考研考博-英語-寧夏工商職業(yè)技術(shù)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-寧夏工商職業(yè)技術(shù)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Hardlyaweekgoesbywithoutsomeadvanceintechnologythatwouldhaveseemedincredible50yearsago.

問題1選項

A.hardtoimagine

B.hardtobelieve

C.hardtoinvent

D.hardtounderstand

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.hardtoimagine難以想象的B.hardtobelieve難以相信

C.hardtoinvent難以發(fā)明的D.hardtounderstand難以理解的

【考查點】語義銜接

【解題思路】原句中incredible用來形容的是“幾乎每周都有技術(shù)上的進步”，根據(jù)常理來說，這在50年前是可能做到的，所以難以讓人相信，原詞incredible“難以置信的”，因此，B選項hardtobelieve“難以相信的”與原詞最接近。

【干擾項排除】

A選項hardtoimagine“難以想象的”，與原詞詞義不夠相近；

C選項hardtoinvent“難以發(fā)明的”，不符合原文語義；

D選項hardtounderstand“難以理解的”，與原詞詞義不夠相近。

【句意】幾乎每周都有一些技術(shù)進步，這在50年前似乎是不可思議的。

2.單選題

Thepersonwho（

）thistypeofresearchdeservesourpraise.

問題1選項

A.originated

B.manufactured

C.generated

D.estimated

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。originate“引起，創(chuàng)作”；manufacture“制造，加工”；generate“生成，使發(fā)生”；estimate“估計，判斷”。句意：發(fā)起這項研究的人值得贊揚。只有A項符合題意。

3.單選題

IwishthatI（

）theconcertlastnight.

問題1選項

A.couldattend

B.couldhaveattended

C.toattend

D.attended

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。句意：我希望我（）昨晚的音樂會。這里wish后面的內(nèi)容是一種假設(shè)所以我們可知that里面要用虛擬語氣。時間是發(fā)生在“昨晚”，所以答案B。A選項不合邏輯；C選項會造成從句沒有謂語，不符合語法；D選項會使句子產(chǎn)生歧義，昨天晚上到底有沒有去參加音樂會，參加了為什么會在前面用wish，沒參加為什么要用一般過去式表示該事已經(jīng)發(fā)生過了。

4.單選題

Caruthers’slatestliterarycriticism（）herreputationfortrenchantcommentary;despiteitsintriguingtitleandthefulsomepraiseonitsdustjacket,itisnothingmorethanacollectionof（）.

問題1選項

A.reinforces,pronouncements

B.advances,aphorisms

C.belies,platitudes

D.undermines,judgments

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞和名詞辨析。A選項reinforces,pronouncements“加強，加固；強化；補充”，“聲明；宣告；公告；判決”；B選項advances,aphorisms“提出；預(yù)付；使……前進；將……提前；前進；進展；上漲”，“格言；警句”；C選項belies,platitudes“掩飾；與……不符；使失望；證明……虛假錯誤”，“陳詞濫調(diào)；平凡；陳腐”；D選項undermines,judgments

“破壞，漸漸破壞；挖掘地基”，“判斷；裁判；判決書；辨別力”。句意：卡拉瑟斯最新的文學批評掩蓋了她犀利評論的名聲；盡管書名引人入勝，書皮上也有溢美之詞，但這本書不過是陳詞濫調(diào)的集合。因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancescomplainingofjetlag.Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductiveandmoreprone（1）makingmistakes.Itisactuallycausedby（2）ofyour"bodyclock"asmallclusterofbraincellsthatcontrolsthetimingofbiological

（3）

.Thebodyclockisdesignedfora

（4）

rhythmofdaylightanddarkness,soitisthrownoutofbalancewhenit

（5）

daylightanddarknessatthe“wrong"timesinanewtimezone.The

（6）ofjetlagoftenpersistfordays（7）theinternalbodyclockslowlyadjuststothenewtimezone.

Nowanewanti-jetlagsystemis

（8）

thatisbasedonproven

（9）pioneeringscientificresearch.Dr.MartinMoore-Edehas

（10）

apracticalstrategytoadjustthebodyclockmuchsoonertothenewtimezone

（11）controlledexposuretobrightlight.Thetimezoneshiftiseasytoaccomplishandeliminates（12）ofthediscomfortofjetlag.

Asuccessfultimezoneshiftdependsonknowingtheexacttimetoeither

（13）

oravoidbrightlight.Exposuretolightatthewrongtimecanactuallymakejetlagworse.The（14）

scheduleforlightexposuredependsagreatdealon（15）

travelplanes.

Dataonaspecificflightitineraryandtheindividual'ssleep

（16）areusedtoproduceaTripGuidewith

（17）onexactlywhentobeexposedtobrightlight.

WhenthetripGuidecalls（18）brightlightyoushouldspendtimeoutdoorsifpossible.Ifitisdarkoutsideortheweatherisbad,oryouareonanairplane,youcanuseaspeciallight

（19）toprovidethenecessarylight（20）

forarangeofactivitiessuchasreading,watchingTVorworking.

問題1選項

A.for

B.from

C.to

D.or

問題2選項

A.rupture

B.corruption

C.eruption

D.disruption

問題3選項

A.actions

B.functions

C.reflection

D.behavior

問題4選項

A.regular

B.formal

C.continual

D.circular

問題5選項

A.retains

B.encounters

C.possesses

D.experiences

問題6選項

A.diseases

B.symptoms

C.signs

D.defects

問題7選項

A.while

B.whereas

C.until

D.although

問題8選項

A.adaptable

B.approachable

C.available

D.agreeable

問題9選項

A.broad

B.inclusive

C.tentative

D.extensive

問題10選項

A.devised

B.witnessed

C.scrutinized

D.visualized

問題11選項

A.at

B.through

C.in

D.as

問題12選項

A.least

B.most

C.little

D.more

問題13選項

A.attain

B.shed

C.retrieve

D.seek

問題14選項

A.tight

B.right

C.proper

D.very

問題15選項

A.unique

B.specific

C.complicated

D.peculiar

問題16選項

A.norm

B.mode

C.pattern

D.style

問題17選項

A.directories

B.instructions

C.specifications

D.commentaries

問題18選項

A.off

B.on

C.for

D.up

問題19選項

A.device

B.service

C.measurement

D.year

問題20選項

A.agitation

B.spur

C.acceleration

D.stimulus

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:D

第6題:B

第7題:C

第8題:C

第9題:D

第10題:A

第11題:B

第12題:B

第13題:D

第14題:B

第15題:B

第16題:C

第17題:B

第18題:C

第19題:A

第20題:D

【解析】第1題:考查固定搭配。beproneto“有…的傾向，易于”

第2題:考查名詞辨析。句意：由于生物鐘紊亂導(dǎo)致低效以及易出錯。disruption擾亂。

第3題:考查名詞辨析。biologicalaction生物作用；biologicalbehavior生物活動。句意：生物鐘控制生命活動的時間安排。

第4題:考查形容詞辨析。regular定期的，有規(guī)律的；formal正式的；continual繼續(xù)的；circular循環(huán)的。句意：生物鐘是用來調(diào)節(jié)白天和黑夜的規(guī)律的。故答案A

第5題:考查動詞辨析。retain保留；encounter遭遇，遇到；possess擁有；experience經(jīng)歷。句意：在一個新時區(qū)里，當生物鐘在一個錯誤的時間經(jīng)歷白天和黑夜時，就會失去平衡。

第6題:考查名詞辨析。句意：生物鐘紊亂這種癥狀經(jīng)常持續(xù)……故答案B

第7題:考查連詞辨析。句意：生物鐘紊亂這種癥狀經(jīng)常持續(xù)，直到生物鐘適應(yīng)了新的時區(qū)。故C項符合句意。

第8題:考查形容詞辨析。此處意為：現(xiàn)有的能夠抵抗生物鐘紊亂的新系統(tǒng)是…“available可獲得的”符合題意。adaptable適合的，能適應(yīng)的；approachable親切友善的，易理解的；agreeable令人愉快的，和藹可親的。

第9題:考查形容詞辨析。broad“寬廣的”，inclusive“包含的”，tentative“試驗性的，嘗試的，暫時性的”；extensive“廣泛的，大規(guī)模的”。此處意為：基于大量的科學研究…

第10題:考查動詞辨析。句意：Dr.Martin想出了一種實用的策略…devise設(shè)計，想出；witness目擊，證明；scrutinize詳細檢查；visualize形象化，想象。

第11題:考查介詞辨析。此處意為通過接觸明亮的光線…

第12題:考查副詞辨析。聯(lián)系上下文可知答案B

第13題:考查動詞辨析。由or可知此處為并列或相反關(guān)系，seek和avoid構(gòu)成一對反義詞。

第14題:考查形容詞辨析。句意：正確接受光照的時間很大程度上取決于…

第15題:考查形容詞辨析。句意：正確接受光照的時間很大程度上取決于具體乘坐哪一班航班。

第16題:考查名詞辨析。sleeppattern睡眠模式，睡眠規(guī)律。

第17題:考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可知，此處意為：什么時候暴露在陽光下的說明。

第18題:考查固定搭配。此處意為：當說明/指南需要你接受光照的時候…

第19題:考查名詞辨析。此處意為：用一種特殊的光照裝置來產(chǎn)生必要的光照。

第20題:考查名詞辨析。此處意為：用特殊的裝置提供必要的光刺激。agitation攪動，煽動；spur激勵；acceleration加速，促進；stimulus刺激、激勵。

6.單選題

Actingissuchanover-crowdedprofessionthattheonlyadvicethatshouldbegiventoayoungpersonthinkingofgoingonthestageis“Don't!”Butitisuselesstotrytodiscouragesomeonewhofeelsthathemustact,thoughthechancesofhisbecomingfamousareslim.Thenormalwaytobeginistogotoadramaschool.Usuallyonlystudentswhoshowpromiseandtalentareaccepted,andthecourselaststwoyears.Thentheyoungactororactresstakesupworkwitharepertorycompany,usuallyasanassistantstagemanager.Thismeansdoingeverythingthatthereistodointhetheatre:paintingscenery,lookingafterthefurniture,takingcareofthecostumes,andevenactinginverysmallparts.Itisveryhardworkindeed.Thehoursarelongandthesalaryistiny.Butyoungactorswiththestageintheirbloodarehappy,waitingforthechancesofworkingwithabettercompany,orperhapsinfilmsortelevision.

Ofcourse,somepeoplehaveunusualchanceswhichleadtofameandsuccesswithoutthislonganddulltraining.ConniePratt,forexample,wasjustanordinarygirlworkinginabicyclefactory.Afilmproducerhappenedtocatchsightofheronemorningwaitingatabusstop,ashedrovepastinhisbigcar.Hetoldthedrivertostop,andhegotouttospeaktothegirl.Heaskedherifshewouldliketogotothefilmstudiotodoatest,andatfirstshethoughthewasjoking.Thenshegotangryandsaidshewouldcallthepolice.IttooktheproducertwentyminutestotellConniethathewasserious.Thenanappointmentwasmadeforhertogotothestudiothenextday.Thetestwassuccessful.Theygavehersomenecessarylessonsandwithinafewweeksshewasplayingtheleadingpartoppositeoneofthemostfamousactorsoftheday.Ofcourse,shewasgivenamoredramaticname,whichisnowworld-famous.Butchanceslikethishappenonceinabluemoon!

1.Accordingtothepassage,themainreasonwhyyoungpeopleshouldbediscouragedfrombecomingactorsis（

）.

2.Anassistantstagemanager'sjobisdifficultbecausehehasto

（

）.

3.Accordingtothecontext,thesentence"Butyoungactorswiththestageintheirbloodarehappy"attheendofthefirstparagraphmeans

（

）.

4.Thephrase“onceinabluemoon”inlastlinerefersto（

）.

問題1選項

A.actorsareveryunusualpeople

B.thecourseatthedramaschoollaststwoyears

C.actingisreallyahardjob

D.therearealreadytoomanyactors

問題2選項

A.doallkindsofstagework

B.workforlonghours

C.waitforabettercompany

D.actwell

問題3選項

A.theydon'tcareiftheirjobishard

B.theylikethestagenaturally

C.theyarebornhappy

D.theyareeasilysatisfied

問題4選項

A.allatonce

B.onceforalongtime

C.onceinawhile

D.onceandforall

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:細節(jié)事實題。由“Actingissuchanover-crowdedprofessionthattheonlyadvicethatshouldbegiventoayoungpersonthinkingofgoingonthestageis‘Don’t!’演戲是一個非常擁擠的職業(yè)，對于一個想要走上舞臺的年輕人來說，唯一應(yīng)該給的建議就是“不要!”可知演員行業(yè)人太多了。答案選D

第2題:細節(jié)事實題。由第一段“Thismeansdoingeverythingthatthereistodointhetheatre:paintingscenery,lookingafterthefurniture,takingcareofthecostumes,andevenactinginverysmallparts.Itisveryhardworkindeed.這意味著在劇院里每件事都要做：畫風景畫，照看家具，照看戲服，甚至在很小的部分表演。這確實是很辛苦的工作?？芍枧_經(jīng)理的助理需要做各種事情，所以這項工作很艱難。答案選A

第3題:細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第一段最后—句“Butyoungactorswiththestageintheirbloodarehappy,waitingforthechancesofworkingwithabettercompany,orperhapsinfilmsortelevision.但是血液中有舞臺的年輕演員們是快樂的，他們等待著與更好的公司合作的機會，或許是在電影或電視行業(yè)。”由youngactorswiththestageintheirbloodarehappy“血液中有舞臺”說明對舞臺的熱愛是天生的。故B項符合題意，答案選B。

第4題:判斷推理題。由最后一段第一句“Ofcourse,somepeoplehaveunusualchanceswhichleadtofameandsuccesswithoutthislonganddulltraining.當然，有些人有不尋常的機會，不用這種長期和枯燥的訓(xùn)練而一舉成名。”以及舉的例子可知onceinabluemoon意為不尋常的，千載難逢的。答案選B

7.單選題

They（

）theenemy’stelegramandwereabletowinfamousvictory.

問題1選項

A.discerned

B.decoded

C.posited

D.understood

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。discern意為“覺察出，識別”；decode意為“解(碼)，破譯(尤指密碼)”；posit意為“假定，設(shè)想”；understand意為“理解”。

句意：他們破解了敵人的電報，并贏得了著名的勝利。

8.單選題

Housewiveswhodonotgoouttoworkoftenfeeltheyarenotworkingtotheirfull______.

問題1選項

A.capacity

B.strength

C.length

D.possibility

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項capacity“能力、容量、資格”；B項strength“力量、力氣”；C項length“長度”；D項possibility“可能性”；句意：不外出工作的家庭主婦感覺家務(wù)活不能讓她們完全施展自己的能力。worktoone’scapacity“充分發(fā)揮才能”；因此該題A項正確。

9.單選題

Hepromisedmealetter;heoughtto______itdaysago.

問題1選項

A.havewritten

B.write

C.hadwritten

D.bewriting

【答案】A

【解析】考查時態(tài)。oughtto或should加不定式原形在時間上相當于動詞的現(xiàn)在時；oughtto或should加不定式的完成時在時間上相當于動詞的過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時。在本句中，時間狀語daysago已經(jīng)決定了句中的謂語動詞一定是過去時，即oughttohavedonesomething，句意：他答應(yīng)給我寫封信；他幾天前就該寫了。因此A選項正確。

10.翻譯題

AsanecologicalapproachtoTranslationStudies,Eco-translatologyviewstranslationasanentiretranslationaleco-system,andfocusesontherelationshipbetweenthetranslatorandthistranslationaleco-environment.Atranslationaleco-environmentisconstruedasahighlyintegratedentitythatcomprisestheactualtext,theculturalcontextandthehumanagents,aswellasothertangibleandintangibleingredients.InEco-translatology,translationactivitiesaredescribedandinterpretedintermsofsuchecologicalprinciplesasholism,relevance,dynamics,balanceandharmony,togetherwithecologicalaesthetics.SomeelementsofclassicalChineseorOrientalphilosophiesandculturalquintessenceareprojectedinthisnascentapproach.

【答案】作為翻譯學研究的一種生態(tài)方法，生態(tài)翻譯學把翻譯看成是一個完整的翻譯生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，非常注重譯者與翻譯生態(tài)環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系。翻譯生態(tài)環(huán)境被看作是一個有實際文本、文化語境和人類構(gòu)成的高度集成的實體，并且其中還包含其他一些有形和無形的成分。在生態(tài)翻譯學中，翻譯活動就是根據(jù)這些生態(tài)原則來描述和闡釋的，比如整體論、相關(guān)性、動態(tài)論、平衡性、協(xié)調(diào)性，還有生態(tài)美學等。一些中國古典文學、東方哲學乃至文化精髓的因素都可以在這種新的方法中折射出來。

11.單選題

ToliveintheUnitedSlatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorf'sassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technology,theapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalends,isamajorsourceofsocialchange.

Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachineparts,neitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorest,aspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobylmakepeopleseehowimportantthehumanqualityoftechnologyis;theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlybecamecompletelydisorderedandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreation,weareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecades,andsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearly,theimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination.

Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestones,particularlytheIndustrialRevolution.YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolution,wefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasarevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.Itgaverisetomassproductionand,throughmassproduction,toasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.

Insomewhatsimilarfashion,computerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlife,particularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandanimalsbymechanicalmethods.Thecomputerextendsthisdevelopmentofsupplementandreplacessomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety.

1.Aspearorarobothasthequalityoftechnologyonlywhenit（）.

2.TheexamplesoftheChallengerandChernobylcitedbytheauthorservetoshowthat（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,theintroductionofthecomputerisarevolutionmainlybecause（）.

4.Byusingthephrase"thehumanqualityoftechnology"(line7,ParA.2),theauthorreferstothefactthattechnology（）.

5.Thepassageisbasedontheauthor's（）.

問題1選項

A.isusedbothasaculturalandaphysicalobject

B.isutilizedbyman

C.servesdifferentpurposesequallywell

D.canbeofusetobothmanandanimal

問題2選項

A.ifnotgivencloseexamination,technologycouldbeusedtodestroyourworld

B.technologyisahumancreation,soweareresponsibleforit

C.technologyusuallygoeswrong,ifnotcontrolledbyman

D.beingahumancreation,technologyisliabletoerror

問題3選項

A.thecomputerhasrevolutionizedtheworkingsofthehumanmind

B.thecomputercandothetasksthatcouldonlybedonebypeoplebefore

C.ithashelpedtoswitchtoaninformationtechnology

D.ithasagreatpotentialimpactonsociety

問題4選項

A.hasagreatimpactonhumanlife

B.hassomecharacteristicsofhumannature

C.canreplacesomeaspectsofthehumanmind

D.doesnotexistinthenaturalworld

問題5選項

A.keeninsightintothenatureoftechnology

B.prejudicedcriticismoftheroleoftheIndustrialRevolution

C.cautiousanalysisofthereplacementofthehumanmindbycomputers

D.exaggerateddescriptionofthenegativeconsequencesoftechnology

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)第二段第三句“Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachineparts,neitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.”除非人們用矛去捕獲獵物或用機器人去生產(chǎn)機器零件，否則二者都只不過是硬梆梆的物體而已。也就是說只有為人類所用的時候，它們才具有科技含量，所以選項B正確。

2.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“theChallengerandChernobyl”定位到第二段第五句：挑戰(zhàn)者號航天飛機的爆炸和俄羅斯切爾諾貝利核事故使人們認識到技術(shù)的人為特征是多么重要。下文繼續(xù)提到，計劃良好的系統(tǒng)突然變得完全混亂，而且沒有現(xiàn)成的人手來糾正它們。因為技術(shù)是人類創(chuàng)造的，容易出問題。所以選項D正確。

3.根據(jù)第三段的倒數(shù)第二句“Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasarevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.”它之所以是革命性的，主要原因是它帶來了巨大的社會變革。選項D符合原文。

4.根據(jù)第二段所舉的例子可知，作者意在說明技術(shù)的人為性特征，即技術(shù)同人性一樣，存在弱點。選項B正確。

5.本題可用排除法。作者在文中并沒有對工業(yè)革命進行批判，所以選項B不正確；大腦不會被電腦所取代，選項C也表述錯誤；雖然科技有負面影響，但作者沒有進行夸大的描述，所以選項D錯誤。B,C,D三項均可排除，選項A正確，作者對技術(shù)的本質(zhì)有著敏銳的洞察。

12.單選題

Whowouldhavethoughtwewouldbecomeaplanetof“ologies”？There’sbiology,psychology,herpetology,etymology,andgeologyjusttonameafew.However,one“ology”trulyhelpsustounderstandthemostpartofourplanet,ourenvironment.Ecology(whichisfilledwithecologists)isthestudyofecosystemsandthebeingsandorganismsthatinhabitthoseecosystems.Justthink,inconditionofbees,deerandotherorganisms,youareimportanttoecologists.

Ecosystemsarecommunitiesthatvaryinsizeandlocation.Theycanbeassmallasapatchofglassoraslargeastheentirebiosphere.Themanyvarietiesofplantsandanimalsthatexistinourplanetecosystemsareimportanttoourecosystems.Plantsinparticularprovideoxygenandnutrientsallorganismsneedtosurvive.Theseproducershavetheabilitytousethesun’senergytoproducefood(thinkphotosynthesis).Thisiswheretheanimalsandconsumersbecomeimportant.Theanimalsgettheirenergybyeatingtheplantsandotherorganismswithintheecosystem.Withouttheproducersandconsumers,decomposerswouldnothaveajob.Asyoumayhaveguests,decomposers,likebacteria,stepinbrokendown,theorganicmaterialsareabsorbedbythesoilandgasesaresentbackintoouratmosphere.ThewholeprocessisreadytostartagainthroughtheEarth’snaturalcycles.Therehastobeabalanceofproducers,consumers,decomposersinordertoremainabalancedecosystem.

Remember,allorganismsneedmatterandenergytosurvive.Anecosystemisbalancedwhenmatterandenergymoveefficientlythroughthoseecosystems.Justasyourbackpackhasalimitonthenumberofhugetextbooksitcancarryatanygiventime,allecosystemshavealimitonthepopulationstheycanmaintain.Carryingcapacityisthelargestpopulationanecosystemcansupportatanyparticulartime.Thesupportofthispopulationdependsontheamountofresources(matterandenergy)thatareavailableandthemovementofthoseresourceswithinthatecosystem.Ifenergyandmatteraremovingefficientlythroughanecosystem,thenthecurrentpopulationofplantsandanimalshasnotreachedbeyondtheecosystem’scarryingcapacity.Onceresourcesdwindleoranimalpopulationsincreasedramatically,theecosystemmaynotbeabletosupportthosepopulations.Fortunately,naturehasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceofecosystems:ecologicalresponsestochange,energytransfer,andfoodchainsandfoodwebs.

1.Thepurposeofstartingthearticlewiththeword-ending“ology”(Line1,Paragraph1)is（）.

2.Accordingtothisarticle,theecosystems（）.

3.Accordingtothearticle,theword“producers”(Line3,Paragraph2)refersto（）.

4.Wecaninferfromthearticlethatintheecosystemthejobforthe“decomposer”(Lines6,Paragraph2)isto（）.

5.Accordingtothearticle,（）hasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceoftheecosystems.

問題1選項

A.totracetheoriginof“ology”

B.togiveanexampleforthemeaningof“ology”

C.tointroducetheterm“ecology”

D.toillustratetheimportanceofbalancingtheecosystems

問題2選項

A.areindangerofbeingdestroyed

B.areverysmallinsize

C.referonlytotheentirebiosphere

D.varygreatlyinsizeandlocation

問題3選項

A.plants

B.animals

C.ecologists

D.consumers

問題4選項

A.absorbthesun’senergy

B.produceoxygenandnutrients

C.breakdownthedungandtheremainsofdeadorgan

D.eattheplantsandanimals

問題5選項

A.humanbeings

B.theenvironment

C.animalsandplants

D.nature

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.信息推斷題。根據(jù)原文可知，作者之所以用后綴“ology”開始文章，目的在于引出本文的主題：生態(tài)學。選項C正確。

2.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Ecosystemsarecommunitiesthatvaryinsizeandlocation.”生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是大小和位置不同的群體，選項D與原文表述一致。

3.詞義推斷題。結(jié)合上下文及句意可知，“producers”即上句提及的“Plants”。選項A正確。

4.信息推斷題。根據(jù)第二段的倒數(shù)第三句“分解者，如細菌，進入分解，有機物質(zhì)被土壤吸收，氣體被送回我們的大氣層?！边x項C動物的糞便和殘骸均屬于有機物，所以正確。

5.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“naturehasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceofecosystems...”可知選項D正確。

13.單選題

Overthelastfifteenyears,runninghasbecomeapopular（

）for30millionparticipantsofallages.

問題1選項

A.fantasy

B.pastime

C.symposium

D.penalty

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。fantasy“幻想”；pastime“消遣，娛樂”；symposium“座談會’；penalty“懲罰”。句意：在過去的三十年里，跑步對于3000萬名各個年齡層的參與者來說成為了一種非常受歡迎的消遣方式。選項B符合題意。

14.單選題

26-30

問題1選項

A.Vegetativepatientsaremoreaware.

B.Vegetativepatientsretainsomecontroloftheireyemovement.

C.EEGscansmayhelpuscommunicatewiththevegetativepatients.

D.Weusuallycommunicatewiththebrain-deadpeoplebybrain-wave.

問題2選項

A.Theleft-handsideofthebrain.

B.Theright-handsideofthebrain.

C.Thecentralpartofthebrain.

D.Thefrontpartofthebrain.

問題3選項

A.31

B.6

C.4

D.1

問題4選項

A.Thepatientwasbrain-dead.

B.Thepatientwasn’tbrain-dead.

C.Thepatienthadsomecontroloverhiseyemovements.

D.Thepatientknewthemovementheorshewasmaking.

問題5選項

A.Thepatientisnotechnicallyvegetative.

B.Thepatientcancommunicateinsomeway.

C.Wecantrainthepatientofspeak.

D.Thefamilymembersanddoctorscanprovidebettercare.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】(26)Brainwavescannersmightmakeitpossibletocommunicatewithpeoplewhoareconsideredbrain-dead,accordingtoanewstudyreportedintheEconomist.

Acoupleofrecentstudieshaveshownthatasmallminorityofvegetativepatientsmightbemoreawarethantheyseem.Now,DamienCruse,withtheMedicalResearchCouncilsCognitionandBrainSciencesUnitinCambridge,UK,thinksEEGmachineswillbeabletohelpthesepatientscommunicate.

Theteamasked6healthyvolunteerstowearEEGdevices,whichconnectelectrodestoaperson’shead.Theywereaskedtorespondtoanaudibletonebyimaginingthattheyweresqueezingtheirrighthandsorwigglingthetoesofbothfeet.(27)Theresearchersfoundthatthevolunteers’brainresponseswereclearlydifferent-thehand-squeezingactivatedtheleft-handsideofthebrain,andthetoewigglingproducedaresponseinthecenterofthebrain.

Thentheytestedtheprocedureonapatientwithlocked-insyndrome,whowasalmostcompletelyparalyzedbutretainssomecontrolofhiseyemovements.Hisbrainresponseswerethesame.Finally,(29)theytestedtheprocedureonapatientwhohadbeendeclaredvegetative2yearsearlier.TheywatchedtheEEGsignalsandwereabletodeducewhichmovementthepatientwasimagining.

(28)Thesameteamhadstudied23vegetativepatientsover4yearsandfound4patientswereabletoconsistentlyrespondtoyes-or-noquestionsbychangingtheirbrainactivity.Theywereaskedtoimagineplayingtenniswhentheywantedtogiveoneresponse,orwalkingaroundthehousewhentheywantedtogivetheother.

(30)Sincethepatientswereresponsive,they’renottechnicallyvegetative,theresearcherssay.Proofthattheycancommunicatethatthey’renotbrain-deadwouldhavemajorimplicationsforfamilymembers’anddoctors’decisionsabouttheircare.

26.Whatdoesthistalkmainlytellus?

【解析】文章提到：腦波掃描可能使得人們與腦死亡病人交流成為可能。故選C。

27.Forthe6healthyvolunteers,whichpartofthebraindidthehand-squeezingimaginationactivate?

【解析】根據(jù)文章可知實驗結(jié)果大為不同：攥拳頭激發(fā)了大腦的左半部，而動腳趾激發(fā)了大腦的中部。故選A。

28.Ofthe23vegetativepatients,howmanywerefoundtobeabletoconsistentlyrespondtoyesor-noquestions?

【解析】原文信息是…studied23vegetativepatients...found4patientswereabletoconsistentlyrespondtoyes-or-noquestionsbychangingtheirbrainactivity，即參加實驗的23個植物人病人中有4個被發(fā)現(xiàn)對問題有持續(xù)反應(yīng)。故選C。

29.Whatcanwelearnfromthestudyonthepatientdeclaredvegetative2yearsearlier?

【解析】根據(jù)文章描述，研究者通過EEG信號觀察，那些兩年前被診斷為植物人的病人，即可以知道病人在想些什么，證明那些是有大腦活動的，并不是真正的腦死亡。故選B。

30.WhenEEGsignalsindicatethatavegetativepatientisresponsive,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

【解析】通過對第26題與第29題的解答，可知A和B選項的表述正確。文章最后提到這一研究結(jié)果對于家屬和醫(yī)生護理有很好的的借鑒意義，所以D項正確。文章沒有提到C項。

15.單選題

Youhavealegal____toensurethatyourchildreceiveapropereducation.

問題1選項

A.liability

B.obligation

C.formula

D.scheme

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.liability（法律上對某事物的）責任，義務(wù)B.obligation（法律上或道義上的）責任，義務(wù)

C.formula方案D.scheme計劃

【答案】B

【考查點】修飾語與被修飾語的搭配與名詞辨析

【解題思路】空格處所填詞受“法律上的（legal）”修飾，并且根據(jù)后文內(nèi)容“確保你的孩子接受合適的教育”可知，此處指的是“法律規(guī)定的義務(wù)”，B選項obligation“（法律上或道義上的）責任，義務(wù)”，最符合原句。

【干擾項排除】

A選項liability“責任，義務(wù)”，側(cè)重于指對某事負有法律責任的狀態(tài)，而obligation則具體指需要承擔的責任或義務(wù)；

C選項formula“方案”，與“法律上的（legal）”搭配不當；

D選項scheme“計劃”，與“法律上的（legal）”搭配不當。

【句意】你有義務(wù)確保你的孩子接受合適的教育。

16.單選題

Theyboughtthelandwitha______tobuildanewofficeblock.

問題1選項

A.purpose

B.view

C.goal

D.reason

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查定語從句。A選項purpose“目的（經(jīng)過考慮而要做某事的意圖）”；B選項view“風景；視野”；C選項goal“目標（想要通過一段時間的努力而在未來實現(xiàn)某事的意圖）”；D選項reason“理由，原因”。句意：他們買那塊地的______是要建一座新的辦公大樓。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是現(xiàn)在買地，買地是為了以后建辦公大樓，A選項purpose符合題意。因此A選項正確。

17.單選題

IntheUSA,85%ofthepopulationovertheageof21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhichstillhavethedeathpenalty,someusetheelectricchair,whichcantakeup20minutestokill,whileothersusegasorlethalinjection.

ThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimepassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhich,itwaslaterprovedhadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse.

Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.Firstthereisthedeterrencetheory,whicharguesthatpotentialmurderswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermight,likewise,gobacktobeingunarmed.

Theothertwoargumentsaremoresuspect.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrime.Heshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retributionwhichisjustanotherwordforrevengeissupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.

Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguresdonotaddup.InBritain,1903wastherecordyearforexecutionandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrect,therateshouldhavefallen.

Theotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatterofindividualconscienceandb