考研考博-英語-塔里木大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-塔里木大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Manyoftheformerassociates____himwhenitbecameknownhowhehadabusedhispositionoftrust.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.turnedagainst

B.heldup

C.convincedof

D.wenton

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.turnedagainst反對(duì)；背叛；采取敵對(duì)態(tài)度B.heldup舉起；阻擋

C.convincedof使確信D.wenton繼續(xù)

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】詞組辨析。

【解題思路】句意：當(dāng)他濫用職權(quán)的事情被曝光后，很多前同事都……他。根據(jù)邏輯，因?yàn)樗麨E用職權(quán)，那么他的前同事應(yīng)該是對(duì)他持反對(duì)態(tài)度的。因此選A。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均無法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。

【句意】當(dāng)他濫用職權(quán)被曝光后，許多前同事都轉(zhuǎn)而反對(duì)他。

2.單選題

Duringthecourseofitsgrowth,afrogundergoesatruemetamorphosis______withafishlikelarvalstage.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.begin

B.began

C.beginning

D.isbegin

【答案】C

【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：青蛙在成長過程中經(jīng)歷了從似魚的幼蟲階段到真正成形的變化。橫線到句尾是修飾undergoesatruemetamorphosis的狀語，根據(jù)frog和undergoes是主動(dòng)關(guān)系確定用動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞，C選項(xiàng)beginning符合題意。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

SometimesindrawinganddesigningthesignX（）theunknownnumber.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.facilitates

B.fascinates

C.denotes

D.jots

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。facilitate使容易，推動(dòng)；fascinate使著迷，使神魂顛倒；denote指示，表

示；jot略記，摘要記錄下來。句意:有時(shí)候,在繪制和設(shè)計(jì)中,X（）未知的數(shù)字。因此,C選項(xiàng)符合句意。

4.單選題

Morethanone-thirdoftheChineseintheUnitedStatesliveinCalifornia,（

）inSanFrancisco.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.previously

B.predominantly

C.practically

D.permanently

【答案】B

【解析】previously以前，預(yù)先；predominantly主要地，顯著地；practically實(shí)際地，事實(shí)上；permanently永久地。句意：在美國，超過三分之一的華人居住在加州，主要居住在舊金山。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

5.單選題

ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanother,andtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe（1）ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel

（2）

togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney

（3）

.

OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed

（4）

earlierthanusual.WhenI

（5）

mycabin,Iwassurprised

（6）

thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytrip,whichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected

（7）

buttherewasasuitcase

（8）

mineintheoppositioncorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet

（9）

,exceptthathewaswearing

（10）

goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot

（11）

whoeverhewasanddidnotsay

（12）

.AsIhadexpected,hedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately.

IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered

（13）

aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata

（14）

wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten

（15）

thedoor,soIgotup

（16）

thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand

（17）

themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.

（18）

there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto

（19）

thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion

（20）

throughthewindowintothesea.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.reason

B.motive

C.cause

D.sake

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.tiredenough

B.enoughtired

C.enoughtiring

D.enoughtiring

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.achieved

B.finish

C.isover

D.isintheend

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.quite

B.rather

C.fairly

D.somehow

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.arrivedin

B.reachedto

C.arrivedto

D.reachedat

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.forseeing

B.thatIsaw

C.atseeing

D.tosee

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.beinglonely

B.tobelonely

C.beingalone

D.tobealone

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.like

B.as

C.similarthan

D.thesamethat

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.ineachplace

B.forallparts

C.somewhere

D.anywhere

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.aso

B.so

C.sucha

D.such

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.treattogetherwell

B.passtogetherwell

C.getonwelltogether

D.gobywelltogether

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.himasingleword

B.himnotoneword

C.asinglewordtohim

D.notonewordtohim

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.upme

B.upmyself

C.uptomyself

D.myselfup

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.draft

B.voice

C.air

D.sound

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.toclose

B.closing

C.tohavetoclose

D.forclosing

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.toshut

B.forshutting

C.inshutting

D.butshut

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.whiledoinglikethat

B.asIdidlikethat

C.asIdidso

D.atdoingso

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.Itwasnoone

B.Therewasnoone

C.Itwasanyone

D.Therewasanyone

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.remindtolock

B.remembertolock

C.remindlocking

D.rememberlocking

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.hastojump

B.wastohavejumped

C.musthavejumped

D.couldbejumped.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:D

第7題:D

第8題:A

第9題:D

第10題:D

第11題:C

第12題:C

第13題:D

第14題:A

第15題:A

第16題:A

第17題:C

第18題:B

第19題:D

第20題:C

【解析】（1）固定搭配。Forthereasonof“原因是”；forthemotivateof“動(dòng)機(jī)是”；forthecauseof“原因是”；forthesakeof“為了……”。句意：他們航行不是為了自己的興趣。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（2）語法題。Tired“疲勞的”，修飾人；tiring“令人疲勞的”，修飾物。主語是we，所以排除C和D項(xiàng)。又因?yàn)閑nough修飾形容詞需要后置，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。句意：當(dāng)我們感到非常疲倦而上床睡覺時(shí)，大多數(shù)人都是愉快的。

（3）動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。Achieve“達(dá)到”；finish“結(jié)束”；isover“結(jié)束”；沒有搭配beintheend。句意：當(dāng)旅途結(jié)束的時(shí)候。因?yàn)榫渥拥闹髡Z為thejourney，根據(jù)主謂一致原則，謂語需用第三人稱單數(shù)，選項(xiàng)A和B可排除。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（4）副詞詞義辨析。Quite“相當(dāng)”；rather“相當(dāng)”；fairly“公平地”；somehow“以某種方式，不知為何”。因?yàn)榭崭窈鬄閑arlier形容詞的比較級(jí)，rather可修飾比較級(jí)，句意：第一天晚上，我覺得特別懶，比平時(shí)更早上床睡覺。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（5）詞組辨析。Arrivein“到達(dá)”；arriveto“達(dá)成”；reach為及物動(dòng)詞，后接賓語不需要介詞。句意：當(dāng)我到達(dá)船艙。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（6）固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配besurprisedatdoing“看到某事正驚訝”,besurprisedtodo“驚訝地看到某事”,besurprisedthat“驚訝于”，可排除選項(xiàng)A。句意：我很驚訝地看到，將有一個(gè)同伴和我一同旅行，這使我感到有點(diǎn)不開心。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（7）固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配expecttodosth.“期待做某事”，可排除A和C項(xiàng)。Lonely“孤獨(dú)的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)心感到孤獨(dú)。Alone“單獨(dú)的，一個(gè)人的”，不強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)心感受。句意：我期待一個(gè)的獨(dú)處。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（8）固定搭配。沒有固定搭配similarthan和thesamethat，所以C和D項(xiàng)可排除。Like和as都表示“像”，like后接名詞和短語，as后接從句。句意：在對(duì)面的角落里有一個(gè)和我一樣的手提箱。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（9）副詞詞義辨析。ineachplace“在每個(gè)地方”；forallparts“對(duì)于所有部分”；somewhere“在某處”；anywhere“在任何地方”。句意：他是那種你在任何地方都可能遇到的人。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（10）根據(jù)固定搭配so+adj./adv.+a/an+名詞，such+a/an+adj./adv.+名詞，因?yàn)閏lothes為復(fù)數(shù)，所以其前無需用冠詞，選項(xiàng)A和C可排除。So短語的中心為形容詞或副詞，such短語中心詞為名詞。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。句意：他穿著如此好的衣服。

（11）固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配getonwelltogether“與……相處愉快”。句意：我打定主意我們不能在一起和睦相處。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（12）固定搭配，根據(jù)固定搭配saysth.tosb.“跟某人說某話”，選項(xiàng)A和B可排除。又因?yàn)榭崭袂耙呀?jīng)含有否定詞not，所以這里無需再用否定。句意：不跟他說一句話。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（13）固定搭配，根據(jù)固定搭配coverup“蓋住”，可排除選項(xiàng)C。又因?yàn)閏overup為副詞短語，賓語為名詞，可放中間也可放后面，賓語為代詞，只能放中間，所以正確表達(dá)應(yīng)為covermyselfup。句意：我把我自己蓋住。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（14）名詞詞義辨析。Draft“草稿，小股氣流”；voice“人說話的聲音”；air“空氣”；sound“大自然的聲音”。根據(jù)下文Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite，“冷空氣從對(duì)面的窗戶進(jìn)來”，可知空格中應(yīng)該填入的意思為“氣流，空氣”，選項(xiàng)B和D可排除。又因?yàn)楣谠~a，所以選項(xiàng)C可排除。句意：小股風(fēng)從窗戶進(jìn)來。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（15）固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配forgettodo“忘記去做某事（未做）”；forgetdoing“忘記做過某事（已做）”。文章強(qiáng)調(diào)忘記關(guān)窗，未關(guān)窗，所以選項(xiàng)C和B可排除。因?yàn)闆]有搭配forgetfor，選項(xiàng)D可排除。句意：我認(rèn)為我可能忘記關(guān)門了。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（16）語法題。根據(jù)文意，可知作者起床的目的是關(guān)門，介詞to可表目的，句意：我認(rèn)為我可能忘記關(guān)門了，于是我起床去關(guān)門。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（17）語法題。根據(jù)文意，表達(dá)的是“當(dāng)我穿過房間的時(shí)候”，所以空格填入一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，at不能引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀從，選項(xiàng)D可排除。又因?yàn)閣hile引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀從，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的延續(xù)性，通常為進(jìn)行式，as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀從可作為主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景。句意：當(dāng)我穿過房間的時(shí)候，我看到月光透過窗戶照到另外一張床上。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（18）語法題。根據(jù)文章，表達(dá)的意思是“沒有人”，所以選用therebe句型表示“有，存在”。選項(xiàng)A和C可排除。又因?yàn)閚oone“沒有人”；anyone“任何人”，選項(xiàng)D可排除。句意：沒有人在那兒。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（19）固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配remembertodo“記得去做某事（未做）”；rememberdoing“記得做過某事”。沒有搭配remindtodo和reminddoing，選項(xiàng)A和C可排除。根據(jù)上文“Igotuptoclosethedoor,butfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside”，可知我起身要關(guān)上門，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)門已經(jīng)從里面鎖上了。所以這里要表達(dá)的意思是記“想起來我自己關(guān)了門”，選項(xiàng)B可排除。句意：我花了一兩分鐘才想起自己已經(jīng)鎖門的事。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（20）語法題。固定搭配havetojump“不得不跳”；wastohavedone“本將跳”；musthavejumped“一定已經(jīng)跳了”；couldbejumped“本可能跳了”。根據(jù)文意，表達(dá)的意思是推測(cè)我的同伴一定是從窗戶跳進(jìn)了海里。所以是對(duì)過去發(fā)生事情的肯定推測(cè)，用musthavedone。句意：我意識(shí)到我的同伴一定是從窗戶跳進(jìn)了海里。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

6.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

Beginninginthelate1960s,agrowingnumberofwomenexpressedastrongdissatisfactionwithanymarriagearrangementwherethehusbandandhiscareerweretheprimaryconsiderationsinthemarriage.

（1）Bytheendofthe1970s,forexample,considerablylessthanhalfofthewomeninoursocietystillbelievedthattheyshouldputtheirhusbandsandchildrenaheadoftheirowncareers.Inthe2000s,mostwomenintheUnitedStatesbelievethattheyshouldbeequalpartnersintheirmarriagesandthattheirhusbandsshouldhaveequalresponsibilityforchildcareandhouseholdchores.

（2）Inanequal-partnershipmarriage,thewifepursuesa

full-timejoborcareerwhichhasequalorgreaterimportancetoherhusband’s,whilethelong-standingdivisionoflaborbetweenhusbandandwifecomestoanend.Thehusbandisnolongerthemainprovideroffamilyincome,andthewifenolongerhasthemainresponsibilitiesforhouseholddutiesandraisingchildren.Husbandandwifeshareallthesedutiesequally.Poweroverfamilydecisionsisalsosharedequally.

（3）TherealityoflifeinthepresentworldisthatalthoughmostAmericanwomennowhaveanequalsayinthedecisionaffectingthefamily,theysometimesearnlessthanmenforsamework.Also,mostwomenarestillspendingmoretimetakingcareofthechildren,cooking,andcleaningthantheirhusbandsare.Manywomenareresentfulbecausetheyfeelliketheyhavetwofull-timejobs-theoneatworkandtheoneathome.Inthe1980swomenweretoldtheycould“haveitall”--fast-trackcareer,husband,children,andacleanhouse.Now,somewomenarefindingthatlifestyleexhaustingandunrewarding.（4）

Someyoungwomenarenowchoosingtostayathomeuntiltheirchildrenstartschool,butmanyotherswhowouldliketocannotaffordtodoso.Jugglingtwocareersandfamilyresponsibilitiescanbeasdifficultformenasitisforwomen,especiallyifthereistrulyanequaldivisionofduties.Americanfathersareoftenseendroppingthekidsoffatthebabysitter’sortakingasickchildtothedoctor.（5）

Somebusinessesarerecognizingtheneedtoaccommodatefamilieswherebothparentswork，thustheymayopenadaycarecenterintheofficebuilding,offerfatherspaternityleavetostayhomewiththeirnewbabiesorhaveflexibleworkinghours.Unfortunately,thesebenefitsarenotyetavailabletoall.Whileyoungcouplesstrivetoachieveequalityintheircareers,theirmarriages,andtheirparenting,societyatlargestilllacksmanyofthestructuresthatareneededtosupportthem.

【答案】1.例如，到20世紀(jì)70年代末，我們社會(huì)中仍有相當(dāng)少的婦女認(rèn)為她們應(yīng)該把丈夫和孩子放在自己事業(yè)的前面。

2.在一個(gè)平等伙伴關(guān)系的婚姻中，妻子所從事的全職工作或事業(yè)與丈夫的工作或事業(yè)是同等或更重要的，而丈夫與妻子之間的勞動(dòng)分配也結(jié)束了。

3.當(dāng)今世界的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活是，盡管大多數(shù)美國婦女現(xiàn)在在影響家庭的決定上有平等的發(fā)言權(quán)，但她們有時(shí)因同樣的工作而掙得比男人少。

4.如今，一些年輕女性選擇待在家里，直到孩子上學(xué)，但許多其他愿意這樣做的人卻負(fù)擔(dān)不起。

5.一些企業(yè)認(rèn)識(shí)到需要去幫助那些父母都上班的家庭，因此，他們可能在辦公大樓里開設(shè)日托中心，為父親們提供陪產(chǎn)假以便在家里陪伴其新出生的嬰兒或有彈性工作時(shí)間。

7.單選題

Shewasso（

）inherworkthatshedidn’tnoticemewhenIcameintheroom.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.immersed

B.obsessed

C.submerged

D.suffocated

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)通常用于beimmersedin（沉浸于，埋頭于，陷入）；B選項(xiàng)通常用于beobsessedwith（癡迷于，著迷于）；C選項(xiàng)submerge“浸沒，淹沒”；D選項(xiàng)suffocate“（使）窒息而死，（把……）悶死”。句中的so...that表示“如此……以至于”，根據(jù)固定搭配和后面的shedidn’tnoticemewhenIcameintheroom（我走進(jìn)房間時(shí)她沒注意到我）可知她沉浸于工作中，以至于沒注意到我進(jìn)來，因此選A。句意：她如此沉浸于工作中，以至于我進(jìn)屋時(shí)她都沒有注意到我。

8.單選題

Thesetwofirmsaresobigandpowerfulthattheymonopolizebetweenthemtheproductionandsaleofcigarettesinthiscountry.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.govern

B.influence

C.supervise

D.dominate

【答案】D

【解析】考查副詞辨析。橫線單詞monopolize意為“壟斷；獨(dú)占；擁有……的專賣權(quán)”；A選項(xiàng)“govern”意為“管理；支配；統(tǒng)治；控制”；B選項(xiàng)“influence”意為“影響；改變；支配”；C選項(xiàng)“supervise”意為“監(jiān)督；管理；指導(dǎo)；主管”；D選項(xiàng)“dominate”意為“控制；支配；占優(yōu)勢(shì)；在……中占主要地位”。句意：這兩家公司勢(shì)力巨大，壟斷了這個(gè)國家香煙的生產(chǎn)和銷售。由題干可知，Thesetwofirmsaresobigandpowerful（兩家公司勢(shì)力巨大）所以可推測(cè)出這兩家公司在這個(gè)國家的香煙生產(chǎn)和銷售中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。由此可知，monopolize在此處最可能是“壟斷”的意思，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中dominate具有“在……中占主要地位”的意思，與此相近。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.單選題

1.Inthequestforbetterhealth,manypeopleturntodoctors,self-helpbooksorherbalsupplements.Buttheyoverlookapowerfulweaponthatcouldhelpthemfightillnessanddepression,speedrecovery,slowagingandprolonglife:theirfriends.Researchersareonlynowstartingtopayattentiontotheimportanceoffriendshipandsocialnetworksinoverallhealth.A10-yearAustralianstudyfoundthatolderpeoplewithalargecircleoffriendswere22percentlesslikelytodieduringthestudyperiodthanthosewithfewerfriends.Alarge2007studyshowedanincreaseofnearly60percentintheriskforobesityamongpeoplewhosefriendsgainedweightAndlastyear,Harvardresearchersreportedthatstrongsocialtiescouldpromotebrainhealthasweage.“Ingeneral,theroleoffriendshipinourlivesisn’tterriblywellappreciated,”saidRebeccaGAdams,aprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofNorthCarolina,Greensboro.“Thereisjustscadsofstuffonfamiliesandmarriage,butverylittleonfriendship.Itbafflesme.Friendshiphasabiggerimpactonourpsychologicalwell一beingthanfamilyrelationships.”

2.Inanewbook,“TheGirlsFromAmes:AStoryofWomenanda40—YearFriendship”(Gotham),JeffreyZaslowtellsthestoryof11childhoodfriendswhoscatteredfromIowatoeightdifferentStates.Despitethedistance,theirfriendshipsenduredthroughcollegeandmarriage,divorceandothercrises,includingthedeathofoneofthewomeninher20s.Using,scrapbooks,photoalbumsandthewomen’sownmemories,Mr.Zaslowchronicleshowtheirclosefriendshipshaveshapedtheirlivesandcontinuetosustainthem.Theroleoffriendshipintheirhealthandwell-beingisevidentinalmosteverychapter.

3.Twoofthefriendshaverecentlylearnedtheyhavebreastcancer.KellyZwagerman,

nowahighschoolteacherwholivesinNorthfield,Minn,saidthatwhenshegotherdiagnosisinSeptember2007，herdoctortoldhertosurroundherselfwithlovedones.Instead,shereachedouttoherchildhoodfriends,eventhoughtheylivedfaraway,“ThefirstpeopleItoldwerethewomenfromAmes，”shesaidinaninterview.Je-mailedthem.Iimmediatelyhade-mailsandphonecallsandmessagesofsupport.Itwasinstantthatthelovepouredinfromallofthem.”Whenshecomplainedthathertreatmentledtopainfulsoresinherthroat,anAmesgirlsentasmoothiemakerandrecipes.Another,whohadlostadaughtertoleukemia,sentMs.Zwagermanahand-knittedhat,knowingherheadwouldbecoldwithouthair,stillanothersentpajamasmadeofspecialfabrictohelpcopewithnightsweats.MsZwagermansaidshewasoftenmorecomfortablediscussingherillnesswithhergirlfriendsthanwithherdoctor，“Wegosofarbackthatthesewomenwilltalkaboutanything，”shesaid.

4.Ms.ZwagermansaysherfriendsfromAmeshavebeenanessentialfactorinhertreatmentandrecovery,andresearchherout.In2006,astudyofnearly3,000nurseswithbreastcancerfoundthatwomenwithoutclosefriendswerefourtimesaslikelytodiefromthediseaseaswomenwith10ormorefriends.Andnotably,proximityandtheamountofcontactwithafriendwasn’tassociatedwithsurvival.Justhavingfriendswasprotective.

5.BellaDePaulo,avisitingpsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,whoseworkfocusesonsinglepeopleandfriendships,notesthatinmanystudies,friendshiphasanevengreatereffectonhealththanaspouseorfamilymember.Inthestudyofnurseswithbreastcancer,havingaspousewasn’tassociatedwithsurvival.Whilemanyfriendshipstudiesfocusontheintenserelationshipsofwomen,someresearchshowsthatmencanbenefit,too.Inasix-yearstudyof736middle-ageSwedishmen,attachmenttoasinglepersondidn’tappeartoaffecttheriskofheartattackandfatalcoronaryheartdisease,buthavingfriendshipsdid.Onlysmokingwasasimportantariskfactoraslackofsocialsupport.

6.Exactlywhyfriendshiphassuchabigeffectisn’tentirelyclear.Whilefriendscanrunerrandsandpickupmedicineforasickperson,thebenefitsgowellbeyondphysicalassistance;indeed,proximitydoesnotseemtobeafactor.Itmaybethatpeoplewithstrongsocialtiesalsohavebetteraccesstohealthservicesandcare.Beyondthat,however,friendshipclearlyhasaprofoundpsychologicaleffect.Peoplewithstrongfriendshipsarelesslikelythanotherstogetcolds,perhapsbecausetheyhavelowerstresslevels.

7.Lastyear,researchersstudied34studentsattheUniversityofVirginia,takingthentothebaseofasteephillandfittingthemwithaweightedbackpack.Theywerethenaskedtoestimatethesteepnessofthehill.Someparticipantsstoodnexttofriendsduringtheexercise,whileotherswerealone.Thestudentswhostoodwithfriendsgavetowerestimateofthesteepnessofthehill.Andthelongerthefriendshadknown,eachother,thelesssteepthehillappeared,“Peoplewithstrongerfriendshipnetworksfeellikethereissomeonetheycanturnto.”SaidKarenA.Roberto,directorofthecenterforgerontologyatVirginiaTech.“Friendshipisanundervaluedresource.Theconsistentmessageofthesestudiesisthatfriendsmakeyourlifebetter.”

1.Thesignificanceoffriendshipinkeepingindividualshealth（

）.

2.JefferyZaslowhasrecentlypublishedabook（

）.

3.Thestudiescitedinthearticle（

）

4.Accordingtothearticle,psychologistBellaDepaulothinksthat（

）.

5.Thestudydescribedinparagraph6suggeststhatthepresenceoffriendsmakeshumanbeings（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Issomethingaboutwhichmedicalresearchsofarhasnothingtosay,thoughsocialscientistshavelongsuspecteditsrole

B.Hasbeenrecognizedbothintuitivelyandscientificallyformanydecades

C.Waslongoverlookedbyscientists,thoughinthelastfewyearssomej2orstudiesofithavebeenconducted

D.Isnowveryclearinallrespects.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Presentingtheresultsofmanyyearsorigorousscientificinvestigationoftheconnectionbetweenfriendshipandlongevity(=longlife)

B.Focusingontheverypositiverolethatfriendshiphasplayedinkeepingelevenwomenhealthyformorethanfortyyears.

C.Showingthatactivefriendshipisveryeffectiveindefeatingcancer

D.Thatexplorestheimpactofanetworkoffriendshipsonmanyaspectsofthelivesofelevenwomen,includingtheirhealth.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Seemtosuggestthatthepositiveeffectsoffriendshiponhealthdonotrequireactuallybeingnearfriends

B.Shedlightonthedissimilarhealthimpactofsame-sexfriendshipsversusfriendshipsbetweenpeopleofdifferentsexes.

C.establishthatwomenhaveoreenduringfriendshipthatmendo,andbenefitaccordingly

D.provethatfriendshippromotesthehealthofmenandwomenequally.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Friendshipdoesnothavesogreataneffectonhealthasmarriageorbloodtiescan

B.Havingfriendsmaywellbemoreimportantforhealththanhavingrelativesoraspouse

C.Thekeytogoodhealthishavingatleastonepersonwhocanbecountedoninanillness

D.Havingaspouseisasseriousariskfactorassmokingforhumanhealthandlongevity

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.physicallystronger

B.recklessandunrealistic

C.moreenergetic

D.moreoptimistic

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段提到了為證實(shí)友誼對(duì)健康的益處所做的研究并指出:Ingeneral,theroleoffriendshipinourlivesisn’tterriblywellappreciated(總的來說，友誼在我們生活中的作用并沒有得到重視)。故選C:長期以來被科學(xué)家忽視,盡管在過去一些年中有做一些相關(guān)研究。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:Theroleoffriendshipintheirhealthandwell-beingisevidentinalmosteverychapter(幾乎在每一章中，友誼對(duì)他們健康和福祉的作用都是顯而易見的)。故選D。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第五段:Whilemanyfriendshipstudiesfocusontheintenserelationshipsofwomen,someresearchshowsthatmencanbenefit,too(雖然許多對(duì)友誼的研究關(guān)注的是女性之間的親密關(guān)系，但一些研究表明，男性也可以從中受益),故選D。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。第五段:notesthatinmanystudies,friendshiphasanevengreatereffectonhealththanaspouseorfamilymember(BellaDepaulo認(rèn)為在許多研究中，友誼對(duì)健康的影響比配偶或家庭成員更大)。故選B:對(duì)于健康而言,朋友可能比有親戚或配偶更重要。

5.推理判斷題。第六段講的是友誼對(duì)于健康的益處。

10.單選題

Theoldcouplenowstill（）fortlieirbelovedson,30yearsafterhisdeath.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cherish

B.groan

C.dispense

D.mourn

【答案】D

【解析】句意:在他們心愛的兒子過世三十年后，這對(duì)老夫婦現(xiàn)在仍然哀悼他。

考查動(dòng)詞辨析。cherish珍愛;groan呻吟，抱怨;dispense分配，免除，執(zhí)行；mourn哀悼，憂傷，服喪。根據(jù)句意“在他們心愛的兒子過世三十年后”可知D符合句意。

11.單選題

Ⅳ.(CriminalLaw)

ThefirstchallengeforcriminalresponsibilityforcollectiveperpetrationsiswhetherthenotionofcollectiveactioncanbemadesenseforthepurposesofInternationalCriminalLaw.AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.Iftherequirementsforcollectiveactionaresettoostrictthenmanyparticipantswillbeexcused.Ontheotherhandtoolaxrequirementsincreaseprosecutor’sdiscretionandallowchargingwiderrangeofindividuals,attheexpenseofimplicatingtoomanyindividualsandpossiblyrenderingpunishmentcontroversialandover-inclusiveonthelevelofthesystem.

Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.Besidesidentifyingindividualsinvolvedincooperativeharmdoingcollectiveintentionwillbenecessaryforattributionofharmtosuchcausallyresponsibleindividuals.Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.

Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt,asitjumpstodrawthemembershipalongthestatelines,whichultimatelyleadstoproblemsof“guiltlesssincerity”and“excessoftransmissionbybirth”.Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations,thisworkdiscardssuchissuesasirrelevantforthepurposesofexcusesandjustificationsundertheRomeStatute(國際刑事法院羅馬規(guī)約).Collectiveactionincasesofcrimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimescouldbemanifestedinspontaneouscoordinatedactions,mobviolence,governmentactionsordecentralizednetworksoutsidethecolorofthelaw.Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.Thiswayevenleadersandinfluentialdecisionmakerswouldclaimthattheyfollowednecessityorthattheircrueltyweredeterminedbytheanarchic,anomicorelseapocalypticconditionsofwar.

63.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.

64.Todeterminecollectiveintentionsisnecessary___.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTmentionedintheparagraph3?

66.PerpetratorscanandoftenmanipulatethefollowingBUT___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.CriminalResponsibilityforCollectivePerpetrations

B.TheDefectofSettingTooStrictaLevel

C.TheDifficultiesinChoosinganAppropriateDescriptiveLevelofCollectiveAction

D.TheDefectofSettingTooLaxaLevel

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.toholdanyparticularindividualresponsible

B.tochargeeveryoneresponsible

C.foraconsiderationofdecisionmethod

D.toattributeharmtoindeterminatecauses

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdilutestheproblemsofcollectiveintentions.

B.Theretroactivesuspensionoflegalorderissometimesrelevanttohumanrightsviolations.

C.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltstemsfrompublicinternationallaw.

D.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdealswithmembershipthroughstateresponsibility.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.militaryculture

B.religiousortraditionalinstitutions

C.ideologyorlegalsystem

D.collectiveaction.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】63.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.（正如庫茨所指出，將成員納入和排除在集體行動(dòng)之外的問題“總是規(guī)范性和事實(shí)性的”，因?yàn)椤斑x擇適當(dāng)?shù)拿枋鏊健比匀皇且粋€(gè)法律政策問題）可知選C選項(xiàng)“在選擇適當(dāng)?shù)募w行動(dòng)描述水平方面的困難”；A選項(xiàng)“集體犯罪的刑事責(zé)任”；B選項(xiàng)“等級(jí)設(shè)置過嚴(yán)的缺陷”以及D選項(xiàng)“水平設(shè)置過松的缺陷”都是為了證明選擇適當(dāng)?shù)募w行動(dòng)描述水平的困難，是這一觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)，不足以概括第一段的內(nèi)容。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

64.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段第一句Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.（在任何情況下，集體意圖檢驗(yàn)都是必要的，以便能夠追究任何特定個(gè)人的責(zé)任，而不是將所有人歸為一個(gè)極端，或?qū)w因于另一種不確定的原因）可知選A選項(xiàng)“追究任何特定個(gè)人的責(zé)任”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“追究每個(gè)人的責(zé)任”，D選項(xiàng)“將傷害歸因于不確定的原因”不符合原文；第二段Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.（此外，正如道德責(zé)備一節(jié)所論證的那樣，如果沒有集體意圖的概念，集體行動(dòng)中決策方法的考慮也是不可能的，這對(duì)于道德責(zé)備的分配是必要的）可知集體行動(dòng)中決策方法的考慮對(duì)道德責(zé)備的分配是必要的，而不是對(duì)集體意圖必要，C選項(xiàng)“考慮決策方法”邏輯關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

65.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt（集體罪責(zé)的“浪漫”論點(diǎn)淡化了集體意圖的問題）對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)“集體犯罪的論點(diǎn)淡化了集體意圖的問題”；第三段Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations（然而，追溯中止法律命令或國家官員豁免的問題有時(shí)仍然是起訴侵犯人權(quán)行為的相關(guān)法律障礙）對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)“追溯中止法律秩序有時(shí)與侵犯人權(quán)有關(guān)”；第二段Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.（這種“浪漫”的吸引力部分源于國家機(jī)構(gòu)涉嫌違反國際公法的反人類罪（通過“國家和組織政策”）和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪）對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)“集體有罪的論點(diǎn)源于國際公法”；D選項(xiàng)“集體犯罪的論點(diǎn)通過國家責(zé)任來處理成員問題”未在第三段提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

66.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Perpetrators”定位到原文最后一段Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.（各種消極或不確定的事實(shí)，如軍事文化、宗教或傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)、意識(shí)形態(tài)或法律制度，可以而且往往被肇事者操縱，將集體行動(dòng)與歷史、自然甚至超自然原因相結(jié)合）對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)“軍事文化”，B選項(xiàng)“宗教或傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)”以及C選項(xiàng)“意識(shí)形態(tài)或法律體系”；不涉及D選項(xiàng)“集體行動(dòng)”。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.單選題

Teenagersarespendingmoremoneythanever.Justlastyear,31.6millionteensspent155billion,accordingtotheNorthbrook,Illinois-basedmarketresearchgroupTeenageResearchUnlimited.Muchofthatmoney,ofcourse,comesfromparents.

Shockedathowmuchmoneykidsspend?Maybeyouhaven'tcheekedthepricetagslatelyonsomeoftheyoungergeneration'smust-haves.

Tosome,suchextravagantspendingonthenotoriouslyfickleyoungmightseemoutrageous.Whydosomeparentsgivein?

Onefactorissurelythesheerpowerofmarketingthroughmassmedia.AccordingtothegroupAdbusters,teenagersareexposedtoanestimated3,000advertisementseachday.Combinetheadswithprogrammingitself,likethefashion-,music-,andskin-filledshowsonMTVandyou’vegotabarrageofmessagestellingkidswhattheyshouldowniftheywanttofitin.

"Thepressuresonparentstodayareenormous,nsaysTomVogele,asinglefatheroftwin