考研考博-英語(yǔ)-平頂山職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-平頂山職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Whendiscussingculturalperspectives,weneedtorecognizethattherearetwokinds:emicandetic.Emicperspectivesare（1）articulatedbymembersoftheculturetoexplainthemselvesandtheirculture,whileeticperspectivesarethoseofoutsiderstotheculturewhousetheirowncriteriatoexplain（2）culture.

Eticperspectivesincludethoseofvisitorstotheculture,thecriteriatheyusetodescribeandexplainwhattheyencounter,（3）categoriesforcross-culturaldescriptionandanalysisestablishedbyanthropologistsandotherculturalresearchers（4）manycultures.（5）thecontinuum,eticperspectivesconsistofsimpleexplanationsfromone'sownculturalbackground.Thisisacommonreactiontoculturalphenomena—explainingthem（6）perceivedsimilaritiesordifferencestoone'sownculture,better（7）ethnocentrism.Attheotherendofthespectrum,eticperspectivesconsistofcategoriesthatcanbeusedtodescribe（8）cultures.Someofthesecategoriesaredrawnfromnotionsofculturaluniversalsand（9）thetableofcontentsofintroductoryculturalanthropologytextbooks.Theyreflectculturalpracticesandproducts:institutionslikefamily,kinship,economy,leisure,music,orgovernment.Othereticclassificationscomefromtheoriesofculturalperspectives:valueorientationssuchasindividualism/collectivism,low-context/high-context,polychromic/monochromic,and（10）.Eticperspectives,（11）,provideframeworkstodescribe,analyze,andexplainaculturefromthe（12）.Eacheticcategorycarriesassumptionsaboutthenatureofculture,anditisimportantto（13）theseassumptions.

Emicexplanationsareperspectivesthatmembersofthecultureusetodescribeorexplaintheirownwayoflife.Theseperspectivesdonotnecessarilycorrespondtoeticcategories,（14）thatthemembersusefortheirexplanations.（15）,membersmayeasilyexpressthereasonsforculturalproductsandpractice.Or,giventhatmanyfundamentalculturalperspectivesareoutsideawareness,likethesubmergedbulkoftheculturaliceberg,membersmayhavedifficultyfindingwordstofullyexplainthem;（16）IhadnoexplanationonAmericantoilettrainingpractices.

Itisadauntingtasktoidentifytheperspectivesofaculture.Fortunatelyforlanguageteachers,anthropologists,interculturalists,andothershavedevisedframeworksforexplainingcultures.Theseframeworks,becausetheyapplytoallcultures,areexamplesofthe（17）perspectives.

Anumberofmodelsofeticperspectivesare（18）inthefield.（19）,thesemodelspresumethatthereisafinitesetofrealitiesthatallculturesmustaddress.Theserealitiesarepartofthehumancondition.Differentculturesperceivetheserealitiesindistinctways.Thesedistinctperceptions,（20）,leadtodifferentbeliefs,values,attitudes,andpractices—inaword,todifferentworldviews.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.what

B.which

C.these

D.those22.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.another's

B.theother's

C.theothers'

D.others'

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.except

B.aswellas

C.beside

D.besides

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.todescribe

B.describing

C.described

D.describe

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Atanendof

B.Attheendof

C.Atoneendof

D.Atendof

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.intermof

B.intermsof

C.ontermof

D.ontermsof

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.beenknownas

B.beenknownfor

C.knownas

D.knownfor

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.anyandall

B.allother

C.someother

D.oneanother

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.readfrom

B.readin

C.readlike

D.readas

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.thelike

B.thelikes

C.alike

D.likes

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.nevertheless

B.moreover

C.therefore

D.however

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.inside

B.outside

C.visitors

D.nature

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.bringabout

B.bringin

C.bringoff

D.bringout

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.notheterminologydoes

B.nodoestheterminology

C.northeterminologydoes

D.nordoestheterminology

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.Whenbeenasked

B.Whenasked

C.Whenasking

D.Whenhavingasked

問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)

A.because

B.justas

C.though

D.since

問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)

A.anthropological

B.intercultural

C.etic

D.emic

問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)

A.prevalent

B.prevalence

C.prevail

D.prevailed

問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)

A.Oftheessence

B.Intheessence

C.Ofessence

D.Inessence

問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)

A.outofturn

B.ontheturn

C.byturn

D.inturn

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:B

第7題:C

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:A

第11題:C

第12題:B

第13題:D

第14題:D

第15題:B

第16題:B

第17題:C

第18題:A

第19題:D

第20題:D

【解析】（1）語(yǔ)法題。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知空格中填入代詞充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)成分，可用those指代perspectives，并且后面的-ed分詞作后置定語(yǔ)。句意：主位觀點(diǎn)是由文化成員表達(dá)的，用來(lái)解釋他們自己和他們的文化。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（2）語(yǔ)法題。another為形容詞，其后接名詞單數(shù)，不需要再用名詞所有格，選項(xiàng)A排除。Theother表示兩者中的另外一個(gè)，theothers表示特定范圍內(nèi)剩下的所有，others泛指其他的，常和some搭配使用，句意：非母語(yǔ)視角是文化的局外人，他們用自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)解釋他人的文化。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（3）語(yǔ)法題。except“除此之外”；aswellas“和”；beside“在……旁邊”；besides“除了……還有”。根據(jù)句子意思，可知這里criteria和categories構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（4）語(yǔ)法題。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知空格中應(yīng)該填入動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。句意：由人類學(xué)家和其他文化研究者建立的跨文化描述和分析的類別目的是描述許多文化。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（5）詞組辨析。沒(méi)有atanendof搭配，選項(xiàng)A可排除。Attheendof“在……末尾”；atoneendof“在……一端，在一方面”，可下文的attheotherendof搭配使用；沒(méi)有atendof搭配，選項(xiàng)D可排除。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（6）固定短語(yǔ)。intermsof“依照，按照，就……而言”。沒(méi)有A、C和D項(xiàng)的搭配，可排除。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（7）語(yǔ)法題。beknownas“作為…..被熟知”；beknownfor“因?yàn)椤皇熘保鶕?jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，空格為過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，省掉be動(dòng)詞。選項(xiàng)A和B可排除。句意：被大家熟知為民族優(yōu)越感。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（8）固定搭配。Anyandall“任何”；allother“所有其他”；someother“另外的”；oneanother“互相”。句意：在譜系的另一端，非本位觀點(diǎn)包含了可以用來(lái)描述其他文化的類別。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（9）固定搭配。根據(jù)連詞and可知，空格內(nèi)容和上文的aredrawnfrom構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。bedrawnfrom“來(lái)自……，從……得到”，所以空格可填入bereadfrom“從……讀到”。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（10）固定短語(yǔ)。andthelike“等等”，用于舉例子。沒(méi)有B、C和D項(xiàng)的表達(dá)可排除。句意：比如個(gè)人主義/集體主義、低語(yǔ)境/高語(yǔ)境、多色/單色等等。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（11）語(yǔ)法題。根據(jù)文章第二段，主要對(duì)eticperspective非本位觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了討論和闡述，所以在本段末尾進(jìn)行總結(jié)，用連詞therefore“因此”，表示上下文存在因果關(guān)系，可用于下結(jié)論和總結(jié)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（12）名詞詞義辨析。Inside“內(nèi)部”；outside“外部”；visitors“游客”；nature“自然”。句意：因此，非本位觀點(diǎn)提供了從外部描述、分析和解釋一種文化的框架。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（13）短語(yǔ)辨析。bringabout“引起，使掉頭”；bringin“引進(jìn)”；bringoff“完成，救出”；bringout“呈現(xiàn)”。句意：每一個(gè)非本位類別都帶有關(guān)于文化本質(zhì)的假設(shè)，使這些假設(shè)呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)是很重要的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（14）語(yǔ)法題。本題考查nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，運(yùn)用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序，表示“……也不”。選項(xiàng)A和B可排除。C項(xiàng)為陳述語(yǔ)序，可排除。句意：人們用來(lái)解釋的術(shù)語(yǔ)也一樣不對(duì)應(yīng)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（15）語(yǔ)法題。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知句子的主語(yǔ)為members，謂語(yǔ)為mayexpress，所以主句部分完整，空格中只能用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。member和ask之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用-ed分詞表被動(dòng)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（16）連詞詞義辨析。because“因?yàn)椤保籮ustas“正如，表示舉例子”；though“盡管”；since“因?yàn)?，由于”。句意：就像我?duì)美國(guó)的如廁訓(xùn)練沒(méi)有任何解釋一樣。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（17）上下文語(yǔ)義理解題。根據(jù)第二段作者闡述的非本位觀點(diǎn)的特點(diǎn)，以及becausetheyapplytoallcultures，他們適用于所有文化的特點(diǎn)，可知這里提到的是eticperspective。上下文相互照應(yīng)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（18）形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)空格前的are，可知空格填入形容詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。prevalent“流行的，普遍的”；D項(xiàng)prevailed為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，和are構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，可排除。B項(xiàng)為名詞，可排除。C項(xiàng)prevail為動(dòng)詞原形，可排除。句意：大量非本位觀點(diǎn)的模型在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域是普遍流行的。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（19）固定搭配。Inessence“本質(zhì)上，大體上”，沒(méi)有選項(xiàng)A、B和C項(xiàng)的搭配，可排除。句意：本質(zhì)上來(lái)說(shuō)，這些模型假定，所有文化都必須處理有限的一系列現(xiàn)實(shí)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（20）短語(yǔ)辨析。outofturn“不合時(shí)宜地”；ontheturn“在轉(zhuǎn)變中”；沒(méi)有byturn搭配，選項(xiàng)C可排除。inturn“反過(guò)來(lái)，輪流地，依次”。句意：這些不同的觀念，反過(guò)來(lái)，導(dǎo)致不同的信仰，價(jià)值觀，態(tài)度和實(shí)踐，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，帶來(lái)了不同的世界觀。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.單選題

Whenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkabouttheFederalagents.Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.It’sLindaTripp,nottheFBI,whoisfacingchargesunderMaryland’slawsagainstsecrettelephonetaping.It’sourbanks,nottheInternalRevenueService(IRS),thatpassourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfirms.

ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.

Asanexampleofwhat’sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames，phonenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.

Withthesecustomerlistsinhand,MemberWorksstarteddialingfordollars-sellingdentalplans,videogames,computersoftwareandotherproductsandservices.Customerswhoaccepteda“freetrialoffer”had30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts.U.S.Bancorpcollectedashareoftherevenues.

Customersweredoublydeceived,thelawsuitclaims.Theydidn’tknowthatthebankwasgivingaccountnumberstoMemberWorks.Andifcustomersasked,theywereledtothinktheanswerwasno.

ThestatesuedMemberWorksseparatelyfordeceptiveselling.Thecompanydeniesthatitdidanythingwrong.Foritspart,U.S.Bancorpsettledwithoutadmittinganymistakes.Butitagreedtostopexposingitscustomerstononfinancialproductssoldbyoutsidefirms.Afewtopbanksdecidedtodothesame.ManyotherbankswillstilldobusinesswithMemberWorksandsimilarfirms.

Andbankswillstillbeminingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcredit-cardprotectionplans.

Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Forexample,nofederallawshields“transactionandexperience”information—mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts.SocialSecuritynumbersareforsalebyprivatefirms.They’vegenerallyagreednottoselltothepublic.Buttobusinesses,thenumbersareanopenbook.Self-regulationdoesn’twork.Afirmmightpublishaprivacy-protectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?

TakeU.S.Bancorpagain.Customersweretold,inwriting,that“allpersonalinformationyousupplytouswillbeconsideredconfidential”.ThenitsoldyourdatatoMemberWorks.Thebankevenclaimsthatitdoesn’t“sell”yourdataatall.Itmerely“shares”itandreapsaprofit.Nowyouknow.

1.Contrarytopopularbelief,theauthorfindsthatspyingonpeople’sprivacy（）.

2.Weknowfromthepassagethat（）.

3.Whenthe“freetrial”deadlineisover,you’llbechargedwithoutnoticeforaproductorserviceif（）.

4.Businessesdonotregardinformationconcerningpersonalbankaccountsasprivatebecause_（）_.

5.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ispracticedexclusivelybytheFBI

B.ismoreprevalentinbusinesscircles

C.hasbeenintensifiedwiththehelpoftheIRS

D.ismainlycarriedoutbymeansofsecrettaping

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformation

B.moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinesses

C.legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotection

D.lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers’buyinghabits

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.youhappentorevealyourcreditcardnumber

B.youfailtocancelitwithinthespecifiedperiod

C.youfailtoapplyforextensionofthedeadline

D.youfindtheproductorserviceunsatisfactory

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.itisconsidered“transactionandexperience”informationunprotectedbylaw

B.ithasalwaysbeenconsideredanopensecretbythegeneralpublic

C.itssalecanbebroughtundercontrolthroughself-regulation

D.itsrevelationwilldonoharmtoconsumersunderthecurrentprotectionpolicy

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.bankswillhavetochangetheirwaysofdoingbusiness

B.“freetrial”practicewilleventuallybebanned

C.privacyprotectionlawswillsoonbeenforced

D.consumers,privacywillcontinuetobeinvaded

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.”，私營(yíng)企業(yè)比政府監(jiān)視得更多，根據(jù)最后一句，“It’sourbanks….passourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfirms.”，說(shuō)明銀行將我們的私人財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)給了電話銷售公司。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.”，說(shuō)明立法者傾向于讓商業(yè)人士隨意跟蹤我們的財(cái)務(wù)習(xí)慣。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段，“…h(huán)ad30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomatically…”，說(shuō)明有30天的取消期限，超過(guò)期限會(huì)自動(dòng)收費(fèi)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第八段，“Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.”，企業(yè)用你的私人賬戶獲利，但是你得不到任何保護(hù)，“nofederallawshields‘transactionandexperience’information”說(shuō)明私人賬戶被認(rèn)為是不受法律保護(hù)的，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

5.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第八段，說(shuō)明沒(méi)有法律對(duì)消費(fèi)者的隱私給予保護(hù)，所以消費(fèi)者的利益會(huì)繼續(xù)被侵犯。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.單選題

Ⅶ.Humanrightsareoftenpresentedastheoutcomeofalongandnoblematurationprocessofintellectualideassuchasfreedom,equalityorhumandignity—basicallyastheultimatecrystallizationofEnlightenmentideas.Thecontemporaryimportanceofhumanrightsisthenviewedasthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization,advancingtheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryperson.Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(尼采)(orlaterFoucault(?？?)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.Fromthisperspective,thejobofthehistorian,sociologistorphilosopherisnottoreconstructthelinearpathfromwhichhumanrightshavevictoriouslyemergedbuttoinvestigatethehaphazardmake-upofhumanrights,lookingintothecontingentconditionsandunforeseencircumstancesoutofwhichvaluesgrow.

InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoas(漢斯?約阿斯)seekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.Basically,howcanwebestdescribeandexplainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights,functioningtodayasadefactoglobalcivilreligionwithitsowntransnationalsymbolssuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsorsharedritualssuchasUN’sUniversalPeriodicReview?However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatNietzscheorFoucault___.

2.NietzscheorlaterFoucaultcriticizedthelargenumberofliteraturebecause___.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,HansJoastriesto___.

4.ThedifferencebetweenNietzscheandJoasisthat___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.isascholarwhousesteleologicalmethodtowardshumanrights

B.disagreeswiththeteleologicalmethodofresearch

C.claimsthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

D.thinksthathumanrightsisthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theyusedagenealogicalmethodology

B.theideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelydoesnotderivefromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

C.donotgivecredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory

D.theymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingtothecurrentstateofaffairs

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.connectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencythemoresociologicalquestion

B.explainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights

C.describethefunctioningofhumanrightsasadefactoglobalcivilreligion

D.describetheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsasthetransnationalsymbolofhumanrights

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thelatterwantstocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights

B.theformerdevisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasure

C.thelatteralsowantstoexplainthenowself-evidentmoralcharacterofhumanrights

D.theformeracknowledgesthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.（在這一脈絡(luò)下，大量的文獻(xiàn)聚焦于人權(quán)的先驅(qū)者，聲稱普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)和個(gè)人權(quán)利的理念最終源于諸如天主教、新教或法國(guó)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)等。這些敘述和歷史被尼采（或后來(lái)的?？拢┥羁膛u(píng)，因?yàn)樗鼈儗⑦^(guò)去誤讀為一種導(dǎo)致并證明事件現(xiàn)狀的目的論）可知尼采或?？屡u(píng)目的論，選B選項(xiàng)“不同意目的論的研究方法”，A選項(xiàng)“是一位用目的論方法研究人權(quán)的學(xué)者”以及C選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為人類普遍尊嚴(yán)和個(gè)人權(quán)利的理念最終源于天主教、新教或法國(guó)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)”在文中屬于人權(quán)的先驅(qū)者，不是尼采或?？碌挠^點(diǎn)，偷換概念，排除；D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為人權(quán)是歷史、理性或文明前進(jìn)的最終結(jié)果”未在第一段提及。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.（在這一脈絡(luò)下，大量的文獻(xiàn)聚焦于人權(quán)的先驅(qū)者，聲稱普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)和個(gè)人權(quán)利的理念最終源于諸如天主教、新教或法國(guó)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)等。這些敘述和歷史被尼采（或后來(lái)的?？拢┥羁膛u(píng)，因?yàn)樗鼈儗⑦^(guò)去誤讀為一種導(dǎo)致并證明事件現(xiàn)狀的目的論）可知選D選項(xiàng)“它們把過(guò)去誤解為一種導(dǎo)致當(dāng)前事態(tài)的目的論”以及B選項(xiàng)“普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)和個(gè)人權(quán)利的想法最終不是來(lái)自天主教、基督教，新教或法國(guó)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)”并不是尼采或福柯后來(lái)批評(píng)大量的文學(xué)的原因；第一段InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.（相反，尼采提出了一個(gè)譜系方法論，它把歸信于偶然的，不可預(yù)測(cè)的，隱藏的，經(jīng)常是黑暗的歷史潮流）可知A選項(xiàng)“他們使用了一種譜系方法論”和C選項(xiàng)“不相信偶然的，不可預(yù)測(cè)的，隱藏的，經(jīng)常是黑暗的歷史潮流”是尼采所贊同的，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“HansJoas”定位到原文第二段第一句InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoasseekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.（在《人的神圣性》一書中，漢斯?約阿斯試圖將尼采關(guān)于價(jià)值起源的歷史偶然性意識(shí)與更多的社會(huì)學(xué)問(wèn)題聯(lián)系起來(lái)，即為什么人權(quán)和普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)現(xiàn)在成為一種新的全球文化和道德）可知選A選項(xiàng)“將尼采的歷史偶然性意識(shí)與更多的社會(huì)學(xué)問(wèn)題聯(lián)系起來(lái)”以及B選項(xiàng)“解釋人權(quán)的深刻的道德承諾和幾乎普遍的呼吁”錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)“將人權(quán)的運(yùn)作描述為事實(shí)上的全球公民宗教”和D選項(xiàng)“將《世界人權(quán)宣言》描述為人權(quán)的跨國(guó)象征”不符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“NietzscheandJoas”定位到原文第二段Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.（更確切地說(shuō)，在承認(rèn)人權(quán)是一種真正的歷史創(chuàng)新的同時(shí)，他還希望保護(hù)——并解釋——人權(quán)對(duì)那些感到受其約束的人所具有的如今不言而喻的道德品質(zhì)）可知選C選項(xiàng)“后者還想解釋現(xiàn)在不言而喻的人權(quán)的道德特征”以及D選項(xiàng)“前者承認(rèn)人權(quán)是一種真正的歷史創(chuàng)新”錯(cuò)誤，尼采和喬斯都承認(rèn)人權(quán)是一種真正的歷史創(chuàng)新；第二段However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.（然而，與尼采的解讀相反，喬斯并不想批評(píng)或解構(gòu)普遍人權(quán)的理念。因此，他設(shè)計(jì)了一種研究對(duì)象和方法，這種方法不是由傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)學(xué)度量來(lái)評(píng)判的，而是更傾向于解釋性的方法）可知喬斯并不想批評(píng)或解構(gòu)普遍人權(quán)的理念，而尼采會(huì)批評(píng)或解構(gòu)普遍人權(quán)的理念，A選項(xiàng)“后者是對(duì)普遍人權(quán)思想的批判或解構(gòu)”，B選項(xiàng)“前者設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)研究對(duì)象和方法，這不是批判性的傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)學(xué)措施”和原文相悖。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritisherfirstdutytofollowherintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparation,thinksforhimself,thanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.Notthatitissolely,orchiefly,toformgreatthinkersthatfreedomofthinkingisrequired.Onthecontrary,itisasmuchorevenmoreindispensabletoenableaveragehumanbeingstoattainthementalstaturewhichtheyarecapableof.Therehavebeenandmayagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeen,noreverwillbe,inthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Whereanyofheterodoxspeculationwasforatimesuspended,wherethereisatacticconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed:wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhencontroversyavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtokindleenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationsandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthedignityofthinkingbeings.

Shewhoknowsonlyherownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Herreasonsmaybegood,andnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifsheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsoftheoppositeside;ifshedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyare,shehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforherwouldbesuspensionofjudgment,andunlessshecontentsherselfwiththat,sheiseitherledbyauthority,oradopts,likethegeneralityoftheworld,thesidetowhichshefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatsheshouldheartheargumentsofadversariesfromherownteachers,presentedastheystatethem,andaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetothearguments,orbringthemintorealcontactwithhermind.Shemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem:whodefendtheminearnest,anddotheirveryutmostforthem.Shemustknowthemintheirmostplausibleandpersuasiveform;shemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof:elseshewillneverreallypossessherselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedpeopleareinthiscondition;evenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetrue,butitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow;theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay;andconsequentlytheydonot,inanypropersenseoftheword,knowthedoctrineswhichtheythemselvesprofess.

1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,itisalwaysadvisableto（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,inagreatperiodsuchastheRenaissancewemayexpecttofind（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,thepersonwhoholdsorthodoxbeliefswithoutexaminationmaybedescribedinallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTas（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewith?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheAgeofReason

B.TheNeedforIndependentThinking

C.TheValueofRefutation

D.StirringPeople’sMinds

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.haveopinionswhichcannotberefuted

B.adoptthepointofviewtowhichonefeelsthemostinclination

C.beacquaintedwiththeargumentsfavoringthepointofviewwithwhichonedisagrees

D.suspendheterodoxspeculationinfavorofdoctrinaireapproaches

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.acceptanceoftruth

B.controversyoverprinciples

C.inordinateenthusiasm

D.adreadofheterodoxspeculation

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.enslavedbytradition

B.lessthanfullyrational

C.determinedoncontroversy

D.havingaclosedmind

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Atrulygreatthinkermakesnomistakes

B.Periodsofintellectualachievementareperiodsofunorthodoxreflection

C.Therefutationofacceptedideascanbestbeprovidedbyone’sownteachers

D.Excessivecontroversypreventsclearthinking

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。分析文章行文結(jié)構(gòu)，文章由問(wèn)句導(dǎo)入引出文章主題“思考者的首要職責(zé)是跟隨自己的思維能力達(dá)成其可能帶來(lái)的結(jié)論，沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)的人不可能是一位偉大的思考者”，然后指出“思考者需要獨(dú)立思考”的觀點(diǎn)以及后續(xù)段落圍繞“獨(dú)立思考的重要性”進(jìn)行論述，可推知B項(xiàng)“對(duì)獨(dú)立思考的需要”正確。

A選項(xiàng)“理性時(shí)代”，文章第一段雖然有提及但是不是文章的重點(diǎn)，這是獨(dú)立思考帶來(lái)的好處，屬于以偏概全。

C選項(xiàng)“反駁的價(jià)值”，文章第一段雖然有提及但是不是文章的重點(diǎn)，這是獨(dú)立思考帶來(lái)的好處，屬于以偏概全。

D選項(xiàng)“激動(dòng)人心的人們的思想”，文章第一段雖然有提及但是不是文章的重點(diǎn)，這是獨(dú)立思考帶來(lái)的好處，屬于以偏概全。

第2題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到文章第二段第一二三句話Shewhoknowsonlyherownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Herreasonsmaybegood,andnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifsheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsoftheoppositeside;ifshedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyare,shehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.（只知道自己一方（觀點(diǎn)）的人對(duì)這個(gè)知之甚少。她的（辯護(hù)）理由也許很好，沒(méi)人能反駁。但是如果她同樣不能反駁對(duì)方的理由；如果她連它們（對(duì)方的論點(diǎn)）是什么都不知道，她就沒(méi)有理由偏愛(ài)任何一種觀點(diǎn)），由此可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“要熟悉贊成某人不同意的觀點(diǎn)的論點(diǎn)”。

A選項(xiàng)“有無(wú)法反駁的觀點(diǎn)”，見(jiàn)正確答案解析，這里屬于反向干擾。

B選項(xiàng)“選擇自己最喜歡的觀點(diǎn)”，見(jiàn)正確答案解析，這里屬于反向干擾。

D選項(xiàng)“暫停異端的推測(cè)，支持教條主義的方法”，定位到第一段倒數(shù)第二句話Whereanyofheterodoxspeculationwasforatimesuspended,wherethereisatacticconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed,wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.（任何異端猜測(cè)在那一段時(shí)間內(nèi)停止，在任何策略會(huì)議中其原則是不能爭(zhēng)議的，在任何討論中，那些能主導(dǎo)人性的討論被認(rèn)為是停止了的，我們都別想找到通常高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的精神活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)就是讓某些時(shí)間段的歷史被人們記住的原因），停止了異端猜測(cè)反而會(huì)導(dǎo)致思想停滯不前，這里屬于反向干擾，不選。

第3題:推理判斷題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第一段倒數(shù)第二句話Whereanyofheterodoxspeculationwasforatimesuspended,wherethereisatacticconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed,wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.（任何異端猜測(cè)在那一段時(shí)間內(nèi)停止，在任何策略會(huì)議中其原則是不能爭(zhēng)議的，在任何討論中，那些能主導(dǎo)人性的討論被認(rèn)為是停止了的，我們都別想找到通常高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的精神活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)就是讓某些時(shí)間段的歷史被人們記住的原因），從這里可知是異端猜測(cè)暫停會(huì)導(dǎo)致我們進(jìn)入不了偉大的時(shí)代，也就是說(shuō)異端學(xué)說(shuō)活躍才導(dǎo)致思想活躍才會(huì)把人們帶入到偉大時(shí)代，而文藝復(fù)興是思想活躍的時(shí)期，所以我們會(huì)經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)B選項(xiàng)“爭(zhēng)議原則”。

A選項(xiàng)“接受真理”，文中沒(méi)有提及屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不選。

C選項(xiàng)“過(guò)度的熱情”，文中沒(méi)有提及屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不選。

D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)異端猜測(cè)的恐懼”，見(jiàn)正確解析，這里屬于反向干擾。

第4題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。C選項(xiàng)文章沒(méi)有提及屬于無(wú)中生有，所以答案選C；

A選項(xiàng)“被傳統(tǒng)奴役”定位到第二段第四句Therationalpositionforherwouldbesuspensionofjudgment,andunlessshecontentsherselfwiththat,sheiseitherledbyauthority,oradopts,likethegeneralityoftheworld,thesidetowhichshefeelsthemostinclination.（對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)，理性的立場(chǎng)是停止判斷，除非她滿足于這一點(diǎn)，否則她要么被權(quán)威人士所左右，要么像世界上大多數(shù)人一樣，站在她覺(jué)得最傾向的一邊），由此可知A選項(xiàng)正確；

B選項(xiàng)“不完全理性”，定位到第二段第三句話…ifshedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyare,shehasnogroundforpreferringeither（……如果她連它們是什么都不知道，她就沒(méi)有理由偏愛(ài)任何一種觀點(diǎn)），由此可知B選項(xiàng)正確；

D選項(xiàng)“封閉的思想”，定位到第二段第六句Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetothearguments,orbringthemintorealcontactwithhermind.（這不是公正對(duì)待這些論點(diǎn)的方法，也不是讓它們與她的思想真正接觸的方法），從這里作者委婉地表達(dá)出像題干那樣做的人思想是封閉的，并沒(méi)有真正的接觸到反方思想，由此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第一段