考研考博-英語-山東旅游職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東旅游職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Inthatmoviean（）spacecrafthoveredthecityforashotwhilebeforeitvanishedinthedistance.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.alien

B.animated

C.allergic

D.ambiguous

【答案】A

【解析】alien外國的,外星人的；animated活生生,活潑的；allergic對(duì)...過敏的；ambiguous模糊不清的。句意：電影中一艘外星人的飛船在城市上空盤旋了一會(huì)兒,然后消失在遠(yuǎn)處。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

2.單選題

Contrarytowhatmanypeoplebelieve,highlyintelligentchildrenarenotnecessarilydestinedforacademicsuccess.Infact,so-calledgiftedstudentsmayfailtodowellbecausetheyareunusuallysmart.Ensuringthatagiftedchildreacheshisorherpotentialrequiresanunderstandingofwhatcangowrongandhowtosatisfytheunusuallearningrequirementsofextremelybrightyoungpeople.

Onecommonproblemgiftedkidsfaceisthatthey,andthosearoundthem,placetoomuchimportanceonbeingsmart.Suchanemphasiscanbreedabeliefthatbrightpeopledonothavetoworkhardtodowell.Althoughsmartkidsmaynotneedtoworkhardinthelowergrades,whentheworkiseasy,theymaystruggleandperformpoorlywhentheworkgetsharderbecausetheydonotmaketheefforttolearn.Ifthescholasticachievementofhighlyintelligentchildrenremainsbelowaverageforanextendedperiod,manyteacherswillfailtorecognizetheirpotential.Asaresult,suchstudentsmaynotgettheencouragementtheyneed,furtherdepressingtheirdesiretolearn.Theymayfallfarbehindintheirschoolworkandevendevelopbehaviorproblems.

IQisjustoneingredientamongmanyintherecipeforsuccess—ChildrenthriveorstruggleinschoolforahostofreasonsapartfromIQ.Theseincludemotivationandpersistence,socialcompetence,andthesupportoffamily,educatorsandfriends.Emphasizingtheimportanceofpersistenceandhardwork,forexample,willhelpachildavoidthelazinesstrap.Giftedchildrenalsoneedintellectualchallenges—toteachthemhowtoworkhard.

Becausehighlygiftedchildrensolvethemostvariedthoughtproblemsfasterandmorethoroughlythanthosewithmoreaverageaptitudesdo,theyneedadditionalintellectualstimulationwhiletheywaitfortherestofthekidstolearnthebasics.Twocentralapproachesareusedtosatisfytheeducationalneedsofsuchchildren:accelerationandenrichment.Accelerationmeansstudyingmaterialthatispartofthestandardcurriculumforolderstudents.Enrichmentinvolveslearninginformationthatfallsoutsidetheusualcurriculum.

Achildmightskiponeormoregradesasawayofacceleratinginschool.Butbeingwitholderchildrenfortheentireschoolday—andperhapsforgrade-basedextracurricularactivitiessuchassports—canmakeachildfeelinferiorineveryrealmoutsideofacademics.Oneverybrightfourth-graderwhohadskippedtwogradesremainedfaraheadofhisclassmatesintellectually,butashisclassmatesreachedpuberty,hissocialandothershortcomingsbecamepainfullyapparent.Whileaccelerationisnotanoption,ornotagoodone,enrichmentcanbe.Afterall,schoolisnotaracebutanadventureinlearning.Assuch,thegoalisnotfinishingfirstbutabsorbingasmuchknowledgeaspossibleinthetimeallotted.Thus,providingopportunitiesforachildtostudytopicsoutsidetheregularcurriculumcanbeatleastasvaluableaspushinghimorherthroughtherequiredmaterialfaster.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbelongstoenrichmentactivitiesfortalentedchildren?

2.Whatmakesthebasicreasonforthescholasticachievementofhighlyintelligentchildrenbeingbelowaverageforanextendedperiod?

3.Theexampleoftheverybrightfourth-gradermentionedinthelastparagraphshowsthattheauthorbelieves______.

4.Whichofthefollowingconclusionsdoyouthinkisinconformitywiththeauthor’sidea?

5.Inthisarticle,theauthorisintendedto______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Skippingoneofmoregradesandstudyingtogetherwitholderchildren.

B.Learningthesamematerialinthestandardcurriculumforolderstudents.

C.Learninginformationthatisnotincludedintheregularcurriculum.

D.Learninghowtoreadwithfluencyevenintheirpre-schooldays.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Teachers’failuretorecognizetheirpotential.

B.Toomuchemphasisonbeingintelligentbythemselvesandthoseroundthem.

C.Notworkinghardenough.

D.Lackofencouragementfromteachers.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.accelerationistheonlyalternativechoiceforintelligentchildren

B.accelerationisnotagoodchoiceforsmartchildren

C.accelerationisagoodalternativeforgiftedkids

D.accelerationismorepracticalthanenrichment

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Heisinfavorofenrichmentratherthanacceleration.

B.Heisinfavorofaccelerationratherthanenrichment.

C.Hespeakshighlyofbothenrichmentandacceleration.

D.Hethinksneitherenrichmentnoraccelerationisagoodchoice.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.pointoutthedefectsofaccelerationforgiftedchildren

B.compareaccelerationwithenrichmentforgiftedchildren

C.stresstheimportanceofenrichmentforgiftedchildren

D.discusshowtobringoutgiftedchildren’spotential

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段后半部分Enrichmentinvolveslearninginformationthatfallsoutsidetheusualcurriculum.（充實(shí)包括學(xué)習(xí)常規(guī)課程之外的信息。），說明學(xué)習(xí)常規(guī)課程之外的信息屬于為有天賦的孩子開展的充實(shí)活動(dòng)。因此C選項(xiàng)“學(xué)習(xí)常規(guī)課程中沒有包括的信息”正確。A選項(xiàng)“跳過一個(gè)或多個(gè)年級(jí)，與大孩子一起學(xué)習(xí)”，B選項(xiàng)“在高年級(jí)學(xué)生的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)課程中學(xué)習(xí)同樣的內(nèi)容?！?，D選項(xiàng)“甚至在學(xué)前時(shí)期就學(xué)習(xí)如何流暢地閱讀”屬于加速的方法，所以A,B,D錯(cuò)誤。

2.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Onecommonproblemgiftedkidsfaceisthatthey,andthosearoundthem,placetoomuchimportanceonbeingsmart.（有天賦的孩子們面臨的一個(gè)常見問題是，他們和他們周圍的人都過于重視聰明。），說明有天賦的孩子和他們周圍的人過于強(qiáng)調(diào)聰明，會(huì)造成聰明的人不需要努力工作就能做好的錯(cuò)誤想法，長久以來，他們就會(huì)落后于別人。因此B選項(xiàng)“自己和周圍的人過于強(qiáng)調(diào)他們的聰明”正確。A選項(xiàng)“教師沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到他們的潛力”，C選項(xiàng)“不夠努力工作”，D選項(xiàng)“缺乏來自老師的鼓勵(lì)”均不是最根本的原因，所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

3.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段第三句Oneverybrightfourth-graderwhohadskippedtwogradesremainedfaraheadofhisclassmatesintellectually,butashisclassmatesreachedpuberty,hissocialandothershortcomingsbecamepainfullyapparent.（一個(gè)非常聰明的四年級(jí)學(xué)生跳了兩個(gè)年級(jí)，在智力上仍然遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先于他的同學(xué)，但當(dāng)他的同學(xué)進(jìn)入青春期時(shí)，他的社交和其他缺點(diǎn)變得非常明顯。），說明作者認(rèn)為加速的方法會(huì)帶來不好的影響，不利于孩子的成長。因此B選項(xiàng)“加速不是聰明孩子的好選擇”正確。A選項(xiàng)“加速是聰明孩子的唯一選擇”，由原文可知，有加速和充實(shí)兩種方法，所以A錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“加速是有天賦的孩子的一個(gè)好選擇”，D選項(xiàng)“加速比充實(shí)更實(shí)用”，由原文可知，作者認(rèn)為加速?zèng)]有充實(shí)的方法好，所以C,D錯(cuò)誤。

4.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段第四句Whileaccelerationisnotanoption,ornotagoodone,enrichmentcanbe.（雖然加速不是一個(gè)選擇，或者說不是一個(gè)好的選擇，但充實(shí)可以是。），說明作者反對(duì)加速的方法，贊同充實(shí)的方法。因此A選項(xiàng)“他贊成充實(shí)而不是加速”正確。B選項(xiàng)“他贊成加速而不是充實(shí)”，C選項(xiàng)“他對(duì)充實(shí)和加速都給予高度評(píng)價(jià)”，D選項(xiàng)“他認(rèn)為充實(shí)和加速都不是一個(gè)好的選擇”均和原文表述的意思相反，所以B,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

5.主旨大意題。文章開頭首先提出有天賦的孩子面臨的問題，接著闡述了成功除了智力之外還有其他的因素，接著介紹了兩種滿足有天賦的孩子需求的教育方法——加速和充實(shí)，分析兩者的利弊，最后得出結(jié)論，充實(shí)的方法比加速的方法更好。因此D選項(xiàng)“討論如何發(fā)揮有天賦的孩子的潛力”符合文章主旨，是本文的寫作目的。A選項(xiàng)“指出加速訓(xùn)練對(duì)有天賦的孩子的缺陷”，B選項(xiàng)“比較加速和充實(shí)對(duì)有天賦的孩子的影響”，C選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)充實(shí)教學(xué)內(nèi)容對(duì)有天賦的孩子的重要性”都只是文章的某一個(gè)方面，不能全面概括文章主旨，所以A,B,C錯(cuò)誤。

3.單選題

Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffaloreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeaneurosurgeon,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.

“Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,”saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.“Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,”onewrites.“Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.”

“PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,”writesanother.“Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.”“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.”

Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.”

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedone,youshouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.

21.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat______.

22.Speakingofthesleepproblemsdoctorsfact,theauthorimpliesthat______.

23.Paragraph3and4arewrittento______.

24.By“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”(paragraph5),Dr.CharlesBinkleymeansthat______.

25.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness

B.poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder

C.strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep

D.toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofsleep

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.doctorsoftenneedlittlesleeptokeepthemenergetic

B.doctors’sleepisdeprivedbyresidents

C.doctorstendtoneglecttheirownsleepproblem

D.sleep-depriveddoctorsareintoxicate

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.entertaintheaudiencewithsomeanecdotes

B.discussthecauseofdoctorssleepproblems

C.showthehostilitydoctorsharboragainsttheirpatients

D.exemplifythedangerdoctorsfacecausedbylackofsleep

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.doctorsshouldnotabidebygovernment’sregulations

B.thegovernmentisinterferingtoomuch

C.theregulationsaboutworkweekandworkshiftaretoospecific

D.lawcannotforceadoctortosleepwhilehisconsciencecan

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Patientsshouldcontrolthehoursoftheirdoctors.

B.Pilotsandtruckdriversworkinsaferenvironmentsthanthatofdoctors.

C.Patientsarefacingmorerisksiftheirdoctorsarenotadequatelyrested.

D.Peopleconcernedhavetherighttoremovetheirdoctorfromtheirpositions.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】21.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.（這可能是一種潛在的紊亂導(dǎo)致他們無法熟睡的結(jié)果。），說明潛在的紊亂可能導(dǎo)致人們睡眠質(zhì)量不高，雖然睡眠時(shí)間長，但仍然感到疲憊。因此B選項(xiàng)“睡眠質(zhì)量差可能是身體紊亂的表現(xiàn)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“每天睡眠時(shí)間少于8小時(shí)的人更容易患病”，原文說的是每天睡眠時(shí)間超過8小時(shí)但仍然感到疲倦的人更容易患病，所以A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“中風(fēng)常與睡眠有關(guān)”，D選項(xiàng)“睡眠時(shí)間過長與睡眠不足的危害一樣大”在文中沒有提及，所以C，D錯(cuò)誤。

22.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.（令人好奇的是，那些認(rèn)為醉酒做手術(shù)應(yīng)該被免職的外科醫(yī)生對(duì)于在睡眠不足的情況下做手術(shù)卻很少認(rèn)真思考。），說明醫(yī)生們雖然認(rèn)為醉酒做手術(shù)應(yīng)該受到嚴(yán)懲，但卻不會(huì)考慮自己在睡眠不足的情況下做手術(shù)的問題。因此C選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生往往忽視自己的睡眠問題”正確。A選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生需要很少的睡眠就可以保持精力充沛”在文中沒有提及，所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生的睡眠被住院醫(yī)生剝奪了”，原文說的是住院醫(yī)生以缺少睡眠而著稱，所以B錯(cuò)誤。在D選項(xiàng)“睡眠不足的醫(yī)生是喝醉了”，原文說的是一個(gè)人如果連續(xù)24小時(shí)不睡，那么到了早晨他的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力就和喝醉了酒的人差不多，并不是說睡眠不足的醫(yī)生就是喝醉了，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

23【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。文章第二段指出醫(yī)生睡眠不足以及醫(yī)生對(duì)此缺乏重視的問題，接著在第三、四段舉了幾個(gè)例子Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.（我差不多站著睡著了，而且我的臉幾乎碰到了傷口。），PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork…Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.（實(shí)際上我認(rèn)識(shí)的每個(gè)外科住院醫(yī)生都曾經(jīng)有過在下班開車回家的路上在方向盤上睡著的經(jīng)歷……我聽說有三個(gè)人還曾經(jīng)撞在停放好的汽車上。另一個(gè)人在紐約收費(fèi)公路上行駛時(shí)以65英里的時(shí)速撞上了一個(gè)收費(fèi)站欄桿。），說明了睡眠不足的醫(yī)生可能帶來的危害。因此D選項(xiàng)“體現(xiàn)了醫(yī)生因睡眠不足而面臨的危險(xiǎn)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“用一些趣聞?shì)W事來娛樂讀者”，B選項(xiàng)“討論醫(yī)生睡眠問題的原因”，C選項(xiàng)“表現(xiàn)出醫(yī)生對(duì)患者的敵視態(tài)度”均不符合題意，所以A，B，C錯(cuò)誤。

24.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第五段第三句Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.（不過，大多數(shù)醫(yī)生討厭這種干涉。），并進(jìn)一步引用CharlesBinkley醫(yī)生的話進(jìn)行論證doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.（醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到良心的約束，而不是政府的管制。），說明CharlesBinkley也認(rèn)為政府干預(yù)過多了。因此B選項(xiàng)“政府干涉太多”正確。A選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生不應(yīng)該遵守政府的規(guī)定”，C選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于工作周和工作班次的規(guī)定過于具體化”，D選項(xiàng)“法律不能強(qiáng)迫醫(yī)生睡覺，而他的良心卻可以”均不符合題意，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

25.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.（對(duì)醫(yī)生來說，他們不能繼續(xù)擺出一副從不出錯(cuò)的樣子，而應(yīng)該得到充分的休息。），說明作者在最后給醫(yī)生提出建議，認(rèn)為醫(yī)生應(yīng)該放棄他們決不出錯(cuò)的姿態(tài)，得到充足的休息，否則病人就只能聽天由命了。因此C選項(xiàng)“如果醫(yī)生沒有得到充分的休息，患者將面臨更多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“患者應(yīng)該控制醫(yī)生的工作時(shí)間”，B選項(xiàng)“飛行員和卡車司機(jī)的工作環(huán)境比醫(yī)生的工作環(huán)境更安全”，D選項(xiàng)“有關(guān)人員有權(quán)解除醫(yī)生的職務(wù)”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。

4.單選題

Ourattitudetowardourteachersshouldbe（）,butnotslavishorsuperstitious.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.respectable

B.respected

C.respective

D.respectful

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)respectable“值得尊敬的；人格高尚的；相當(dāng)數(shù)量的”；B選項(xiàng)respected“受尊敬的”；C選項(xiàng)respective“分別的，各自的”；D選項(xiàng)respectful“恭敬的；有禮貌的”。句意：我們對(duì)待老師的態(tài)度應(yīng)該是恭敬的，但卻不應(yīng)該是盲從的或迷信的。根據(jù)句中“Ourattitudetowardourteacher我們對(duì)待老師的態(tài)度”可知“恭敬的”符合語境，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Thephilosophyteacherwasindeedamazedbythestudents’（）inhandingthecomputer.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.availability

B.probability

C.variability

D.versatility

【答案】D

【解析】句意:這位哲學(xué)老師的確為這些學(xué)生在操控計(jì)算機(jī)上的多才多藝感到驚訝。

考查名詞辨析。Availability可利用，可用性，有用（效）性；probability可能性，機(jī)率；variability可變性，變異性；versatility多功能性，多才多藝，用途廣泛。因此D符合句意。

6.單選題

Thegirlswantedtohelp（）maketheircostumesfortheplay.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.all

B.eachtheother

C.eachother

D.onetheother

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)all“全部”；B選項(xiàng)eachtheother“每一個(gè)其他的”；C選項(xiàng)eachother“彼此，互相”；D選項(xiàng)onetheother“一個(gè)另一個(gè)”。句意：女孩們想幫助……制作她們的戲服。根據(jù)句意可推測(cè)，女孩們是想互相幫助，可知選項(xiàng)C正確。

7.單選題

Susanhas（

）theelbowsofherson’sjacketwithleatherpatchestomakeitmoredurable.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.reinforced

B.sustained

C.steadied

D.confirmed

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。reinforce“加固，加強(qiáng)”；sustain“維持，忍受”；steady“穩(wěn)固，使堅(jiān)定”；confirm“確認(rèn)，確定”。句意：蘇珊用皮革補(bǔ)丁將她兒子的肘部進(jìn)行加固，使它更耐用。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

8.單選題

Inthe19th-century,thereusedtobeamodelofhowtobeagoodperson.Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou.Yourjob,ascaptainofyoursoul,istoerectdamstokeepthesepassionsincheck.Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness,lust,greed,druguseandtheothersins.

Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion.Youusuallycan’tchangeyourbehaviorbysimplyresolvingtodosomething.Knowingwhattodoisnotthesameasbeingabletodoit.Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence.It’smorelikeamuscle,whichtireseasily.Moreover,you’reasocialbeing.Ifeverybodyaroundyouisovereating,you’llprobablydoso,too.

The19th-centurycharactermodelwasbasedonanunderstandingoffreewill.Today,weknowthatfreewillisbounded.Peoplecanchangetheirlives,butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings,evenwithinourselves,arebeyondourdirectcontrol.Muchofourbehaviour,forexample,isguidedbyunconscioushabits.ResearchersatDukeUniversitycalculatedthatmorethan40percentoftheactionswetakearegovernedbyhabit,notactualdecisions.Researchershavealsocometounderstandthestructureofhabits—cue,routine,reward.

Youcanchangeyourownpersonalhabits.Ifyouleaverunningshortsontheflooratnight,that’llbeacuetogorunninginthemorning.Don’ttrytoignoreyourafternoonsnackcraving.Everytimeyoufeelthecueforasnack,insertanotherroutine.Takeawalk.

Theirresearchthusimpliesadifferentcharactermodel,whichissupposedtomanipulatetheneuralnetworksinside.

Tobeaneffectiveperson,underthismodel,youaresupposedtocoollyexamineyourownunconscioushabits,andthehabitsofthoseunderyourcare.Youaresupposedtodevisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines.Everyrelationshipbecomeslightlymanipulative,includingyourrelationshipwithyourself.You’retryingtoarousecertainresponsesbyimplantingcertaincues.

Thisisabitdisturbing,becausetheimportanthabitualneuralnetworksarenotformedbymereroutine,norcantheybereversedbyclevercues.Theyareburnedinbyemotionandstrengthenedbystrongyearnings,liketheyearningsforadmirationandrighteousness.

Ifyouthinkyoucanchangeyourlifeinacleverway,thewayanadvertisercangetyoutobuyanairfreshener,you’reprobablywrong.AstheVictoriansunderstood,ifyouwanttochangeyourlife,don’tjustlookforaclevercue.Committosomelargerglobalbelief.

21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?

22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.

23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?

24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.

25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Passion.

B.Determination.

C.Capability.

D.Action.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetime

B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundless

C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefully

D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrol

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.

B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.

C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.

D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponses

B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabits

C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcues

D.techniquestosupplementoldroutines

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfully

B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviour

C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchange

D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdo

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】21.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?21.以下哪一項(xiàng)是19世紀(jì)性格模范的關(guān)鍵因素？

A.Passion.A.激情，熱情

B.Determination.B.決心

C.Capability.C.能力

D.Action.D.行動(dòng)

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞the19th-centurycharactermodel定位第一段倒數(shù)第二句“作為靈魂的船長，你的工作就是建立水壩來控制這些激情（keepthesepassionsincheck）”，以及最后一句“你的工作就是對(duì)懶惰、欲望、貪婪、吸毒和其他罪惡說不（sayno）”，可知，在19世紀(jì)，最首要的性格模范就是“決心”，B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)屬于出處錯(cuò)位，性格模范的關(guān)鍵因素就是決心控制激情；

C、D選項(xiàng)在該處沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

22.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.22.19世紀(jì)的性格模范被認(rèn)為是行不通的，原因是______。

A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetimeA.它在大多數(shù)時(shí)候都沒有令人滿意地發(fā)揮作用

B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundlessB.將自由意志比作大壩是毫無根據(jù)的

C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefullyC.人們應(yīng)該仔細(xì)考慮自己想做什么

D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrolD.還有許多其他因素超出了一個(gè)人的控制

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位第三段第二句“今天，我們知道自由意志是有限的”，以及第三句“人們可以改變自己的生活，但有序的改變并不簡單，因?yàn)楹芏嗍虑椋╩anythings），甚至是我們自身的事情，都超出了我們的直接控制（beyondourdirectcontrol）”，可知，因?yàn)楹芏嘁蛩囟汲隽酥苯拥目刂疲噪y以有序的改變生活，D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)定位第二段第四句“你的意志力不像水壩，不能阻擋任性的洪流”，可知，文中并沒有提到將自由意志比作大壩是groundless，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

C選項(xiàng)表述與原文不符，屬于曲解原文。

23.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?23.杜克大學(xué)的這項(xiàng)研究的主要意義是什么？

A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.A.習(xí)慣是一個(gè)人行為的關(guān)鍵。

B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.B.一個(gè)人的行為很難改變。

C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.C.習(xí)慣和意志力都很重要。

D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.D.習(xí)慣有一個(gè)未知的結(jié)構(gòu)。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息DukeUniversity定位第三段第四句“例如，我們的許多行為都是由潛意識(shí)習(xí)慣引導(dǎo)的（guidedbyunconscioushabits）”，以及第五句“杜克大學(xué)的研究人員計(jì)算出，超過40%的行為是由習(xí)慣決定的（governedbyhabit），而不是實(shí)際的決定”，可知，很多的行為都是習(xí)慣導(dǎo)致的，A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾，杜克大學(xué)的研究就是“大部分行為由習(xí)慣決定”，所以該項(xiàng)中的willpower不符合原文；

D選項(xiàng)在第三段最后一句有提到，“習(xí)慣的結(jié)構(gòu)是：線索、例行公事和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

24.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.24.根據(jù)新的性格模范，個(gè)人行為可以通過______改變。

A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponsesA.通過暗示來操縱習(xí)慣性的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)

B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabitsB.通過暗示停止所有之前無意識(shí)的習(xí)慣

C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcuesC.通過技巧來設(shè)計(jì)不同的身體暗示

D.techniquestosupplementoldroutinesD.通過技巧來補(bǔ)充舊的習(xí)慣

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位第六段第二句“你應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)策略來改變暗示和慣例（devisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines）”，可知，新的性格典范是通過設(shè)計(jì)策略提供暗示改變自己的行為習(xí)慣，所以C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)定位第五段“因此，他們的研究暗示了一種不同的性格典范，該典范被認(rèn)為可以操縱內(nèi)部的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)（manipulatetheneuralnetworksinside）”，可知A項(xiàng)中的neuralresponses和neuralnetworks并不相符，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

B選項(xiàng)中的stop和原文中的alter并不相符，屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)中的supplement和原文中的alter并不相符，也屬于曲解原文。

25.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.25.從文章中我們得知，新的性格典范______。

A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfullyA.已經(jīng)成功地改變了行為

B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviourB.更好地處理行為的情感方面

C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchangeC.強(qiáng)調(diào)習(xí)慣改變的神經(jīng)和心理方面

D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdoD.可以給人的生活帶來改變，就像廣告商做的那樣

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】定位倒數(shù)第二段，第一句“這有點(diǎn)令人不安，因?yàn)橹匾牧?xí)慣性神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅僅是由慣例形成的（notformedbymereroutine），也不可能由聰明的暗示逆轉(zhuǎn)”，以及第二句“它們被情感所燃燒（burnedinbyemotion），被強(qiáng)烈的渴望所強(qiáng)化（strengthenedbystrongyearnings），就像對(duì)贊美和正義的渴望一樣”，可知，新的性格典范重視習(xí)慣改變的神經(jīng)和心理的方面，C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)文中并沒有提到成功改變了行為，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)也沒有提到，屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)定位到最后一段第一句“如果你認(rèn)為你可以用一種聰明的方式改變你的生活，就像廣告商讓你買空氣清新劑那樣，你可能錯(cuò)了”，可知，該項(xiàng)與原文相反，屬于反向干擾。

9.單選題

Mac’sclose（

）tohisbrothermadepeoplemistakethemforoneanother.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.resemblance

B.identity

C.appearance

D.relationship

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。resemblanceto“與…相像”。句意：麥克和弟弟長得很相像，人們常常把他們倆認(rèn)錯(cuò)。由后文“peoplemistakethemforoneanother”可知Mac兩兄弟長得很像。答案A

10.單選題

AstheEnglishlanguagehaschangedatafastspeedinthiscentury,sohastheuseoftheEnglishlanguage.

AftertheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)wasfoundedin1927,theparticularstyleofspeechoftheBBCannouncerswasrecognizedasStandardEnglishorReceivedPronunciation(RP)English.Now,mostpeoplestillconsiderthatthepronunciationanddeliveryofBBCannouncersistheclearestandmostunderstandablespokenEnglish.

Englishhashadastrongassociationwithclassandsocialstatus.However,sincetheSecondWorldWartherehasbeenaconsiderablechangeofattitudetowardsspeechsnobbery,andhallmarksofclassdistinctionsuchasstylesofspeechhavebeengraduallydiscarded,especiallybytheyoungergeneration.

Astheneedhasarisen,newwordshavebeeninventedorfoundfromotherlanguagesandincorporatedintoEnglish.Similarly,oldwordsandexpressionshavebeendiscardedastheirusefulnesshasdiminishedorthefashionshavepassed.Thisalsohappenstostylesandmodesofspeechwhichbecamefashionableataparticulartimeandinspecificcircumstances.

Bytheendofthe1960sitbecameapparentthatitwasnotnecessarytospeakStandardEnglishorevencorrectgrammartobecomepopular,successfulandrich.Thefashionablespeechofthedaywasnolongertheprerogativeofaprivilegedclassbutratheradefiantexpressionofclasslessness.

ThegreatestsingleinfluenceoftheshapingoftheEnglishlanguageinmoderntimesistheAmericanEnglish.Overthelast25yearstheEnglishusedbymanypeople,particularlybythoseinthemedia,advertisingandshowbusiness,hasbecomemoreandmoremid-Atlanticinstyle,deliveryandaccent.

Inthe1970s,fashionfavoredstresslesspronunciationandalanguagefullofjargon,slangand“in”words,muchofitquiteincomprehensibletotheoutsideworld.WhatisconsideredmodernandfashionableinBritaintodayisoftennotthekindofEnglishtaughtinschoolsandcolleges.

1.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“therehasbeenaconsiderablechangeofattitudetowardsspeechsnobbery”(Para.3)?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,therewasatrendintheU.S.fortheyoungpeople______.

4.Theword“mid-Atlantic”inthepassage(Para.6)probablymeans______.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheuseoftheEnglishlanguagehasnotchangedmuchinthiscentury.

B.TheBBCannouncersspeakStandardEnglish.

C.Englishhasnoassociationwithclassandsocialstatusnow.

D.YoungpeopleallspeakEnglishinthesameway.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.PeopleallspeakEnglishlikeBBCannouncers.

B.ThereisagreatchangeofattitudeabouthowEnglishshouldbespoken.

C.Somepeoplestillthinktheirwayofspeakingisinferior.

D.Mostpeopledon’tbelievetheirwayofspeakingisinferior.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.tospeakStandardEnglish

B.tospeakEnglishwithoutclassdistinction

C.tospeakEnglishwithclassdistinction

D.tospeakEnglishwithgrammarmistakes

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.AmericanandEuropean

B.AmericanandBritish

C.theAtlanticOcean

D.inthemiddleoftheAtlanticOcean

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.StandardEnglishistaughtinschoolandcolleges

B.theyoungpeoplearedefiantbecausetheyrefusetospeakStandardEnglish

C.EnglishlanguageisinfluencedbyAmericanEnglishinthelast25years

D.therehasbeenagreatchangeintheEnglishlanguageinthiscentury

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段AstheEnglishlanguagehaschangedatafastspeedinthiscentury,sohastheuseoftheEnglishlanguage.（在這個(gè)世紀(jì)里，隨著英語語言的快速變化，英語語言的使用也在快速變化。），說明隨著英語語言有了很大的改變，英語語言的使用也同樣如此。因此A選項(xiàng)“本世紀(jì)以來，英語的使用沒有什么變化”與原文不符，本題選A。B選項(xiàng)“BBC的播音員說的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”，C選項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在英語與階級(jí)和社會(huì)地位沒有關(guān)聯(lián)”，D選項(xiàng)“年輕人都以同樣的方式說英語”在文中均有所提及，所以排除B,C,D。

2.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第二句However,sincetheSecondWorldWartherehasbeenaconsiderablechangeofattitudetowardsspeechsnobbery（然而，自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來，人們對(duì)言語勢(shì)利的態(tài)度發(fā)生了相當(dāng)大的變化），“言語勢(shì)利”是指通過言語判斷社會(huì)階層，說明大部分人不認(rèn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語有什么了不起了。因此D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)人不認(rèn)為他們的說話方式是低劣的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“人們都像BBC播音員一樣說英語”在文中沒有提及，所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)如何說英語的態(tài)度有了很大的改變”，原文只說對(duì)于言語勢(shì)利的態(tài)度發(fā)生了變化，所以B錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“有些人仍然認(rèn)為他們的說話方式是低劣的”與原文意思相反，所以C錯(cuò)誤。

3.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第二句andhallmarksofclassdistinctionsuchasstylesofspeechhavebeengraduallydiscarded,especiallybytheyoungergeneration.（諸如言論風(fēng)格等階級(jí)區(qū)分的標(biāo)志逐漸被摒棄，尤其是在年輕一代中。），說明年輕人使用英語沒有了階級(jí)劃分。因此B選項(xiàng)“說英語不分等級(jí)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“說標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”，C選項(xiàng)“說有階級(jí)差別的英語”，D選項(xiàng)“說有語法錯(cuò)誤的英語”均不符合題意，所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

4.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“mid-Atlantic”可以定位到文章第六段第二句Overthelast25yearstheEnglishusedbymanypeople,particularlybythoseinthemedia,advertisingandshowbusiness,hasbecomemoreandmoremid-Atlanticinstyle,deliveryandaccent.（在過去的25年里，許多人使用的英語，尤其是媒體、廣告和演藝界使用的英語，在風(fēng)格、表達(dá)方式和口音上越來越像大西洋中部的英語。），說明美式英語對(duì)英語影響很大，前文第二段又說到BBC英式英語一直是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語，那么現(xiàn)在的英語就必定是受美式英語很大影響的英式英語，而地理上大西洋正好位于英、美之間。因此B選項(xiàng)“美國和英國”正確。A選項(xiàng)“美國和歐洲”，C選項(xiàng)“大西洋”，D選項(xiàng)“在大西洋的中間”均不符合題意，所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

5.推理判斷題。A選項(xiàng)“學(xué)校里教的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語”，由原文可知，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語就是BBC英語，學(xué)