答案：D;controlling

【解析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞且and連接的為并列成分，需用一個(gè)形容詞來(lái)修飾名詞measures，因此用control的現(xiàn)在分詞形式controlling作定語(yǔ)。

10.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Itwasoncethoughtthatairpollutionaffectedonlytheareaimmediatelyaroundlargecitieswithfactoriesand/orheavyautomobiletraffic.Today,weknowthatalthoughthesearetheareaswiththeworstairpollution,theproblemisliterallyworldwide.Onseveraloccasionsoverthepastdecade,aheavycloudofairpollutionhascoveredtheentireeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatesandledtohealthwarningseveninruralareasawayfromanymajorconcentrationofmanufacturingandautomobiletraffic.Infact,theveryclimateoftheentireearthmaybeaffectedbyairpollution.Somescientistsfeelthattheincreasingconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheairresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuels(coalandoil)creatingagreenhouseeffect-holdinginheatreflectedfromtheearthandraisingtheworld’saveragetemperature.Ifthisviewiscorrectandtheworld’stemperatureisraisedonlyafewdegrees,muchofthepolaricecapwillmeltandcitiessuchasNewYork,Boston,Miami,andNewOrleanswillbeunderwater.

Anotherview,lesswidelyheld,isthatincreasingparticulatematterintheatmosphereisblockingsunlightandloweringtheearth’stemperature-aresultthatwouldbeequallydisastrous.Adropofjustafewdegreescouldcreatesomethingclosetoanewiceage,andwouldmakeagriculturedifficultorimpossibleinmanyofourtopfarmingareas.Atpresentwedoriotknowforsurethateitheroftheseconditionswillhappen(thoughonerecentgovernmentreportpreparedbyexpertsinthefieldconcludedthatthegreenhouseeffectisverylikely).Perhaps,ifweverylucky,thetwotendencieswilloffseteachotherandtheworld’stemperaturewillstayaboutthesameasitisnow.

1.Aspointedoutatthebeginningofthepassage,peopleusedtothinkthatairpollution（）.

2.Asfarasthegreenhouseeffectisconcerned,theauthor（）.

3.Theword“offset”(Para.2)couldbeatbereplacedby（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

5.Thispassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.causedwidespreaddamageinthecountryside

B.affectedtheentireeasternhalfoftheUnitedStates

C.existedmerelyinurbanandindustrialareas

D.haddamagingeffectsonhealth

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.isuncertainofitsoccurrence

B.sharesthesameviewwiththescientists

C.rejectsitasbeingungrounded

D.thinksthatitwillincreasinglydestroytheworldsoon

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.setup

B.slipinto

C.makeupfor

D.catchupwith

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.raisingtheworld’stemperaturealittlewouldnotdomuchharmtolifeontheearth

B.loweringtheworld’stemperaturealittlewouldleadtoagriculturaldisasters

C.almostnotemperaturevariationshaveoccurredoverthepastdecade

D.theworld’stemperaturewillremainstableforever

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.thegreenhouseeffect

B.theburningoffossilfuels

C.thepotentialeffectofairpollution

D.thelikelihoodofanewiceage

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第一段第一句Itwasoncethoughtthatairpollutionaffectedonlytheareaimmediatelyaroundlargecitieswithfactoriesand/orheavyautomobiletraffic（過(guò)去人們認(rèn)為空氣污染只影響工廠和/或汽車交通繁忙的大城市周圍地區(qū)）可知C選項(xiàng)“僅存在于城市和工業(yè)地區(qū)”正確；A選項(xiàng)“在農(nóng)村造成了大面積的破壞”，B選項(xiàng)“影響整個(gè)美國(guó)東部的一半”以及D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)健康有破壞性影響”雖然在第一段有出現(xiàn)，但是并不對(duì)應(yīng)題干Aspointedoutatthebeginningofthepassage,peopleusedtothinkthatairpollution...（正如文章開頭所指出的那樣，人們過(guò)去認(rèn)為空氣污染……）所問(wèn)的內(nèi)容，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第2題:推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞greenhouseeffect（溫室效應(yīng)）定位到文章第一段最后一句Ifthisviewiscorrectandtheworld’stemperatureisraisedonlyafewdegrees,muchofthepolaricecapwillmeltandcitiessuchasNewYork,Boston,Miami,andNewOrleanswillbeunderwater（如果這種觀點(diǎn)是正確的，世界溫度只上升幾度，那么極地冰蓋的大部分將融化，紐約、波士頓、邁阿密和新奧爾良等城市將被淹沒(méi)在水下）可以判斷出A選項(xiàng)“不確定它的發(fā)生”正確；B選項(xiàng)“與科學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)相同”、C選項(xiàng)“拒絕它，因?yàn)樗菦](méi)有基礎(chǔ)的”和D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為它很快會(huì)越來(lái)越多地毀滅世界”都未在原文中提及；因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第3題:語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞offset定位到文章第二段最后一句Perhaps,ifweverylucky,thetwotendencieswilloffseteachotherandtheworld’stemperaturewillstayaboutthesameasitisnow（也許，如果我們非常幸運(yùn)的話，這兩種趨勢(shì)將相互彌補(bǔ)，世界溫度將保持在目前的水平）；A選項(xiàng)setup“建立；裝配；開業(yè)；豎立”；B選項(xiàng)slipinto“溜進(jìn)；使滑入；匆忙穿上；大吃”；C選項(xiàng)makeupfor“補(bǔ)償，彌補(bǔ)”；D選項(xiàng)catchupwith“趕上，追上；逮捕；處罰”；offset（抵消，彌補(bǔ)），在本句中表示兩種趨勢(shì)互相彌補(bǔ)，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第4題:推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句Adropofjustafewdegreescouldcreatesomethingclosetoanewiceage,andwouldmakeagriculturedifficultorimpossibleinmanyofourtopfarmingareas（僅僅幾度的下降就可能導(dǎo)致一個(gè)接近新冰河期的情況，并將使我們的許多頂級(jí)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)變得困難或不可能）可以判斷出B選項(xiàng)“把世界溫度降低一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)會(huì)導(dǎo)致農(nóng)業(yè)災(zāi)難”正確；根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句Ifthisviewiscorrectandtheworld’stemperatureisraisedonlyafewdegrees,muchofthepolaricecapwillmeltandcitiessuchasNewYork,Boston,Miami,andNewOrleanswillbeunderwater（如果這種觀點(diǎn)是正確的，世界溫度只上升幾度，那么極地冰蓋的大部分將融化，紐約、波士頓、邁阿密和新奧爾良等城市將被淹沒(méi)在水下）可以判斷出A選項(xiàng)“把地球的溫度升高一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)不會(huì)對(duì)地球上的生命造成太大的傷害”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)文章第一段Onseveraloccasionsoverthepastdecade,aheavycloudofairpollutionhascoveredtheentireeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatesandledtohealthwarningseveninruralareasawayfromanymajorconcentrationofmanufacturingandautomobiletraffic.Infact,theveryclimateoftheentireearthmaybeaffectedbyairpollution（在過(guò)去的十年中，嚴(yán)重的空氣污染已經(jīng)數(shù)次覆蓋了整個(gè)美國(guó)東部地區(qū)，甚至在遠(yuǎn)離制造業(yè)和汽車交通集中地區(qū)的農(nóng)村地區(qū)也發(fā)出了健康警告。事實(shí)上，整個(gè)地球的氣候都可能受到空氣污染的影響）可以判斷出C選項(xiàng)“在過(guò)去的十年里，幾乎沒(méi)有溫度變化發(fā)生”和D選項(xiàng)“世界溫度將永遠(yuǎn)保持穩(wěn)定”錯(cuò)誤；因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第5題:主旨大意題。文章圍繞空氣污染展開，根據(jù)第一段Itwasoncethoughtthata