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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-內(nèi)蒙古建筑職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.翻譯題
1.成功的國(guó)際營(yíng)銷不僅僅在于好的翻譯,如果銷售人員想避免犯錯(cuò)誤的話,他們就必須研究和了解文化的其他方面。
2.當(dāng)國(guó)家未來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)越來(lái)越依靠科學(xué)和技術(shù)的時(shí)候,教育在一個(gè)國(guó)家未來(lái)的前途中起著決定性的作用。
3.在大多數(shù)文化中,忍受痛苦和沉默寡言受到人們的珍視,而表露自己的情感被看作是一個(gè)人的缺點(diǎn)。
4.未來(lái)幾十年,整個(gè)世界將要面臨的最迫切的挑戰(zhàn)之一,就是如何緩解人類的活動(dòng)給環(huán)境造成的日益嚴(yán)重的壓力。
5.教育軟件把教育和娛樂(lè)融入到一起,這種寓教于樂(lè)的軟件給學(xué)生創(chuàng)造了邊學(xué)邊玩的機(jī)會(huì)。
【答案】1.Successfulinternationalmarketingisnotjustaboutgoodtranslation.Ifsalespersonnelwanttoavoidmakingmistakes,theymuststudyandlearnaboutotheraspectsofculture.
2.Atatimewhenanation’sfutureeconomicgrowthisincreasinglydependentonscienceandtechnology,educationplaysadecisiveroleinitsfutureprospects.
3.Inmostcultures,sufferingandbeingsilencearevalued,whileshowingone’sfeelingsisseenasaweakness.
4.Oneofthemostpressingchallengestheworldwillfaceinthecomingdecadesishowtoalleviatetheincreasingpressuresontheenvironmentcausedbyhumanactivities.
5.Educationalsoftwarecombineseducationwithentertainment.Thiskindofedutainmentsoftwarecreatesopportunitiesforstudentstolearnwhileplaying.
2.單選題
He(
)hisassistanttopickuptheplansfromtheoffice.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.dispose
B.dispensed
C.dispatched
D.dispersed
【答案】C
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞此詞義辨析。dispose“處理;安排”;dispense“分發(fā);分發(fā);免除;執(zhí)行”;dispatch“派遣;發(fā)送;分派”;disperse“分散;使散開(kāi);傳播”。句意:他派助手去辦公室取方案。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
3.單選題
Treesaregood.Goodenoughtohug.Plantingtreeswillmaketheworldcoolerthanitwouldotherwisebe.ThisisthesubjectofanewlypublishedstudybyGovindasamyBala,oftheLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,inCalifornia,andhiscolleagues.DrBalahasfound,rathercounter-intuitively,thatremovingalloftheworld’streesmightactuallycooltheplanetdown.
Thereasonforthisisthattreesaffecttheworld’stemperaturebymeansotherthanthecarbontheytakein.Forinstanceforestsremainquiteadarkshadeevenafterasnowstorm.Theyarecertainlydarkerthangrasslands,andthustheycanabsorbmoreofthesun’sheatthanvegetationwhichmightotherwisecoverthesamestretchofland.Thatwarmsthingsup.
DrBalaandhiscolleaguestooksucheffectsintoaccountusingacomputermodelcalledtheIntegratedClimateandCarbonModel.Unlikemostclimate-changemodels,whichcalculatehowtheEarthshouldabsorbandradiateheatinresponsetoalistofgreenhouse-gasconcentrations,thisonehasmanysubsectionsthatrepresenthowthecarboncycleworks,andhowitinfluencestheclimate.
Overall,DrBala’smodelsuggeststhatcompletedeforestationwouldcauseanadditional1.3℃temperaturerisecomparedwithbusinessasusualbecauseofthehighercarbon–dioxidelevelsthatwouldresult.However,theadditionalreflectivityoftheplanetwouldcause1.6℃ofcooling.Atreelessworldwouldthusbe0.3℃coolerthanotherwise.
Noone,ofcourse,wouldconsiderchoppingdowntheworld’sforeststokeeptheplanetcool.Buthavingmadetheirpoint,DrBalaandhiscolleaguesthenwentontolookatforestgrowthandlossatdifferentlatitudes.PlantingtreesinconvenientplacessuchasEuropeandNorthAmericamayactuallybecounterproductive.InRussiaandCanada,cuttingtreesdownledmostlytolocalcooling.Thecarbondioxidethisreleasedintotheatmosphere,though,warmedtheworldallover.Aroundtheequator,bycontrast,warmingactedlocally(aswellasglobally),soatropicalcountrywouldexperiencewarmingcreatedbycuttingdowntrees.
Theresultsfollowincreasingcriticismfromclimatescientistsofthebenefitsofforestryschemestooffsetcarbonemissions.Plantingtreestoneutralizecarbonemissionshasbecomeabigbusiness:£60mworthoftreeshavebeenboughtthisyear,upfrom£20min2005.By2010themarketisexpectedtoreachf300m.
1.Accordingtothepassage,treesmaketheworldwarmerbecauseoftheir().
2.DrBala’sIntegratedClimateandCarbonModel().
3.BasedonDrBala’smodel,atreelessworldwould().
4.AccordingtoDrBala,thebestplacestoplanttreeswouldbe().
5.Asisshowninthepassage,criticismfromotherclimatescientists().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.deepcolort
B.roundshapet
C.enormoussizet
D.highreflectivityt
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.supportsthefindingsofotherclimatemodelst
B.isbasedontheresultsofotherclimatemodelst
C.usesasystemdifferentfromotherclimatemodelst
D.challengesthebasictheoryofotherclimatemodelst
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.causeseriousenvironmentalproblemst
B.provehelpfulinfightingglobalwarmingt
C.makeitdifficulttodealwithclimatechanget
D.raisecarbondioxidelevelsandglobaltemperaturet
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.NorthAmericat
B.Europet
C.High-latitudecountriest
D.tropicalcountriestt
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.shouldbetakenratherseriouslyt
B.isunreasonableandfar-fetchedt
C.involvesmostlyeconomicinterestst
D.isvoicedonbehalfofthegovernment
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:C
第3題:B
第4題:D
第5題:C
【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章,樹(shù)木使世界變暖是因?yàn)樗鼈儭?。根?jù)文章第二段第二句forestsremainquiteadarkshadeevenafterasnowstorm(在暴風(fēng)雪之后,森林仍然是一片黑暗的陰影)和最后一句Thatwarmsthingsup(這會(huì)讓氣氛升溫)可知,是因?yàn)闃?shù)木顏色深、陰影面積大,所以世界才會(huì)變暖,故A項(xiàng)“顏色深”正確。B項(xiàng)“圓形狀”、C項(xiàng)“巨大的體積”和D項(xiàng)“高反射率”都與樹(shù)木使世界變暖無(wú)關(guān)。因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。
第2題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“巴拉博士的‘綜合氣候和碳模型’……”。根據(jù)第三段第二句Unlikemostclimate-changemodels,whichcalculatehowtheEarthshouldabsorbandradiateheatinresponsetoalistofgreenhouse-gasconcentrations,thisonehasmanysubsectionsthatrepresenthowthecarboncycleworks,andhowitinfluencestheclimate.(大多數(shù)氣候變化模型都是根據(jù)一系列溫室氣體濃度來(lái)計(jì)算地球應(yīng)該如何吸收和輻射熱量,而這個(gè)模型不同,它有許多分部來(lái)代表碳循環(huán)是如何工作的,以及它是如何影響氣候的)可知,巴拉博士的“綜合氣候和碳模型”和大多數(shù)氣候變化模型不同,故C項(xiàng)“使用一個(gè)不同于其他氣候模型的系統(tǒng)”正確。A項(xiàng)“支持其他氣候模型的發(fā)現(xiàn)”和B項(xiàng)“是基于其他氣候模型的結(jié)果”文中未提及;D項(xiàng)“挑戰(zhàn)其他氣候模型的基本理論”,文章只是把“綜合氣候和碳模型”和其他氣候模型做了對(duì)比,并沒(méi)有提到挑戰(zhàn),D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
第3題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)巴拉博士的模型,一個(gè)沒(méi)有樹(shù)木的世界將會(huì)是……”。第四段最后一句提到Atreelessworldwouldthusbe0.3℃coolerthanotherwise.(一個(gè)沒(méi)有樹(shù)木的世界會(huì)比其他情況低0.3℃),由此可知,沒(méi)有樹(shù)木的世界氣溫會(huì)下降,由此可以有助于對(duì)抗全球變暖的問(wèn)題,故B項(xiàng)“證明有助于對(duì)抗全球變暖”正確。A項(xiàng)“造成嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問(wèn)題”和C項(xiàng)“使應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化變得困難”不是根據(jù)巴拉博士的模型得出的結(jié)論;D項(xiàng)“提高二氧化碳水平和全球溫度”,內(nèi)容與原文相反。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
第4題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“巴拉博士認(rèn)為,最好的植樹(shù)地點(diǎn)是……”。第五段最后一句指出Aroundtheequator,bycontrast,warmingactedlocally(aswellasglobally),soatropicalcountrywouldexperiencewarmingcreatedbycuttingdowntrees.(相比之下,在赤道附近,氣候變暖是局部的,也是全球現(xiàn)象,所以一個(gè)熱帶國(guó)家會(huì)經(jīng)歷砍伐樹(shù)木造成的變暖),由此可知熱帶國(guó)家砍伐樹(shù)木會(huì)造成氣候變暖,那么反之,種植樹(shù)木會(huì)中和氣候變暖,所以最好的植樹(shù)地點(diǎn)是熱帶國(guó)家,故D項(xiàng)“熱帶國(guó)家”正確。根據(jù)第五段第三句PlantingtreesinconvenientplacessuchasEuropeandNorthAmericamayactuallybecounterproductive.(在歐洲和北美等方便的地方植樹(shù)實(shí)際上可能適得其反)可知,A項(xiàng)“北美”和B項(xiàng)“歐洲”錯(cuò)誤;第五段第四句提到InRussiaandCanada,cuttingtreesdownledmostlytolocalcooling.(在俄羅斯和加拿大,砍伐樹(shù)木主要是為了給當(dāng)?shù)亟禍兀┛芍?,高緯度?guó)家不適合植樹(shù),所以C項(xiàng)“高緯度國(guó)家”也錯(cuò)誤。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。
第5題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“如文章所示,來(lái)自其他氣候科學(xué)家的批評(píng)是……”。文章末段指出Theresultsfollowincreasingcriticismfromclimatescientistsofthebenefitsofforestryschemestooffsetcarbonemissions.Plantingtreestoneutralizecarbonemissionshasbecomeabigbusiness(這一結(jié)果得到氣候科學(xué)家越來(lái)越多的批評(píng),林業(yè)計(jì)劃可以抵消碳排放量;通過(guò)植樹(shù)來(lái)中和碳排放已經(jīng)成為一項(xiàng)大生意),通過(guò)句子中的“abigbusiness”可知,氣候科學(xué)家的批評(píng)主要涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,故C項(xiàng)“主要涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)利益”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該被認(rèn)真對(duì)待”、B項(xiàng)“不合理和牽強(qiáng)”和D項(xiàng)“代表政府發(fā)聲”都與原文無(wú)關(guān)。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
4.單選題
Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearldevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunitsandagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,ordering,andthetakingofcensuses,allofwhichledtomoderndescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemoderninferentialstatistics,whichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.
Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulating,depicting,anddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitative,suchasmeasuresofheight,intelligence,orgradelevel-variables,thatarecharacterizedbytheunderlyingcontinuumorthedatamayrepresentqualitativevariables,suchassex,collegemajor,orpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizing,orreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.
Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexample,aschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystem,whocometoschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforflu,orwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatistics,thesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild;theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thus,thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.
31.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith______.
32.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,countinganddescribingareassociatedwith______.
33.Whydoestheauthormention“mother”and“father”inthefirstparagraph?
34.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdescriptivestatisticsisbestsupportedbythepassage?
35.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleorapopulation?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.thedrawbacksofdescriptiveandinferentialstatistics
B.applicationsofinferentialstatistics
C.thedevelopmentanduseofstatistics
D.howtousedescriptivestatistics
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.inferentialstatistics
B.descriptivestatistics
C.unknownvariables
D.qualitativechanges
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Topointoutthatparentscanteachtheirchildrenstatistics.
B.Tointroduceinferentialstatistics.
C.Toexplainthattherearedifferentkindsofvariables.
D.Topresentthebackgroundofstatisticsinahumorousandunderstandableway.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Itsimplifiesunwieldymassesofdata.
B.Itleadstoincreasedvariability.
C.Itsolvesallnumericalproblems.
D.Itchangesqualitativevariablestoquantitativevariables.
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.Tocomparedifferentgroups.
B.Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation.
C.Toconsiderallthequantitativevariables.
D.Totabulatecollectionsofdata.
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:B
第3題:D
第4題:A
第5題:B
【解析】31.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章第一段介紹了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的誕生,接著介紹了兩種統(tǒng)計(jì)方法:描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)和推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)可以解決的問(wèn)題,說(shuō)明本文主要講的是統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。因此C選項(xiàng)“統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展和使用”正確。A選項(xiàng)“描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)和推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)的缺點(diǎn)”,原文只介紹了這兩者的由來(lái),沒(méi)有介紹它們的缺點(diǎn),所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)的應(yīng)用”,D選項(xiàng)“如何使用描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)”,原文介紹了描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)和推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)兩者的應(yīng)用,所以B,D錯(cuò)誤。
32.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“countinganddescribing”可以定位到文章第一段第三句Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,ordering,andthetakingofcensuses,allofwhichledtomoderndescriptivestatistics.(“母親”對(duì)其后代統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的影響表現(xiàn)在計(jì)數(shù)、測(cè)量、描述、制表、歸類和人口普查,所有這些導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)代描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的誕生。),說(shuō)明計(jì)數(shù)和描述與描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)相關(guān)。因此B選項(xiàng)“描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)”,C選項(xiàng)“未知變量”,D選項(xiàng)“質(zhì)變”均不符合題意,所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。
33.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】推理判斷題。第一段中提到“母親”和“父親”用來(lái)說(shuō)明統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的誕生和起源,運(yùn)用擬人的手法使文章更加生動(dòng)幽默,有助于讀者理解。因此D選項(xiàng)“以幽默、易懂的方式介紹統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的背景”正確。A選項(xiàng)“指出父母可以教孩子統(tǒng)計(jì)”,B選項(xiàng)“為了介紹推斷性統(tǒng)計(jì)”,C選項(xiàng)“說(shuō)明變量有不同的種類”均不符合題意,所以A,B,C錯(cuò)誤。
34.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizing,orreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.(描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)是一種工具,它對(duì)極其龐雜的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、概括或簡(jiǎn)化,使之成為可理解的東西。),說(shuō)明描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)可以將龐雜的數(shù)據(jù)簡(jiǎn)單化。因此A選項(xiàng)“簡(jiǎn)化了繁雜的大量數(shù)據(jù)”正確。B選項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致了變異性的增加”,C選項(xiàng)“可以解決所有的數(shù)值問(wèn)題”,D選項(xiàng)“把定性變量變?yōu)槎孔兞俊痹谖闹芯鶝](méi)有提及,所以B,C,D錯(cuò)誤。
35.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Thus,thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.(因此,推理性統(tǒng)計(jì)的目的就是通過(guò)了解整個(gè)群體中一部分樣本的特征,來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)和估計(jì)整個(gè)群體的特征。),說(shuō)明考察樣本目的是預(yù)測(cè)和估計(jì)整個(gè)群體的特征。因此B選項(xiàng)“預(yù)測(cè)整個(gè)群體的特征”正確。A選項(xiàng)“為了比較不同的群體”,C選項(xiàng)“考慮所有的定量變量”,D選項(xiàng)“將數(shù)據(jù)集合制成表格”在文中均沒(méi)有提及,所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。
5.單選題
Thereareactuallymanyconvincingreasonstousenaturalproducts,eventheregularhealthproductsarefilledwithchemicals.Allofthoseexcessivechemicalsdoalotharmtoyourbody.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.persuasive
B.confident
C.obedient
D.concrete
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)persuasive“有說(shuō)服力的;勸誘的,勸說(shuō)的”;B選項(xiàng)confident“自信的;確信的”;C選項(xiàng)obedient“順從的,服從的;孝順的”;D選項(xiàng)concrete“混凝土的;實(shí)在的,具體的;有形的”。句意:事實(shí)上,使用天然產(chǎn)品有很多令人信服的理由,即使是普通的保健品也充滿了化學(xué)物質(zhì)。所有這些過(guò)量的化學(xué)物質(zhì)都對(duì)你的身體有害。。結(jié)合此處關(guān)鍵詞convincing“令人信服的;有說(shuō)服力的”,得知A選項(xiàng)正確。
6.單選題
Itisessentialtobeonthe()foranysignsofmovementintheundergrowthsincetherearepoisonoussnakesinthearea.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.guard
B.care
C.alert
D.alarm
【答案】C
【解析】本題考查的是固定搭配。根據(jù)句意可知此處要填一個(gè)詞與beonthe...for構(gòu)成搭配,表示“警惕、提防”的意思,care和alarm都不能與之構(gòu)成搭配,beonthealertfor是固定搭配表示“警惕、提防”的意思,guard通常的用法是beonguardfor,guard的前面不需要加定冠詞the,所以此處應(yīng)該選擇alert,故正確答案為選項(xiàng)C。
7.單選題
InPlato’sRepublicwefindadiscussionaboutmoralityandselfishness.Plato’sbrotherGlauconistryingtomakeSocratesgivesomegoodreasonsforwhyitisbettertobejustthantobeunjust.Glauconinsiststhatallpeoplebynaturelookafterthemselves,andwheneverwecangetawaywithsomething,wewilldoit,regardlessofhowunjustitmaybetoothers.Unfortunately,wemayreceivethesametreatmentfromothers,whichishighlyunpleasant,soforthesakeofpeaceandsecurityweagreetotreateachotherdecently—notbecausewewantto,butbecauseweareplayingitsafe.Moralityisjustaresultofourlookingoutforourselves.Ifwecangetawaywithsomething,itisournaturetomakethemostofit.
WhatGlauconissuggestinghereabouttheoriginofsocietyisafirstinWesternthought.Histheoryisanexampleofwhathasbecomeknownassocialcontracttheory,andthistypeoftheorybecameparticularlyinfluentialmuchlater,intheeighteenthcentury.Asocialcontracttheoryassumesthathumansusedtoliveinapre-socialsetting(withoutrules,regulations,orcooperation)andthen,forvariousreasons,gottogetherandagreedonsettingupasociety.Generally,socialcontracttheoriesassumethathumansdecidetobuildasocietywithrulesforthesakeofthecommongoodorforthesakeofself-protection.Thetheoryistodayknownaspsychologicalegoism.
ToGlaucon,decentpersonswilldo“unjust”thingsjustasquicklyasscoundrelsiftheyknowtheycangetawaywithitsincetheirhumannaturesareidentical.HereGlauconisactingasthedevil’sadvocateinordertomakeSocratesdefendjusticeassomethingthatisgoodinitself.Surelyweallcanremembereventsinourlivesthatshowthatwedon’talwaysactoutofself-interest.WemayrememberthatMotherTeresaandotherunselfishsoulshavespenttheirliveshelpingothers.Thepsychologicalegoistwouldcontendthattheymaynothavebeenawareoftheirtruemotives,butselfishitwas,somehow.Thesepeople,probably,wantedtogettoHeaven,toatoneforpastwrongdoing,ormaybetheyjustwantedtofeelwarminside.
Thistheory,cynicalasitmaysound,hasestablisheditselffirmlyinthemindsofmanymodernpeople.Somehow,thistheoryremovesthehalofromabovetheheadofeveryheroandeveryunselfishpersoninthehistoryofhumankind.Onereason,then,forthistheory’spopularityisitspresumedhonesty.Closelyrelatedtothenotionofhonestyisourmodernfascinationwithcynicism.Oftentimes,peoplearetrulyselfishanddevious,andthingsarenotwhattheyseem.However,thereisadifferencebetweenthiskindofprudentskepticismandauniversalcynicismthatbordersonparanoia.Suchradicalcynicismdoesn’tallowforthepossibilityoftheexistenceofgoodnessandkindness,andthisisoneoftheerrorspsychologicalegoistsareproneto.Psychologicalegoistsneversaythatwecan’thelpbeingselfishtothebone—theyjustsaythatthereissomehiddenselfishmotiveforwhateverwedothatwemaynotbeevenawareof.
1.WhatisthemainreasonformentreatingeachotherdecentlyaccordingtoGlaucon?
2.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthesocialcontracttheory?
3.HowwouldpsychologicalegoistsinterprettheexampleofMotherTeresa?
4.Whaterrorsarepsychologicalegoistslikelytomake?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Itisnotrightforonetobeunjusttootherpeople.
B.Itisbeneficialforpeopletoretainpeaceandsecurity.
C.Moralityandselflessnessarewhatweshouldpursue.
D.Wearepronetomakethemostofsomething.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.Itiscontrarytopsychologicalegoists’beliefs.
B.Itrecordshumanlifeinaworldwithoutoperationandrules.
C.Itpresumesthatasocietywithrulesistoguaranteethebenefitsofall.
D.Itassumesthatpeoplearebynatureunselfish.
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Shehelpsothersforthesakeofherself
B.Justiceisgoodinitselftothedevil’sadvocate.
C.Descentpersonswilldounjustthingsaswell.
D.Sheisatypicalpersonwithfeelingsofparanoia.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Theydonotjustifytheirtheoryfully.
B.Theyhavechangedpeople’sview.
C.Theyneverwarnpeopleoftheirunawareselfishness.
D.Theygototheextremeofdisbelievingpeople
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:A
第4題:D
【解析】第1題:1.根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第三句“forthesakeofpeaceandsecurity...weareplayingitsafe.”為了和平與安全,我們同意善待彼此——不是因?yàn)槲覀兿脒@樣做,而是因?yàn)槲覀冎?jǐn)慎行事。也就是說(shuō)人與人之間保持和平與安全是有益的。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。
2.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“socialcontracttheory”定位到原文第二段,根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二句“Generally,socialcontracttheories...forthesakeofself-protection.”一般來(lái)說(shuō),社會(huì)契約理論認(rèn)為,人類決定建立一個(gè)有規(guī)則的社會(huì)是為了公共利益或自我保護(hù)。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。
3.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“MotherTeresa”定位到第三段最后三句,心理利己主義者認(rèn)為他們可能沒(méi)有意識(shí)到自己的真實(shí)動(dòng)機(jī),但從某種程度上來(lái)說(shuō),他們是自私的。這些人可能是想上天堂,為過(guò)去的錯(cuò)誤行為贖罪,或者他們只是想感受內(nèi)心的溫暖。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。
4.根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句“Suchradicalcynicism...psychologicalegoistsareproneto.”這種極端的犬儒主義不允許善良和善良存在的可能性,這是心理利己主義者容易犯的錯(cuò)誤之一。也就是說(shuō)他們很極端,容易懷疑他人,所以選項(xiàng)D正確。
第2題:
第3題:
第4題:
8.單選題
Terrorismprovestobeamoreseriousproblemthananticipated,anditchallengesbothpolicymakersburdenedwiththedesignofcountermeasuresandsocialscientistswhoarecalledupontoexplainitTerrorism’suniquenatureisrevealedbytwophenomena.First,publicperceptionofthreatanddangerseemstobedisproportionatetoterrorists’actualcapabilities.Second,terrorism,morethananyotherformofwarfare,hasanimpactonatargetgroupimmenselylargerthanthatoftheimmediatevictimsandoftenonpopulationsbeyondthatterrorismbearsprimarilyonindividuals’perceptions,onthe“publicmind”;inotherwords,itisaformofpsychologicalwarfare.
Thepsychologicalimpactsofpoliticalterrorismarepotentiallymanifestinindividuals’emotionalandattitudinalresponses.Intherealmofemotions,thefearandconcernforpersonalsafety,whichterrortacticsmightgiveriseto,isarevealingindicatoroftheireffectiveness.Onecouldargue,ofcourse,thatterrorists’abilitytosowwidespreadfearhardlyneedsproofasitisobviousthatviolenceandparticularlytheterrorists’hallmark,randomlytargetedviolence,areanxietyinducing.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatterrorismhasclaimedrelativelyfewcasualtiestodate,andthatinmostcountriestheactualprobabilityofincurringharmfromterroristicactivityisonlyafractionof,say,theriskofdeathorinjuryinvehicleaccidentsorcommoncrimes.Hence,thepowerofterrorismtointimidateshouldnotbetakenforgranted.
Intimidationandtheinductionoffeararenottheendsofterrorists’activitybutrathermeanstoeffectpoliticalchange.Theirviolenceispredicatedontwoassumptions:(a)Violentactioncanforcethecausespursuedbyterroristsintotheforefrontofanindifferentpublic’sawareness;(b)facedwiththechoicebetweencontinuingviolenceandacceptanceoftheterrorists’demands,thepublicmightoptforthelatter.Thus,theattitudesthatthetargetsofpoliticalterrorismdeveloptowarditsperpetrators,theirobjectives,andtheactionsthatoughttobeundertakenvisrd-visthemconstitutetellingmeasuresoftheeffectivenessofterrorism.
Thepresentinvestigationsoughttoassessthepsychologicalreactionsofapublicwhichhasbeenexposedforaconsiderablelengthoftimetothethreatsandactionsofterrorist.Regardingemotionalimpacts,thedatasuggestthatterrorism’sabilitytointimidate,toinduceworryandconcern,disproportionallyexceedstheactualdamageitcauses.Accordingtothedatagathered,theactualprobabilityofbeingvictimizedbyterroristactivitywasextremelylow;estimatedatlessthan1/20ofthelikelihoodofbeinghurtinaroadaccident.Yetalargemajorityoftherespondentsexpressedworryabouttheriskofpersonallyincurringtheconsequencesofterrorism.Itmightbeuncontrollabilitydramaticallyenhanceitsimpact.Thus,whiletheriskofvehicledrivingmightbefargreaterthanthedangerofterrorism,thecardriverisusuallyreassuredbyasubjectivefeelingofcontrolwhichthepotentialvictimofterrorismlacks.
Thesurveyresultsindicatethatterrorismhasfailedtoproducethechangeinattitudessoughtbyitsperpetrators.Mostrespondentsfavored,instead,therelianceonextremecounterterroristmeasures.ThehardeningofIsraelisattitudestowardterroristsandtheirobjectiveswasalsorevealedbytherespondents’unanimityofopinion.Takentogether,thedataconcerningtheemotionalimpactofterrorismanditseffectsonattitudesdidnotbearouttherationalewhichgovernsterroristicaction.Despitethewidespreadconcernandworryrevealedbythesedata,therewasnoevidenceofanywillingnesstopoliticallyconcedetoterrorists.Onthecontrary,andasalreadynoted,themajorityadvocatedtheadoptionofharshmeasuresagainstterrorists.Thus,atleastinsofarasPalestinianterrorismandtheIsraelipublicareconcerned,provestobecounterproductive.
1.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutterrorism?
2.Theauthorstatesthatinjuryordeathismorelikelytobesustainedfromautomobileaccidentsthanbyterrorism,andfromthiswecanconcludethat(
).
3.Accordingtotheauthor,fearofterrorismisintensifiedby
(
).
4.Theauthorcomparespublicperceptionofthethreatofterrorismtotheriskofvehicleinjuryordeathinorderto
(
).
5.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor’sconclusions?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Publicfearisinverselyaffectedbyterrorists’capacityfordestruction.
B.Resolvingtheproblemofterrorismrequirescooperationbetweengovernmentsandterrorists.
C.Terrorismincitesfearinpopulationsbesidesthattargetedandonagreaterscale.
D.Terrorismisaninevitabilityandmustbeeradicated.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.terrorismisirrelevantandmoretimeandeffortshouldbeallottedtoothersocialdemands
B.theefficacyofterrorismcanbewitnessedbytheemotionalresponseofthepublic
C.anxietyresultingfromterrorismshouldbeclinicallytreated
D.thepsychologicaleffectsofterrorismareinferiortothatofvehicleaccidents
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.theseeminglyhaphazardandunsystematicattacks
B.theincreasedrisksofpersonalinjurybyterrorism
C.ever-collapsingsocialorderduetoendlessglobalterrorattacks
D.theinabilityofgovernmenttocontrolterrorism
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.furtherevaluatethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetwo
B.showthatoneismorelikelytodiefromdailyroutinesthanbyterrorism
C.revealtheinabilityofapersontoinfluencetheoutcomeofaterrorattack
D.exemplifychaostheoryandrevealtheconsequencesofeachact
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.TheobjectivesofterroristsaremetwithpublicdisdainandasaresulttheIsraeligovernmentandIsraelishaveadoptedstringentactiontocounterterrorism.
B.TheIsraelipublicunanimouslybelievedthatthegovernmentshouldconcedetoterrorists’demands,andthegovernmentshouldadoptpoliciesinfavorofterroristsinordertoreduceviolence.
C.Terroristsshouldbepunishedstrictlyandswiftlywithlittleregardfortheterrorists’autonomywhenconcerningimprisonmentandtorture.
D.Israelipublicperceptionofterrorismhasnotchanged,andharshmeasuresforcounterterrorismmustbeadopted;however,governmentsshouldtrytoworkwithterroristgroupswhereapplicabletoreducecasualties.
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:B
第3題:B
第4題:C
第5題:A
【解析】第1題:1.判斷推理題。文章第一段提到“Second,terrorism,morethananyotherformofwarfare,hasanimpactonatargetgroupimmenselylargerthanthatoftheimmediatevictimsandoftenonpopulationsbeyondthatterrorismbearsprimarilyonindividuals’perceptions,onthe‘publicmind’”,恐怖主義對(duì)目標(biāo)群體的影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于對(duì)直接受害者的影響,它是對(duì)“民心”施加影響。C選項(xiàng)符合題意。
第2題:2.判斷推理題。文章第二段第一句說(shuō)到“Thepsychologicalimpactsofpoliticalterrorismarepotentiallymanifestinindividuals’emotionalandattitudinalresponses.Intherealmofemotions,thefearandconcernforpersonalsafety,whichterrortacticsmightgiveriseto,isarevealingindicatoroftheireffectiveness.”由此可知恐怖主義的心理影響體現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人的情緒和態(tài)度反應(yīng)上。B選項(xiàng)表示“公眾的情緒反應(yīng)可以證明恐怖主義的效力”符合題意。
第3題:3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文中第四段說(shuō)到“Yetalargemajorityoftherespondentsexpressedworryabouttheriskofpersonallyincurringtheconsequencesofterrorism.Itmightbeuncontrollabilitydramaticallyenhanceitsimpact.”大部分人很擔(dān)心恐怖主義帶來(lái)的人身傷害風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這加劇了恐怖主義對(duì)人們的心理影響。B選項(xiàng)符合題意。
第4題:4.判斷推理題。第四段最后一句說(shuō)到了兩者比較“Thus,whiletheriskofvehicledrivingmightbefargreaterthanthedangerofterrorism,thecardriverisusuallyreassuredbyasubjectivefeelingofcontrolwhichthepotentialvictimofterrorismlacks.”盡管交通事故比恐怖主義事件的危險(xiǎn)大得多,但司機(jī)覺(jué)得自己能控制車輛,而恐怖襲擊事件卻是不可控的。C選項(xiàng)“揭示了個(gè)人對(duì)恐怖事件的無(wú)能為力”符合題意。
第5題:5.主旨大意題。文章最后一段做出了總結(jié),沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明會(huì)對(duì)恐怖主義做出政治讓步的意愿,大多數(shù)人主張對(duì)恐怖主義分子采取嚴(yán)厲措施。以色列對(duì)恐怖主義及其目的的強(qiáng)硬態(tài)度與受訪者觀點(diǎn)一致。A選項(xiàng)符合題意。
9.單選題
Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecov-rysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,wherehighratesfheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,owever,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceerup-ivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspon-aneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.
Asaresultofrecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichin-olvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebe-ngdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDRs,artificialstimulationwillberequiredtoreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycircula-ionofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.
TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150°C,is
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