考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林電子信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林電子信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Forcenturiescoalhasbeenoneofthemostimportantfuels,anditstillis,althoughitislessimportantnowthanitoncewas.Otherfuels,notablypetroleumandnaturalgas,arereplacingit.Butcoalisstillwidelyusedfordomesticheatingandinpowerstationsforgeneratingelectricity.Enormousquantitiesofcoalaremadeintogas,andforuseinmetal-smeltingfurnaces,andelsewhere.Andcoalprovidesvaluablerawmaterialsforthechemicalindustry,too.Buthereagain,petroleumandnaturalgasaresupplantingcoal.

Weminecoalfromtheground,justasweminemineralsandores.Thedepositsmaylieonorjustbelowthesurfaceordeepunderground.Itisincoal-miningthatthegreatestadvancesinminingmethodshavetakenplace.Continuousminingmachineshewthecoalfromthecoalface,whereoncetheminersslaved.Lengthyconveyorsystemsconveyawaythehewcoal.Dieselandbatterylocomotiveshaulwagonsalongmilesofundergroundtunnels.

Wetendtocallcoalamineral,too.Butthereisagreatdifferencebetweencoaland,say,ironore.Ironoreisinorganicinorigin,beingformedasaresultofinorganic,ornon-livingprocessesinsidetheEarth'scrust.Coal,ontheotherhand,isorganicinorigin,beingderivedfromplantswhichoncelivedonthesurface.Itconsistsmainlyofcarbon.Theactualproportionofcarbonvariesfromonetypeofcoaltoanother.

MostofthecoalintheworldisderivedfromplantsthatgrewintheCarboniferousPeriodoftheEarth'shistory,whichlastedfromabout350milliontoabout280millionyearsago.DuringthisperiodwholeregionsoftheEarthwerecoveredinswamps,inwhichlivedgiganticfernsandtrees.Theplantsdiedandfellintotheswamps.Bacteriaacteduponthedeadvegetablematterandcausedittodecay.Astimewenton,thedecomposingvegetablematterbecamecoveredwithmudandclay,andthenmoreplantsgrew,died,decayed,andsoon.Inplaceslayeruponlayerofdecayedplantremainsbuiltup,sandwichedbetweenmudandclaysediments.IntimetheEarth'scrustfoldedthiswayandthat;heatandpressurechangedthesedimentsintorockandforcedoutmostofthewaterfromthedecayedmatter,whichchangedintocoal.Thuswerethecoalmeasuresformed.

Notallthecoalwassubjectedtothesamedegreesofheatandpressure.Thereforetherearedifferentkindsofcoals.Peatisnotreallyatruecoal,butitrepresentsthefirstdecompositionstageinthecoal-formingprocess.Lignite,orbrowncoal,representsafurtherstateintheprocess.Itcontainsalittlelessmoisture,andsomewhatmorecarbonthanpeat.Nextthereisbituminousorsoftcoal,themostplentifulofthecoals.Ithasahighcarboncontentandcontainslittlemoisture.Thefinalproductofthecoal-makingprocessisanthracite,orhardcoal,whichisovernine-tenthscarbonandcontainsscarcelyanymoistureatall.

1.Theword"supplanting"inline6ofparagraph1mostprobablymeans（）.

2.Thesecondparagraphismainlyabout（）.

3.What'sthedifferencebetweencoalandironore?

4.Fromthepassage,weknowthat（）.

5.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?

6.Paragraph4dealswith（）.

7.Accordingtothepassage,thereare（）typesofcoal.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.supplementing

B.supplying

C.replacing

D.providing

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.differencebetweencoalandironore

B.thedepositofcoal

C.miningmachine

D.generatingelectricity

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyaredifferentinorigin

B.Theyaredifferentinappearance.

C.Theyaredifferentincolon

D.Theyaredifferentinminingmethods

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.coalisjustusedfordomesticheating.

B.ironoreisorganic.

C.bothcoalandironoreareimportantfuels.

D.coalislessimportantthanitoncewas.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theapplicationsofcoal

B.Theapplicationsandformationofcoal.

C.Classificationofcoal.

D.Coalislessimportantthanitoncewas.

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.theprocessofcoalformation

B.thechangesofcoal

C.theclassificationofcoal

D.thecarbonincoal

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.4

B.6

C.8

D.10

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

第6題:A

第7題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)原文句意可知,石油和天然氣正在取代煤炭。supplementing補(bǔ)；supplying供應(yīng),充；replacing更換,替代；providing提供。選項(xiàng)C與之意思相近,所以正確。

2.根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知,本段主要是講開(kāi)采煤礦的過(guò)程,其中重點(diǎn)描述的是開(kāi)采器械,所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

3.根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知,煤和鐵礦有很大的區(qū)別。鐵礦的來(lái)源是無(wú)機(jī)的,是地殼內(nèi)部無(wú)機(jī)或無(wú)生命的過(guò)程。煤的來(lái)源是有機(jī)的,來(lái)自曾經(jīng)生活在地表的植物。由此可知,它們的來(lái)源不同,選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.根據(jù)第一段第一句“itislessimportantnowthanitoncewas.”可知選D符合原文；選項(xiàng)A和B表述錯(cuò)誤；選項(xiàng)C在文中沒(méi)有提及。所以本題選D。

5.結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要是講煤炭的應(yīng)用與形成。選項(xiàng)B最能概括全文。

6.第四段最后一句“Thuswerethecoalmeasuresformed.”為本段的中心句,本段主要是講煤的形成過(guò)程,選項(xiàng)A正確。

7.根據(jù)原文最后一段可知,煤有四種：peat,lignite（browncoal）,bituminous（softcoal）,anthracite（hardcoal）,注意連詞“or”的使用就能快速找出答案,選項(xiàng)A正確。

2.翻譯題

Man,saidAristotle,isasocialanimal.Thissociabilityrequirespeacefulcongregation,andthehistoryofmankindismainlyamovementthroughtimeofhumancollectivitiesthatrangefrommigranttribalbandstolargeandcomplexcivilizations.Survivalhasbeenduetotheabilitytocreatethemeansbywhichmeningroupsretaintheirunityandallegiancetooneanother.

Orderwascausedbytheneedanddesiretosurvivethechallengeoftheenvironment.Thisorderlyconditioncalledthe“state”,andtherulesthatmaintainedit,the“l(fā)aw”.Withtimethepartnertothistranquility,manmarchedacrossthecenturiesofhisevolutiontothebrinkofexploringtheboundariesofhisowngalaxy.Ofalllivingorganisms,onlymanhasthecapacitytointerprethisownevolutionasprogress.Associallifechanged,theworthandrightsofeachmemberinthelargergroup,ofwhichhewasapart,increased.Asthegroupsgrewfromclanstocivilizations,thevalueoftheindividualdidnotdiminish,butbecameinsteadaguidetotherulesthatgovernallmen.

【答案】亞里士多德說(shuō)過(guò)，人是一種社會(huì)性動(dòng)物。這種社會(huì)性要求人類和平的聚集，而人類歷史主要是人類集體跨越時(shí)間的運(yùn)動(dòng)，從遷徙的部落到大而復(fù)雜的文明。人類能夠生存下來(lái)是因?yàn)橛袆?chuàng)造各種手段的能力，通過(guò)這些手段，群體中的人們能夠保持團(tuán)結(jié)以及對(duì)彼此的忠誠(chéng)。

在環(huán)境的挑戰(zhàn)中生存下來(lái)的需要和渴望帶來(lái)了秩序。這種有序的狀態(tài)叫作“國(guó)家”，而維持這種狀態(tài)的規(guī)則叫作“法律”。隨著時(shí)間平靜地流逝，人類走過(guò)了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的進(jìn)化歷程，即將探索自身群體的邊界。在所有的生物中，只有人類有能力把自身的演變解釋為進(jìn)步。隨著社會(huì)生活的變化，大群體中每個(gè)成員的價(jià)值和權(quán)力都在增加。隨著群體從氏族發(fā)展到文明，個(gè)人的價(jià)值并沒(méi)有減少，而是變成了統(tǒng)治所有人的規(guī)則指南。

3.單選題

Inmyeyes,theoldgenerationisalways（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.economic

B.costly

C.expensive

D.thrifty

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)economic“經(jīng)濟(jì)的；經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的”；B選項(xiàng)costly“昂貴的；代價(jià)高的”；C選項(xiàng)expensive“昂貴的”；D選項(xiàng)thrifty“節(jié)檢的；節(jié)約的”。句意：在我眼里，老一輩總是……的。關(guān)鍵詞theoldgeneration老一輩的消費(fèi)觀偏向于節(jié)約。故選D。

4.單選題

Oursisasocietythattriestokeeptheworldsharplydividedintomasculineandfeminine,notbecausethatisthewaytheworldis,butbecausethatisthewaywebelieveitshouldbe.Ittakesunwaveringbeliefandconsiderableefforttokeepthisdivision.Italsoleadsustomakesomefairlyfoolishjudgments,particularlyaboutlanguage.

Becausewethinkthatlanguagealsoshouldbedividedintomasculineandfemininewehavebecomeveryskilledatignoringanythingthatwillnotfitourpreconceptions.Wewouldratherchangewhatwehearthanchangeourideasaboutthegenderdivisionoftheworld.Wewillcallassertivegirlsunfeminine,andsupportiveboyseffeminate,andtrytochangethemwhilestillretainingourstereotypesofmasculineandfemininetalk.

Thisiswhysomeresearchonsexdifferencesandlanguagehasbeensointeresting.Itisanillustrationofhowwrongwecanbe.Ofthemanyinvestigatorswhosetouttofindthestereotypedsexdifferencesinlanguage,fewhavehadanypositiveresults.Itseemsthatourimagesofserioustaciturn(沉默的)malespeakersandgossipygarrulous(饒舌)femalespeakersarejustthat:images.

Manymythsassociatedwithmasculineandfemininetalkhavehadtobediscardedasmoreresearchhasbeenundertaken.Iffemalesdousemoretrivialwordsthanmales,stoptalkinginmid-sentence,ortalkaboutthesamethingsoverandoveragain,theydonotdoitwheninvestigatorsarearound.

Noneofthesecharacteristicsoffemalespeechhavebeenfound.Andevenwhensexdifferenceshavebeenfound,thequestionarisesastowhetherthedifferenceisintheeye-orear-ofthebeholder,ratherthaninthelanguage.

Pitchprovidesoneexample.Webelievethatmalesweremeanttotalkinlowpitchedvoicesandfemalesinhighpitchedvoices.Wealsobelievethatlowpitchismoredesirable.Well,ithasbeenfoundthatthisdifferencecannotbeexplainedbyanatomy.

Ifmalesdonotspeakinhighpitchedvoices,itisnotusuallybecausetheyareunabletodoso.Thereasonismorelikelytobethattherearepenalties.Maleswithhighpitchedvoicesareoftentheobjectofridicule.Butpitchisnotanabsolute,forwhatisconsideredtherightpitchformalesvariesfromcountrytocountry.

1.Thepassageimpliesthattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthedivisionoffemininetalkandmasculinetalkis______.

2.Whatdoestheword“effeminate”(Para2)mean?

3.Theauthorusespitchasanexampleinordertoindicate______.

4.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothestereotypeoffemininetalk?

5.Malesdonotspeakloudlybecause______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.assertive

B.snobbish

C.approving

D.critical

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Unfeminine.

B.Powerful.

C.Obedient.

D.Unmasculine.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.thatpitchisnotagoodexampletoexplainthesexdifferencesinlanguage

B.thatmalesshouldtalkinlowpitchedvoicesandfemalesinhighpitchedvoices

C.thatsexdifferencesinlanguagecannotbewellillustrated

D.thatsexdifferenceslieineyeorearofthebeholder,ratherthaninthelanguage

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Alwaysusingtrivialwords.

B.Repeatthesamethingoverandover.

C.Stoptalkingwhenthesentenceisnotfinished.

D.Noneoftheabove.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.malesareunabletodoso

B.malesareafraidofbeinglaughedat

C.highpitchisacharacteristicoffemalespeechratherthanmalespeech

D.anatomyhasprovedthatmalestendtohavelowerpitchesthanfemales

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Thepassageimpliesthattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthedivisionoffemininetalkandmasculinetalkis______.1.這篇文章暗示了作者對(duì)女性話語(yǔ)和男性話語(yǔ)劃分的態(tài)度是______。

A.assertiveA.肯定的，獨(dú)斷的

B.snobbishB.勢(shì)利的

C.approvingC.贊成的

D.criticalD.批判的

【考查點(diǎn)】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段最后兩句“要保持這種劃分，需要堅(jiān)定的信念和相當(dāng)大的努力（considerableeffort）。它也會(huì)讓我們做出一些相當(dāng)愚蠢（fairlyfoolish）的判斷，尤其是在語(yǔ)言方面?！?，從considerable和fairlyfoolish可以看出，作者對(duì)于男性和女性語(yǔ)言上的劃分是批判的態(tài)度。因此，D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“肯定的，獨(dú)斷的”、B選項(xiàng)“勢(shì)利的”曲解原文；

C選項(xiàng)“贊成的”與原文相反，反向干擾。

2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Whatdoestheword“effeminate”(Para2)mean?2.第二段中的effeminate是什么意思？

A.Unfeminine.A.不像女性的。

B.Powerful.B.強(qiáng)大的。

C.Obedient.C.順從的。

D.Unmasculine.D.無(wú)男子漢氣概的。

【考查點(diǎn)】詞義推測(cè)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)effeminate定位至第二段最后一句“我們會(huì)說(shuō)自信的女孩是非女性化的（unfeminine），能給予支持和幫助的男孩是effeminate，并試圖改變他們，同時(shí)仍然保留我們的男性和女性談話的刻板印象”，從中可知，effeminate與unfeminine是相對(duì)應(yīng)的，自信的女生被認(rèn)為是非女性化，那么能給予支持和幫助的男孩會(huì)被認(rèn)為非男性化，所以推測(cè)effeminate表示“非男性化”的意思。D項(xiàng)符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“不像女性的”與原文相反，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)大的”、C選項(xiàng)“順從的”屬于曲解原文。

3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Theauthorusespitchasanexampleinordertoindicate______.3.作者以音高為例來(lái)表示______。

A.thatpitchisnotagoodexampletoexplainthesexdifferencesinlanguageA.這個(gè)音高并不能很好地解釋語(yǔ)言中的性別差異

B.thatmalesshouldtalkinlowpitchedvoicesandfemalesinhighpitchedvoicesB.男性應(yīng)該用低音調(diào)說(shuō)話，女性應(yīng)該用高音調(diào)說(shuō)話

C.thatsexdifferencesinlanguagecannotbewellillustratedC.語(yǔ)言中的性別差異無(wú)法很好地說(shuō)明

D.thatsexdifferenceslieineyeorearofthebeholder,ratherthaninthelanguageD.性別差異在于觀察者的眼睛或耳朵，而不是語(yǔ)言

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞pitch定位至倒數(shù)第二段，該段講述了以pitch為例的內(nèi)容：我們習(xí)慣認(rèn)為男性是低音調(diào)，女性是高音調(diào)，但是解剖學(xué)也無(wú)法解釋這種音高差異；也就是說(shuō)音高中的性別差異無(wú)法很好地說(shuō)明。然后看到上一段講到“這些女性語(yǔ)言特征都沒(méi)有被發(fā)現(xiàn)。即使已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了性別差異，問(wèn)題還是出在觀察者的眼睛上或者耳朵上，而不是語(yǔ)言上?！?，可知即使知道了性別差異，也是我們的眼睛或者耳朵發(fā)現(xiàn)的，并不能從語(yǔ)言上來(lái)很好區(qū)分，作者以pitch為例就是做一個(gè)類比，所以同樣地，語(yǔ)言中的性別差異也無(wú)法很好地說(shuō)明。C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“這個(gè)音高并不能很好地解釋語(yǔ)言中的性別差異”并不是作者以音高為例的目的，張冠李戴；

B選項(xiàng)“男性應(yīng)該用低音調(diào)說(shuō)話，女性應(yīng)該用高音調(diào)說(shuō)話”并不是使用音高作為例子的目的，屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)“性別差異在于觀察者的眼睛或耳朵，而不是語(yǔ)言”也與題干無(wú)關(guān)，張冠李戴。

4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothestereotypeoffemininetalk?4.以下哪一項(xiàng)不屬于女性談話的刻板印象？

A.Alwaysusingtrivialwords.A.總是使用瑣碎的詞匯。

B.Repeatthesamethingoverandover.B.一遍又一遍地重復(fù)同樣的事情。

C.Stoptalkingwhenthesentenceisnotfinished.C.句子還沒(méi)說(shuō)完就停止說(shuō)話。

D.Noneoftheabove.D.以上都不是。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段第二句“如果女性確實(shí)比男性使用更多的瑣碎詞匯，或者在句子中間停止說(shuō)話，或者一遍又一遍地談?wù)撏瑯拥氖虑椋?dāng)調(diào)查人員在場(chǎng)時(shí)，她們就不會(huì)這樣做”，以及第四段第一句“這些女性語(yǔ)言特征（characteristicsoffemale）都沒(méi)有被發(fā)現(xiàn)”，綜合理解可知，女性語(yǔ)言特征是使用更多的瑣碎詞匯、話沒(méi)說(shuō)完就停止說(shuō)話和不斷談?wù)撏瑯拥氖虑椋@是我們對(duì)女性談話的刻板印象。只有D項(xiàng)“以上都不是”明顯和原文相悖，但符合題意，故選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“總是使用瑣碎的詞匯”、B選項(xiàng)“一遍又一遍地重復(fù)同樣的事情”、C選項(xiàng)“句子還沒(méi)說(shuō)完就停止說(shuō)話”均符合原文，屬于反向干擾。

5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

5.Malesdonotspeakloudlybecause______.5.男性不大聲說(shuō)話是因?yàn)開(kāi)_____。

A.malesareunabletodosoA.男性不能這樣做

B.malesareafraidofbeinglaughedatB.男性害怕被嘲笑

C.highpitchisacharacteristicoffemalespeechratherthanmalespeechC.高音是女性說(shuō)話的特點(diǎn)，而不是男性說(shuō)話的特點(diǎn)

D.anatomyhasprovedthatmalestendtohavelowerpitchesthanfemalesD.解剖學(xué)證明，男性的音高往往比女性低

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至文章最后一段“如果男性沒(méi)有高聲說(shuō)話，通常并不是因?yàn)樗麄儾荒苓@樣做。原因更有可能是處罰（penalties）。嗓音尖的男性常成為嘲笑（ridicule）的對(duì)象?！?，綜合理解可知，男性不會(huì)高聲說(shuō)話的原因是他們怕被別人嘲笑，B項(xiàng)符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“男性不能這樣做”與原文相反，屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“高音是女性說(shuō)話的特點(diǎn)，而不是男性說(shuō)話的特點(diǎn)”是男性被嘲笑的原因，而不是不能高聲說(shuō)話的原因，屬于張冠李戴；

D選項(xiàng)“解剖學(xué)證明，男性的音高往往比女性低”定位至倒數(shù)第二段最后一句“人們發(fā)現(xiàn)這種差異無(wú)法用解剖學(xué)來(lái)解釋”，其中差異指的是音高差異，可知該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

5.單選題

Thedifferencesbetweenthemaleandfemaleofthisspeciesbecomemore（）withage.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.divisible

B.pronounced

C.dictated

D.assured

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞辨析。這一物種雄性和雌性之間的差異隨著年齡的增加變得越發(fā)（）。

divisible可分的，可分割的；pronounced顯著的，斷然的，講出來(lái)的；dictated口述的；assured確定的，自信的。此題中與“差異”搭配的形容詞，只有選項(xiàng)B“顯著的”符合句意。

6.單選題

Historically,humansgetseriousaboutavoidingdisastersonlyafteronehasjuststruckthem.（1）thatlogic,2006shouldhavebeenabreakthroughyearforrationalbehavior.Withthememoryof9/11still

（2）intheirminds.AmericanwatchedhurricaneKatrina,themostexpensivedisasterinU.S.history,on（3）

worsebyourwillfulblindnesstoriskasmuchas（5）toworktogetherbeforeeverythinggoestohell.

Granted,someamountofdelusionisprobablypartofthe（6）condition.InA.D.63,Pompeiiwasseriouslydamagedbyanearthquake,andthelocalsimmediatelywenttowork（7）,

inthesamesnotuntiltheywereburiedaltogetherbyavolcanoeruption16yearslater.Buta（8）ofthepastyearindisasterhistorysuggeststhatmodernAmericansareparticularlybadat（9）themselvesfromguaranteedthreats.Weknowmorethanwe（10）didaboutthedangersweface.Butitturns（11）thatintimesofcrisis,ourgreatestenemyisthestorm,thequakeorthe（13）itself.Moreoften,itisourselves.

Sowhathashappenedintheyearthat（14）thedisasterontheGulfCoast?InNewOrleans,theArmyCorpsofEngineershasworkeddayandnighttorebuildthefloodwalls.Theyhavegotthewallsto（15）

theywerebeforeKatrina,moreorless.That'snot（16）,

wecannowsaywithconfidence.Butitmaybeall（17）canbeexpectedfromoneyearofhustle.

Meanwhile,NewOrleansofficialshavecraftedaplantousebusesandtrainsto（18）thesickandthedisabled.Thecityestimatesthat15,000peoplewillneeda（19）out.However,stateofficialshavenotyetdeterminedwherethesepeoplewillbetaken.The（20）

withneighboringcommunitiesareongoinganddifficult.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.To

B.By

C.On

D.For

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.fresh

B.obvious

C.apparent

D.evident

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.visual

B.vivid

C.live

D.lively

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.little

B.less

C.more

D.much

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.reluctance

B.rejection

C.denial

D.decline

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.natural

B.world

C.social

D.human

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.revising

B.refining

C.rebuilding

D.retrieving

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.review

B.reminder

C.concept

D.prospect

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.preparing

B.protesting

C.protecting

D.prevailing

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.never

B.ever

C.then

D.before

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.up

B.down

C.over

D.out

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.merely

B.rarely

C.incidentally

D.accidentally

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.surge

B.spur

C.surf

D.splash

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.ensued

B.traced

C.followed

D.occurred

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.which

B.where

C.what

D.when

問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)

A.enough

B.certain

C.conclusive

D.final

問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)

A.but

B.as

C.that

D.those

問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)

A.exile

B.evacuate

C.dismiss

D.displace

問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)

A.ride

B.trail

C.path

D.track

問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)

A.conventions

B.notifications

C.communications

D.negotiations

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

第6題:D

第7題:C

第8題:A

第9題:C

第10題:B

第11題:D

第12題:B

第13題:A

第14題:C

第15題:C

第16題:A

第17題:C

第18題:B

第19題:A

第20題:D

【解析】（1）Bythatlogic為常用搭配,意為按照這個(gè)邏輯。

（2）根據(jù)原文可知這里應(yīng)該是表示記憶猶新的意思,只有選項(xiàng)A符合。

（3）live除了有生活的意思之外,還有現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播的意思,符合原文文意。visual視覺(jué)的；vivid生動(dòng)活潑的；lively活潑的。

（4）worse為比較級(jí),前面修飾的副詞只能用原級(jí),不能再用比較級(jí)。首先排除選項(xiàng)B和C。根據(jù)原文,這里指會(huì)讓事情變得更糟糕,much表示很,非常,所以選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

（5）reluctance指不情愿；rejection指拒絕；denial否定；decline拒絕。根據(jù)句意：“因?yàn)槿藗兌荚谘b傻,事情變得更糟糕,除非真的死到臨頭了,否則人們都會(huì)盡最大可能不合作”。這里指不情愿合作。

（6）結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容可知，本文涉及的主體是人，所以這里應(yīng)該指一些欺騙是人類的生存條件的一部分。

（7）revising指修訂；refining指提煉；rebuilding重建；retrieving指重新得到。地震之后需要重建,選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

（8）review指回顧；reminder指提醒,暗示；concept指概念,prospect指希望。根據(jù)原文,這里指回顧過(guò)去一年災(zāi)難性的歷史。

（9）protectsb.fromsth為固定搭配,指保護(hù)某人免受某事。prepare準(zhǔn)備；protest抗議；prevail流行,成功。

（10）根據(jù)句意：我們比以前更了解我們面臨的危險(xiǎn)。then、never不符合文意,而before做副詞時(shí)一般放在句末或后面跟名詞。

（11）turnoutthat/turnouttobesth.指結(jié)果是,符合原文；turnup出現(xiàn)；turndown拒絕；turnover反復(fù)考慮。

（12）merely僅僅,只不過(guò)；rarely很少；incidentally和accidentally意思都是偶然地。根據(jù)原文“我們的敵人常常不是災(zāi)難,而是自己”。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

（13）surge洶涌澎湃,巨浪,急速上升；spur刺激；穿刺；surf海浪；沖浪；splash濺。只有surge可與暴風(fēng)雨,地震等并列為自然災(zāi)害。選項(xiàng)A正確。

（14）根據(jù)原文：緊接著墨西哥灣岸區(qū)的災(zāi)禍之后,又發(fā)生了什么？ensue指……接著發(fā)生,是不及物動(dòng)詞,后面需要接from；occur發(fā)生；trace追蹤。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

（15）根據(jù)句意：他們把防洪墻重建成卡特里那颶風(fēng)之前那樣。What在這里引導(dǎo)名詞性從句做賓語(yǔ)“防洪墻”的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

（16）根據(jù)原文,但是這還不夠,為習(xí)慣用法。

（17）考查定語(yǔ)從句。all為先行詞,that為關(guān)系代詞指代all。

（18）exile指流放；evacuate指撤離；dismiss指解散；displace指使...無(wú)家可歸。這里指“撤走那些傷殘人員”。選項(xiàng)B符合文意。

（19）根據(jù)上文提到用火車(chē),大巴撤離災(zāi)民,這里ride與bus和train對(duì)應(yīng),表示“搭乘”的意思。

（20）根據(jù)原文：與鄰近社區(qū)的協(xié)商正在艱難地進(jìn)行當(dāng)中。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

7.翻譯題

Quittingsmokingismoreofamatterofwillpowerthanofindividualchoice,forsmokingiswidelyrecognizedasaddictive.Althoughcounselingandmedicationcanincreasetheoddsthatasmokerquitspermanently,thebestwaytoavoiddilemmasisnevertotakeupsmokingtobeginwith.

Theirreversibleeffectsofcigarettesmokingvaryinintensityandarerelatedbothtotheamountanddurationofexposureandtheageatwhichthepersonisinitiallyexposed.Thisreportchallengesthenotionthatafewyearsofexposuretosmokingwillhavenolastingharmfulconsequences.Wehopetodiscouragethisprevalentbutvitalhabitandsuggestthattobacco-relatedhealtheffectsdeclinesubstantiallyastimeawayfromsmokingincreases.

【答案】人們普遍認(rèn)為吸煙成癮，與其說(shuō)戒煙是個(gè)人選擇的問(wèn)題，不如說(shuō)是意志力的問(wèn)題。雖然就醫(yī)和藥物治療能增加永久戒煙的概率，但避免進(jìn)退兩難的最好辦法是一開(kāi)始就不吸煙。吸煙帶來(lái)不可逆的影響程度不同，且與煙癮和煙齡有關(guān)，也與最初接觸煙的年齡有關(guān)。

本報(bào)告挑戰(zhàn)的是一種觀點(diǎn)，即幾年的吸煙史不會(huì)產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)期的不良后果。我們希望勸說(shuō)人們不要染上這一常見(jiàn)而致命的習(xí)慣，并指出隨著戒煙時(shí)間的增加，煙草對(duì)健康產(chǎn)生的影響就會(huì)大幅度減少。

8.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

Mostpeoplebenefitfrominternationaltrade,forthesamegeneralreasonsthatmostpeoplebenefitfromthedivisionoflaborwithinnationsandwithinlocalities.Byparticipatinginabroadercommunitywithinwhichindividualsandgroupssellwhattheycanproducewiththegreatest(comparative)efficiency,peoplecansecureafargreaterquantityandvarietyofgoodsthaneachindividualcouldpossiblyobtainifhehadtoproduceeveryonehimself.Thereare,ofcourse,manyinstanceswhenblockingorlimitingtradecanbringadvantagestoparticulargroupsattheexpenseofthebroadersociety.Butthemorethesegroupssucceedinenforcingsuchrestrictions,thelowerthestandardoflivingandtheslowerthepaceofeconomicgrowthforthecommunityasawhole.

Aswithcommunities,sotoowithnations.Specificinterestscangainfromimportrestrictionsandeconomictheoryevenrecognizescasesinwhichatradebarriermightleaveanentirenationbetteroffalbeitattheexpenseofothernations.Inmostcircumstances,however,opentrade--bymaximizingeconomicefficiency—enhancesthewelfareandthestandardoflivingofthenationandofthewiderworld.

【答案】大多數(shù)人從國(guó)際貿(mào)易中獲益，這跟大多數(shù)人從國(guó)家內(nèi)部和地方內(nèi)部的分工中獲益的原因大致相同。通過(guò)參與一個(gè)更廣泛的社區(qū)，這個(gè)社區(qū)中個(gè)人與團(tuán)體以最高的（相對(duì)）效率出售他們所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，人們獲得的商品數(shù)量與種類遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)自己能生產(chǎn)的。當(dāng)然，在很多情況下，組織或者限制貿(mào)易能夠給某些特定群體帶來(lái)好處，代價(jià)是整個(gè)社會(huì)的利益。但是，這些團(tuán)體越是成功地執(zhí)行這些限制，整個(gè)社區(qū)的生活水平就越低，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的速度就越慢。

社區(qū)如此，國(guó)家也是如此。特定的利益能夠從進(jìn)口限制中獲得，經(jīng)濟(jì)理論甚至承認(rèn)，在某些情況下，貿(mào)易壁壘可能常會(huì)使國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)變得更好，盡管是以別國(guó)利益為代價(jià)。然而，在大多情況下，開(kāi)放貿(mào)易——通過(guò)最大化經(jīng)濟(jì)效率——提高國(guó)家和更廣泛世界的福利和生活水平。

9.單選題

Doyouthinkthisjacketandtrouserswill______asuit?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.passoff

B.passover

C.passup

D.passfor

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。passoff“停止”；passover“忽略”；passup“升起，拒絕”；passfor“被認(rèn)為，當(dāng)作”。句意：你認(rèn)為這件夾克和褲子可以看作是一套嗎？選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

10.單選題

Thecommitteeis（

）adecisionfromtheheadquartersbeforeittakesanyaction.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.waiting

B.awaitingfor

C.awaiting

D.anticipating

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。wait“等候”；awaitfor這個(gè)詞組不常見(jiàn)；await“等候”；anticipate“預(yù)期；期望”。句意：采取任何行動(dòng)之前，委員會(huì)正在等待總部的一個(gè)決定。wait后面要接一個(gè)介詞for再加等待的對(duì)象；await可以直接接賓語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

11.單選題

Lisa'sfriendshavevaryingcapacitiestocopewiththeaffliction.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.situation

B.misfortune

C.change

D.affection

【答案】B

【解析】affliction意為苦難，折磨。situation情況，形勢(shì)，處境；misfortune不幸，災(zāi)禍，災(zāi)難；change變化，找零；affection喜愛(ài)，感情，影響。選項(xiàng)B與之意思相近。

12.單選題

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors7namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.

Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment（OECD.hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

1.Theauthormainlytalksabout（）inParagraph1.

2.TheOECDreport（）.

3.Onlinepublicationissignificantbecause（）

4.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto（）

5.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting

B.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers

C.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication

D.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.criticizesgovernment-fundedresearch

B.upsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers

C.benefitsscientificresearchconsiderably

D.introducesaneffectivemeansofpublication

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers

B.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults

C.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch

D.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.coverthecostofitspublication.

B.subscribetothejournalpublishingit.

C.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.

D.completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.

B.Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.

C.TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.

D.Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。第一段主要講述了期刊出版的過(guò)程，即收稿、審稿、出版或棄用、版權(quán)和引用收費(fèi)等步驟。C和D看似都符合。仔細(xì)閱讀全文可知，文章先講述了期刊出版以前是怎樣的，后來(lái)又是怎樣的，由Itusedtobesostraightforward.可知第一段主要講述的是過(guò)去期刊是出版的過(guò)程，C選項(xiàng)中“traditional”強(qiáng)調(diào)了過(guò)去。因此D項(xiàng)更符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第二段“Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.份報(bào)告是由澳大利亞維多利亞大學(xué)的約翰?霍頓和經(jīng)合組織的格雷厄姆?維克里共同撰寫(xiě)的，對(duì)于那些迄今為止已經(jīng)獲得可觀利潤(rùn)的出版商來(lái)說(shuō)，這份報(bào)告讀起來(lái)很沉重?！睋?jù)此可知該報(bào)告讓盈利的出版商心情沉重。故B項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)——以及來(lái)自資助機(jī)構(gòu)的壓力——正使獲取科學(xué)成果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。資助機(jī)構(gòu)質(zhì)疑，為什么商業(yè)出版商通過(guò)限制對(duì)科研的訪問(wèn)，從政府資助的研究中賺錢(qián)。可知互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使網(wǎng)上發(fā)表論文成為可能，同時(shí)網(wǎng)上發(fā)表論文使人們更易獲得科學(xué)成果。故B項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第四段“Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.有一種開(kāi)放獲取的出版方式，通常要求作者（或其雇主）為發(fā)表的論文付費(fèi)?！睋?jù)此可知作者要為論文付費(fèi)。故A項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。整篇文章都是在以客觀的角度來(lái)介紹新的出版方式，并沒(méi)有表明作者觀點(diǎn)，故A項(xiàng)“作者歡迎新的出版方式”不對(duì)；B項(xiàng)“在線服務(wù)使出版變得更容易?！睆睦碚撋线@觀點(diǎn)是正確的，但是文中未提及，也不是本文主題。C項(xiàng)“網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)出版構(gòu)成威脅”文中沒(méi)提及。D項(xiàng)“一種新的出版方式正在出現(xiàn)”為本文主題，故D項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

ThenewtechnologicalrevolutioninAmericannewspapershasbroughtincreased（

）awiderrangeofpublicationsandanexpansionofnewspaperjobs.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.circulation

B.reproduction

C.manipulation

D.penetration

【答案】A

【解析】考察名詞詞義辨析。circulation“發(fā)行，發(fā)行量”；reproduction“復(fù)制，復(fù)制品；繁殖”；manipulation“操作，操縱”；penetration“刺穿，進(jìn)入”。句意：在美國(guó)報(bào)業(yè)中的新科技改革帶來(lái)了發(fā)行量的增長(zhǎng)，出版數(shù)量也增加，報(bào)業(yè)的工作機(jī)會(huì)增多。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

14.翻譯題

靜下來(lái)想想，我這樣一個(gè)出身貧寒、經(jīng)歷坎坷的人，居然能活到92歲，實(shí)在有點(diǎn)奇怪。過(guò)了80歲，經(jīng)常有人問(wèn)我，有什么養(yǎng)生之道。我不僅不懂得養(yǎng)生，而且還有一些不好的習(xí)慣。

我性急圖快，走路快，下筆快，吃飯更快，簡(jiǎn)直是狼吞虎咽，因此，得了胃病。醫(yī)生治好了我的病，但沒(méi)有治好我的習(xí)慣。

【答案】WhenIthinkaboutit,it’salittlestrangethatsomeonewhocamefromsuchapoorbackgroundandhasbeenthroughsomanyhardshipsshouldhavelivedtobe92.WhenIwas80yearsold,Iwasoftenaskedforadviceonhowtokeepfit.Inotonlydon’tknowhowtokeepingoodhealth,butalsohavesomebadhabits.

Iwasquicktowalk,quicktowrite,evenfastertoeat,