常用有機(jī)溶劑性質(zhì)

常用有機(jī)溶劑物理性質(zhì)名稱英文名稱分子式結(jié)構(gòu)式相對分子質(zhì)量物理形態(tài)/毒性熔點(diǎn)/°C沸點(diǎn)/C閃點(diǎn)/C折光率密度溶解度甲醇methanolC%OCH3OH32.04無色液體/有毒，神經(jīng)視力損害-97.764.7111.3284200.7913204miscaq，alc，eth，chl乙醇ethanolC2H6Och3ch2oh46.07無色液體/微毒，麻醉-117.378.5131.3611200.7894204miscaq，alc，eth，chl乙醚ethoxyethane/diethyletherC4H10O2(ch3ch2)2o74.12無色液體/麻醉性能-116.334.6-451.3527200.71342。46aq(100);miscalc，eth，chl內(nèi)酮acetone/propanoneC3H6OOIICH3CCH358.08無色液體/微毒，麻醉-95.3556.2-201.3591200.7908204miscaq，alc，chl，DMF乙酸aceticacid/ethanoicacidC2H4O2CH3COOH60.05無色液體/低毒，刺激16.7117.939(CC)1.3718201.0492204miscaq，alc，eth，CCl4乙酸酎aceticanhydrideC4H6O2OOCH3COCCH3102.09無色液體/低毒，刺激-73.1140.054(CC)1.3904201.0820204seth，chl;slowlysaq二氧六環(huán)1,4-dioxaneC4H8O2A88.11無色液體11.8101.2121.4224201.0329204miscaq，alc，eth，chl，bz，PE苯benzeneC6H678.12無色液/中毒;神經(jīng)，造血損害5.580.1-11(CC)1.5011200.87872040.17aq;miscmostorgsolv甲苯methylbenzene/tolueneC7H8￡_XCH392.14無色液/劇毒;刺激；神經(jīng)損害-94.9110.641.4960200.8660204miscaq，alc，eth，chl;0.067aq

名稱英文名稱分子式結(jié)構(gòu)式相對分子質(zhì)量物理形態(tài)/毒性熔點(diǎn)/°C沸點(diǎn)/C閃點(diǎn)/C折光率密度溶解度氯仿chloroformCHCl3CHCl3119.39無色液體/強(qiáng)麻醉，易轉(zhuǎn)變光氣-63.661.11.4459201.48322040.50aq;miscalc，eth，bz，PE，CCl4二氯甲烷dichloromethaneCH2Cl2CH2Cl284.93無色液體/中毒，麻醉-9540none1.4246201.32652041.3aq;miscalc，eth四氯化碳carbontetrachloridecci4CCl4153.82無色液體/中毒；心，肝,腎損害-22.9976,54none1.4607201.59402040.05aq;miscalc，eth，bz，PE，CS2，chl乙酸乙酯ethylacetateC4H8O2Och3Coc2h588.11無色液體/低毒，麻醉-83.5877.06-41.3723200.90032。49.7aq;miscalc，acet，chl，eth四氫吠喃tetrahydro-furanC4H8Oo72.11無色液體/麻醉，肝腎損害-108.565-141.4050200.88922。4miscaq，alc，eth，PE二甲亞颯dimethylsulfoxideC2H6OSO/S、78.13無色液體/微毒類18.5189.0951.4170201.101204salc，acet，bz，chl乙腈acetonitrileC2H3NCH3CN41.05無色液體/中毒，刺激-4481.661.3460150.7875154miscaq，acet，alc，chl，eth，EtOAc毗啶pyridineC5H5NQn79.10無色液/麻醉,刺激；肝腎損害-41.6115.2201.5067250.9827254miscaq，alc，eth石油醚petroleumether戊烷+正已烷無色液體/低毒60-900.63-0.66miscbz，eth，chl，CCl4石油醚petroleumether戊烷+正已烷無色液體/低毒35-60-491.3630200.63-0.66miscbz，eth，chl，CCl4醇丁正1-butanolC4H1o。c3h7ch2oh74.12無色液體/低毒;麻醉-89.5117.7371.3993200.80972。47.4aq;miscalc，eth

名稱英文名稱分子式結(jié)構(gòu)式相對分子質(zhì)量物理形態(tài)/毒性熔點(diǎn)/°C沸點(diǎn)/C閃點(diǎn)/C折光率密度溶解度異丙醇2-propanolC3H8O(ch3)2choh60.10無色液/微毒,刺激，視力損害-89.582.4121.3772200.7855204miscaq,alc,chl,eth硝基本nitrobenzeneC6H5NO2O^N°2123.11無色液體/中毒性5.8210.8881.5546151.205154vsalc,bz,ethN,N-二甲基甲酰胺dimethylformamidec3h7no0zCH3HL、3CH373.10無色液體/低毒，刺激-60.4153.0570.94452541.430520miscaq,alc,bz,eth*CC-ClosedCup:閃點(diǎn)試驗用閉杯misc-solubleinallproportions(miscible):可混溶的aq-aqueous,water：水a(chǎn)lc-alcohol(ethanolusually):乙醇bz-benzene:苯eth-diethylether：二乙醚chl-chloroform:氯仿acet-acetone:丙酮PE-petroleumether：石油醚s-soluble:可溶的常見有機(jī)溶劑間的共沸混合物共沸混合物組分的沸點(diǎn)/C共沸物的組成（質(zhì)量）/%共沸物的沸點(diǎn)/C乙醇-乙酸乙酯78.3,78.030:7072.0乙醇-苯78.3,80.632:6868.2乙醇-氯仿78.3,61.27:9359.4乙醇-四氯化碳78.3,77.016:8464.9乙酸乙酯-四氯化碳78.0,77.043:5775.0甲醇-四氯化碳64.7,77.021:7955.7甲醇-苯64.7,80.439:6148.3氯仿-丙酮61.2,56.480:2064.7甲苯-乙酸101.5,118.572:28105.4乙醇-苯-水78.3,80.6,10019:74:764.9

實(shí)驗室常用酸、堿的濃度試劑名稱密度（20°C）g/ml濃度mol/L質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)濃硫酸1.8418.00.960濃鹽酸1.1912.10.372濃硝酸1.4215.90.704磷酸1.7014.80.855冰醋酸1.0517.450.998濃氨水0.9014.530.566濃氫氧化鈉1.5419.40.505一些溶劑與水形成的二元共沸物溶劑沸點(diǎn)/C共沸點(diǎn)/C含水量/%溶劑沸點(diǎn)/C共沸點(diǎn)/C含水量/%氯仿61.256.12.5甲苯110.585.020四氯化碳77.066.04.0正丙醇97.287.728.8苯80.469.28.8異丁醇108.489.988.2丙稀腈78.070.013.0二甲苯137-40.592.037.5二氯乙烷83.772.019.5丁正117.792.237.5乙睛82.076.016.0毗啶115.594.042乙醇78.378.14.4異戊醇131.095.149.6乙酸乙酯77.170.48.0正戊醇138.395.444.7異丙醇82.480.412.1氯乙醇129.097.859.0乙醚35341.0二硫化碳46442.0甲酸10110726常用顯色劑及配制方法1、碘：不飽和或者芳香族化合物【配制方法：在100ml廣口瓶中，放入一張濾紙，少許碘粒?；蛘咴谄恐?，加入10g碘粒，30g硅膠2、紫外燈：含共厄基團(tuán)的化合物，芳香化合物3、硫酸鈰：生物堿【配制方法：10%硫酸鈰(IV)+15%硫酸的水溶液4、氯化鐵：苯酚類化合物【配制方法：1%FeCl3+50%乙醇水溶液.5、桑色素（羥基黃酮）：廣譜，有熒光活性【配制方法：0.1%桑色素+甲醇6、茚三酮：氨基酸【配制方法：1.5g茚三酮+100ml正丁醇+3.0ml醋酸7、二硝基苯肼（DNP）:醛和酮【配制方法：12g二硝基苯肼+60ml濃硫酸+80ml水+200ml乙醇8、香草醛（香蘭素）：廣譜【配制方法：15g香草醛+250ml乙醇+2.5ml濃硫酸9、高錳酸鉀：含還原性基團(tuán)化合物，比如羥基，氨基，醛【配制方法：1.5gKMnO4+10gK2CO3+1.25ml10%NaOH+200ml水（使用期3個月）10、漠甲酚綠：羧酸，pKa<=5.0【配制方法：在100ml乙醇中，加入0.04g漠甲酚綠，緩慢滴加0.1M的NaOH水溶液，剛好出現(xiàn)藍(lán)色即全。11、鉬酸鈰廣譜【配制方法：235ml水+12g鉬酸氨+0.5g鉬酸鈰氨+15m