考研考博-英語-上海電子信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海電子信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

FromsciencetoShakespeare,excellenttelevisionandvideoprogramsareavailable（）toteachers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.instore

B.inoperation

C.inabundance

D.instock

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)instore“貯藏著；準(zhǔn)備著；將要發(fā)生”；B選項(xiàng)inoperation“生效；運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)著”；C選項(xiàng)inabundance“大量的；豐富的；充足的”；D選項(xiàng)instock“有存貨；現(xiàn)有”。句意：從科學(xué)到莎士比亞，教師們可以大量使用優(yōu)秀的電視和視頻節(jié)目。由空格前的關(guān)鍵詞“available可使用的”可知“大量的”符合句意，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Whileit’struethattechniquesofactivelisteningcan（）thevalueoflecture,fewstudentspossesssuchskillsatthebeginningoftheircollegecareers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enhance

B.enlarge

C.access

D.exaggerate

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。enhance“提高，加強(qiáng)，增加”；enlarge“擴(kuò)大，增大”；access“使用；存??；接近”；exaggerate“夸張”。句意：積極傾聽能夠提高演講的價(jià)值，但是很少有大學(xué)生在入學(xué)之初就有這樣的技能。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.單選題

（）nooneissurewhodiscoveredAmerica.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Asamatteroffact

B.Asthefactofmatter

C.Asthematteroffact

D.Asafactualmatter

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)Asamatteroffact“事實(shí)上”；B選項(xiàng)Asthefactofmatter“作為事實(shí)”；C選項(xiàng)Asthematteroffact“事實(shí)上”；D選項(xiàng)Asafactualmatter（沒有這個(gè)搭配）句意：……沒有人確定是誰發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。根據(jù)句意，可排除B，D選項(xiàng)，由于這里不是特指，可排除C選項(xiàng)，由此可知A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

WhichoftheitalicizedpartsindicatedCONTRAST?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Sheopenedthedoorandquietlywentin.

B.VictorialikesmusicSamisfondofsports.

C.Thinkitoveragainyou’llgetananswer.

D.Heissomewhatarrogant,Idon’tlikethis.

【答案】B

【解析】考查連詞用法。題干：哪個(gè)斜體部分表示對比？

A選項(xiàng)表示并列；B選項(xiàng)表示對比；C選項(xiàng)表示遞進(jìn)；D選項(xiàng)表示轉(zhuǎn)折。

5.翻譯題

Putthefollowing5sentencesintoChinese.Writethemintheproperspacesonyouranswersheet.

TheAll-ChinaFederationofWomenhasrecentlydroppedthelabelandnowrefersto‘old’unmarriedwomen—buttheleftoverexpressionremainswidelyusedelsewhere.

Theprotoplanetwouldtaketensofthousandsofyearstogrowup,andscientistshopetostudytheentityandgleaninsightsintohowitwascreatedandhowitmightevolve.

Humanlongevityhasimprovedsorapidlyoverthepastcenturythat72isthenew30,scientistshaveclaimed.Moreover,itisnolongerclearwherethepossibleouterboundariesofhumanlifestand.

Thebestwaytocleanyourglassesistorunthemunderwarmwaterandputatinydropofdishwashingdetergentonthetipofyourfingerstocreatealatheronthelens.Thenrinsewithwarmwater,anddiywithaclean,softcottoncloth.

Innovativecompaniesareledbyinnovativechiefexecutives.Theyspendtheirtimeaskingprovocativequestions,observingtheworldlikeanthropologists,networkingwithpeoplewhodon'tthink,actortalklikethem.

Ifyou'retakingrisks,andyouprobablyshould,youcanfindyourselffailing90%ofthetime.Thetrickistogetpaidwhileyou'redoingthefailingandtousetheexperiencetogainskillsthatwillbeusefullater.Weshouldbetaughtthatfailureisaprocess,notanobstacle.

Thefollowingthreebasicprocessespromisehelpwithgreatinefficiency:collectingtasksandprojectsfromallyournotebooks,calendarsandfilesintooneorganizingsystem;decidingonthenextstepsanddesiredoutcomesforeachitem;andmakingahabitoffrequentlycheckingandupdatingyourto-dosandplans.

Studiesshowthatatleasthalfofthevariationinintelligencequotientisinherited.ButwhilescientistshaveidentifiedsomegenesthatcansignificantlylowerIQinpeopleafflictedwithmentalretardation,forexampletrulyimportantgenesthataffectnormalIQvariationhaveyettobepinneddown.

Accordingtoscientists,sendingyourchildtopianoorviolinlessonsinabidtoboosttheiracademicachievementisawasteofmoney.Althoughresearchhasshownthatyoungsterswhotakemusiclessonsaremorelikelytobetopoftheirclass,psychologistGlennclaimsthislinkismisleading.

Moneymakestheworldgoround,butitisnotthekeytohappiness,accordingtootherstudies.In2008,asurveyfromtheOfficeforNationalStatisticsfoundthatBritishfamilieswerehealthierandtwiceaswelloffastheywere20yearsago,butarenohappier.

【答案】中國婦聯(lián)近日己經(jīng)棄用“剩女”一詞，改用“大齡未婚女青年”，但是“剩女”一詞在其它地方還是被廣泛使用。

原行星的形成需要經(jīng)歷成千上萬年?？茖W(xué)家仍希望對它展開研究，以便了解它的誕生和演變。

科學(xué)家宣稱，過去100年間人類平均壽命快速延長，以至于現(xiàn)在的72歲相當(dāng)于過去的30歲。另外，人類壽命的可能極限不再清晰。

清潔眼鏡的最佳方式是將其在溫水下沖洗，在指尖滴一小滴洗潔精，在鏡片上打出泡沫，然后用溫水洗凈，并用干凈柔軟的棉布擦干。

創(chuàng)新型的公司都有創(chuàng)新型的領(lǐng)袖。他們總是提出發(fā)人深省的問題，像人類學(xué)家那樣觀察世界，與思維、行事或言談跟自己不同的人交往。

如果你鋌而走險(xiǎn)，而且是不得不這么干的時(shí)候，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)十有八九是要失敗的。關(guān)鍵是要在失敗的過程中積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提升能力為將來做準(zhǔn)備。我們要明白，失敗是一個(gè)過程，而不是一個(gè)障礙。

以下三個(gè)基本過程能夠幫助改善效率極端低下的狀況：1、將所有的筆記本的任務(wù)和項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行匯總，按日歷和文件類別形成組織化系統(tǒng)；2、確定每個(gè)項(xiàng)目的下一個(gè)步驟與預(yù)期結(jié)果；3、養(yǎng)成經(jīng)常檢查與更新待辦事項(xiàng)和計(jì)劃的習(xí)慣。

研究表明：至少有一半的智商的變異是遺傳的。但是科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)鑒定出可以降低智商的部分基因，例如：智力發(fā)育遲緩人群。然而，影響正常智商變化的極為重要的基因還尚未確定。

科學(xué)家稱，為了提高孩子的學(xué)習(xí)成績而把孩子送去學(xué)彈鋼琴或拉小提琴，純屬浪費(fèi)錢。盡管有研究顯示，學(xué)音樂的小孩更可能在班上名列前茅，但心理學(xué)家格倫指出，將這兩者聯(lián)系在一起有誤導(dǎo)性。

其他的研究則發(fā)現(xiàn)，金錢讓世界運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，但不是幸福的要素。2008年，英國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，英國家庭的健康狀況比20年前更好，收入也是20年前的兩倍，但是英國人并沒有比20年前更幸福。

6.單選題

Scientificjournalscanprovidereliableinformationbecauseoftheprocesscalled"peerreview",inwhichotherscientists(peers)evaluatethevalueandcredibilityofresearchbeforeallowingittoappearinprint.

Peer-reviewisperformedbyknowledgeablescientistswhoarenotdirectlyinvolvedwiththeresearchbeingevaluated.Infact,reviewersareoftenscientificcompetitors.Toremoveanybiasfromthereviewprocess,mostmanuscripts(articlespriortopublication)areconsideredbythreereviewersindependently.Reviewersconsiderthevalidityoftheapproach,thesignificanceandoriginalityofthefinding,itsinterestandtimelinesstothescientificcommunity,andtheclarityofthewriting.Reviewersthenprovidefeedbackonthemanuscripttheyhaveread.Journaleditorsrelyonpeer-reviewfeedbacktoguidetheirpublicationdecisions,andauthorsusereviewerscommentstorefinethetextoftheirmanuscriptandtheexperimentswithin.Journaleditorsmustoccasionallyresolveissuesrelatedtoconflictofinterestamongreviewers;reviewersidentitiesaregenerallynotrevealedtomanuscriptauthors.Thislaterruleisintendedtofreereviewersfromanysocialpressures,allowingthemtoconsideronlythequalityofthesciencebeforethem.

Reviewersareexpectedtokeeptheinformationinamanuscriptconfidentialuntilitispublished,butitisrarethattheworkcomesasacompletesurprisetotheentirescientificcommunity.Thisisbecausepeerreviewisintegratedintoalmosteverystepofscience.

Mostresearchscientistsrequestpublicfundingfortheirexperiments.Fundingdecisionsaremadebyacommitteeofotherscientistswhodebateeachproposal’slikelihoodofsuccess,thevalidityofitsapproach,andtheimportanceofthequestionbeingasked.Oncefunded,theexperimentscanbegin,andpreliminarydataisoftenrevealedatscientificmeetings.Thisallowsthefindingstobedebatedanddefendedwithcolleaguespriortopublication.Oncetheexperimentsarecompleted,amanuscriptiswrittenandcirculatedtoallthosewhocontributedtothework.Manuscriptscommonlyundergoseveralroundsofrevisionbytheauthorsbeforebeingsubmittedtoajournalforpeerreview,Journalsvaryintheirselectivityandfocus.Consequently,manuscriptsarefirstsenttothemostwidelyreadjournallikelytopublishthework.Ifthatjournaldeclinestopublishthemanuscript,itcanbesenttoadifferentjournalforconsideration.

Despitethebesteffortsofreviewers,casesofscientificmisconductdooccurandincorrectorunsubstantiateddatadoesgetpublished.Somecasesturnouttobeelaboratehoaxes.Forexample,in1912CharlesDawsonshowedoffpartsofaskullandjawbonetothepublicandconvincedscientiststhatthefossilsrepresentedthemissinglinkbetweenmanandapeDawson's"PiltdownMan"confusedthescientificcommunityfor40yearsuntilitwasdiscoveredthattheskullwasonly500yearsoldratherthan500,000,andthejawbonewasthatofanorangutan.Inotherinstancesofmisconduct,datainscientificjournalshasbeeninadequatelydocumentedorimproperlyreportedCasesofscientificmisconductarerarebutimportantbecauseofthepublicitytheyreceiveoncetheyarediscovered,erodingthepublic'strustinthepeer-reviewsystemandscienceitself.Tokeepthistypeofconductincheck,scientificarticlesincludedetaileddescriptionsofexperimentalprotocolsthatenableotherstoreproduceexperiments.

1.Scientificjournalsmakeforreliablereadingowingto（

）.

2.Qualifiedpeerreviewers

（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.Itcanbeinferredthatscientificjournals

（

）.

5.Scientificmisconduct（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theliteracyrateofreaders

B.thepracticeofpeerreview

C.thereputationoftheeditors

D.thecooperationamongauthors

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.shouldhavetherelevantexpertiseandvastknowledge

B.fullydominatetheeditorialdecisionsaboutpublication

C.needtodiscusswithotherreviewersforsakeoffairness

D.helprewritethesubmittedmanuscripttoimproveitsquality

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Conflictsofinterestamongreviewersresultfromresearchgrants.

B.Manuscriptsareusuallypublishedasoriginallysubmittedtoajournal.

C.Reviewers'identitiesarekeptconfidentialtoensureobjectivejudgment.

D.Informationinamanuscriptremainssecretinthescientificcommunity.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.allowsimultaneoussubmissionandduplicatepublication

B.areforcedtoprovidereliableandcredibleinformationforreaders

C.alwaysmakeresearcharticlesdigitalandopenlyaccessibleonline

D.aremorelikelytopublishresearchfindingsinthefieldtheyspecializein

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.couldbeidentifiedanddetectedeasily

B.emergesastheby-productofthepeer-reviewsystem

C.occurssoinfrequentlythatfewreviewerscareaboutit

D.mayinvolvedatafalsificationorinadequatedocumentation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中Scientificjournalscanprovidereliableinformationbecauseoftheprocesscalled"peerreview"（科學(xué)期刊可以提供可靠的信息，是因?yàn)楸环Q為“同行評審”的這一過程）可知選B。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中Peer-reviewisperformedbyknowledgeablescientistswhoarenotdirectlyinvolvedwiththeresearchbeingevaluated.（同行評審是由沒有直接參與正在評估研究的知識淵博的科學(xué)家進(jìn)行的）可知A選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)具備相關(guān)的專業(yè)知識和廣博的知識”符合題意。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中reviewersidentitiesaregenerallynotrevealedtomanuscriptauthors.Thislaterruleisintendedtofreereviewersfromanysocialpressures,allowingthemtoconsideronlythequalityofthesciencebeforethem.（評審者的身份通常不會透露給原稿作者。這后一條規(guī)則旨在讓評審者免受任何社會壓力的影響，讓他們只考慮到他們面前的科學(xué)的質(zhì)量）可知C選項(xiàng)“評審人員的身份是保密的，以確?？陀^判斷”符合題意。

第4題:推理判斷題。由文章第四段中Manuscriptscommonlyundergoseveralroundsofrevisionbytheauthorsbeforebeingsubmittedtoajournalforpeerreview,Journalsvaryintheirselectivityandfocus.Consequently,manuscriptsarefirstsenttothemostwidelyreadjournallikelytopublishthework.（原稿在提交給同行評審之前，通常要經(jīng)過作者的幾輪修改，期刊的選擇性和側(cè)重點(diǎn)各不相同。因此，原稿首先被送到很可能會發(fā)表這篇文章的閱讀最廣泛的期刊上）可推測科學(xué)期刊很可能是發(fā)表其專門從事的領(lǐng)域的研究成果。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段第一句中casesofscientificmisconductdooccurandincorrectorunsubstantiateddatadoesgetpublished（確實(shí)會發(fā)生科學(xué)不當(dāng)行為，不正確或未經(jīng)證實(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)也會被公布）可知選D。

7.單選題

TheindividualTVviewerinvariablysensesthatheorsheis（）anonymous,statisticallyinsignificantpartofahugeanddiverseaudience.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.everythingexcept

B.anythingbut

C.nolessthan

D.nothingmorethan

【答案】D

【解析】everythingexcept除了；anythingbut絕不；nolessthan不少于,正如；nothingmorethan不過是,無非是。句意：個(gè)體的電視觀眾總是覺得自己在眾多不同的觀眾中僅僅是無足輕重、微不足道的。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

8.單選題

Thisschoolpromisedtomakeclassessmallerandoffermoreindividualized（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.presentation

B.instruction

C.conviction

D.obligation

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)presentation“展示，描述”，B項(xiàng)instruction“指令，命令，教導(dǎo)”，C項(xiàng)conviction“定罪，確信”，D項(xiàng)obligation“義務(wù)，職責(zé)”；根據(jù)句子語境“這所學(xué)校承諾縮小班級規(guī)模，提供更個(gè)性化的……”可知，只有B項(xiàng)符合。句意：這所學(xué)校承諾要縮小班級規(guī)模，提供更加個(gè)性化的教學(xué)。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Insomeculturestheessenceofmagicisitstraditionalintegrity;itcanbeefficientonlyifithasbeen（）withoutlossfromprimevaltimestothepresentpractitioner.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.conventionalized

B.manipulated

C.transmitted

D.aggrandized

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)conventionalized“使習(xí)俗化；使樣式化”；B選項(xiàng)manipulated“操作”；C選項(xiàng)transmitted“傳輸；傳送”；D選項(xiàng)aggrandize“增加；夸大；強(qiáng)化”。句意：在一些文化中，魔術(shù)的精華是它傳統(tǒng)的完整性；只有當(dāng)它從古代到今天都完整地傳遞下來時(shí)它才有效果。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

10.問答題

Identityisabouthowwedefinewhoweare.Literally,bothidentityandtheselfmean“thesameas”.Inculturaltheoryidentityisusedtodescribetheconsciousnessofselffoundinthemodernindividual.Themodernselfisunderstoodtobeautonomousandself-critical.TheGermanphilosopherG.W.F.Hegelsawindividualism,therighttocriticismandautonomyofactionasthethreemaincharacteristicsofmodernsubjectivity.Thisself-reflexiveaspectofidentitymeansthat,inthemodernage,identityisunderstoodtobeaproject.Itisnotfixed.Theautobiographicalthinkingthatcharacterizesmodernidentitycreatesacoherentsenseofapastidentity,butthatidentityhastobesustainedinthepresentandremadeinthefuture.Theconstantremakingofidentityrevealsthatthesenseofselfistosomeextentanillusion,becausethemakingoftheselfrequiresaconstantinteractionwiththenot-selfornon-identity:theexternalworld.

InmodemWesternsocieties,certainidentitieshavebeenprivilegedoverothers.Menhavebeenprivilegedoverwomen.WhiteEuropeanshavebeenprivilegedovernon-whites.Certainmodesofsexualbehaviorhavedefinednormalagainstdeviantsexualidentities.“Identitypolitics”isthetermusedtodescribetheemergenceintothepoliticalarenaofidentitiesotherthanthoseofwhite,European,heterosexualmen.TheassertionofalternativeidentitieshasfollowedanumberofdifferentstrategieswhichJonathanDollimoredividesintofourtypesof“reversediscourses”:(1)theassertionofapositiveidentityasnormalandnaturalasthedominant“norm”;(2)theassertionofanegativeidentity,whichisabnormal,butcanbeexplainedandassimilatedbyrecoursetolegitimating(forexample,medicalorscientific)discourses;(3)theassertionofadifferentidentityasmorenaturalandnormalthanthedominantnorm;(4)thestrategyoftransgression,wheretheverycategoriesthatdefinewhatisnormalandabnormalaresubverted.Thefirstofthesefourcanbedescribedasessentialiststrategies.Theyassertoppositionalidentityasessentiallyunchangeable.Anexamplewouldbetheculturalmovementknownas“negritude”whichemergedattheendoftheFrenchEmpire.Oneofitsleadingproponents,LeopoldSenghorarguedthatAfricancultureis“moresensitivetotheexternalworld,tothematerialaspectofbeingsandthings”.However,theresultofsuchstrategiesisoftenanti-essentialist.AnassertiveAfricanculturewillinfactchangethenatureofbothAfricanandEuropeanidentities.Thefourthreversediscourseisexplicitlyanti-essentialist.Identityisunderstoodtobeperformative,notbasedonanyessentialcharacteristics,butratherisaperformancebasedonculturalexpectations.Dollimore’sexampleofananti-essentialistidentityisOscarWilde,whofamouslyarguedfortheprimacyofcultureinhisstatementthat“l(fā)ifeimitatesart”.

Oneofthemostinterestingdevelopmentsinidentitypoliticsemergingfromthisinsighthasbeenqueerpolitics.Thishasdevelopedfromlesbianandgaypolitics;butqueerpoliticsresiststhedivisionofsexualityintoabinaryoppositionofessentialisthomosexualorheterosexualidentities.Instead,JudithButlerarguesthatidentitiesaretheproductsofthediscoursesthatdefinesexuality.Weperformmasculinityorfemininity,homosexualityorheterosexualityaccordingtoascriptalreadywrittenastheculturalconventionsofoursociety.Inthisview,identitiesareculturalconstructionsratherthanpre-set.

1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

2.Whydoestheauthorsaythat“inthemodernage,identityisunderstoodtobeaproject”inParagraph1?

3.Inwhoseinterestsistheterm“identitypolitics”putforwardinParagraph2?

4.WhydoestheauthormentiontheexampleofOscarWildeinParagraph2?

5.Whatistheauthorlikelytotalkaboutinthefollowingparagraph?

【答案】1.Thepassageisabout(thedefinitionof)identity.

2.Becausethepastidentityhastobesustainedinthepresentandremadeinthefuture.

3.PeoplewhoarenotprivilegedinmodernWesternsociety.

4.Becausehearguedfortheprimacyofcultureinhisstatement,whichsubvertedtheverycategoriesthatdefinewhatisnormalandabnormal.

5.Thefollowingparagraphwilldiscusstheinfluencesonidentitiesthatsocialculturebrings.

11.單選題

ThefirstnavigationallightsintheNewWorldwereprobablylanternshungatharborentrances.ThefirstlighthousewasputupbyMassachusettsBayColonyin1716onLittleBrewsterIslandattheentrancetoBostonHarbor.Paidforandmaintainedby“l(fā)ightdues”leviedonships,theoriginalbeaconwasblownupin1776.Bythentherewereonlyadozenorsotruelighthousesinthecolony.Littleoveracenturylater,therewere700lighthouses.

ThefirstlighterectedontheWestCoastinthe1850sfeaturedthesamebasicNewEnglanddesign:aCapeCoddwellingwiththetowerrisingfromthecenterorstandingcloseby.InNewEnglandandelsewhere,though,lighthousesreflectedavarietyofarchitecturalstyles.SincemoststationsintheNortheastwerebuiltonrockyeminences,enormoustowerswerenottherule.Someweremadeofstoneandbrick,othersofwoodormetal.Somestoodonpilingsorstilts;somewerefastenedtorockwithironrods.Farthersouth,fromMarylandthroughtheFloridaKeys,thecoastwaslowandsandy.Itwasoftennecessarytobuildtalltowersthere—massivestructureslikethemajesticCapeHatteras,NorthCarolina,lighthouse,whichwaslitin1870.At190feet,itisthetallestbricklighthouseinthecountry.

Notwithstandingdifferencesinappearanceandconstruction,mostAmericanlighthousessharedseveralfeatures:alight,livingquartersandsometimesabell(or,later;afoghorn).Theyalsohadsomethingelseincommon:akeeperand,usuallythekeeper’sfamily.Thekeeper’sessentialtaskwastrimmingthelanternwickinordertomaintainasteady,brightflame.Theearliestkeeperscamefromeverywalkoflife--theywereseamen,farmers,mechanics,roughmillhands—andappointmentswereoftenhandedoutbylocalcustomscommissionersaspoliticalplums.Aftertheadministrationoflighthouseswastakenoverin1852bytheUnitedStatesLighthouseBoard,anagencyoftheTreasuryDepartment,thekeepercorpsgraduallybecamehighlyprofessional.

1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

2.WhydoestheauthormentiontheMassachusettsBayColony?

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatlighthousesintheNortheastdidnotneedhightowersbecause（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,wherecanthetallestbricklighthouseintheUnitedStatesbefound?

5.Inthesecondsentenceofparagraph3,whichofthefollowingdoestheword“They”referto?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheLighthouseonLittleBrewsterIsland

B.TheLifeofaLighthouseKeeper

C.EarlyLighthousesintheUnitedStates

D.TheModernProfessionofLighthouse-Keeping

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ItwastheheadquartersoftheUnitedStatesLighthouseBoard.

B.Manyofthetallestlighthouseswerebuiltthere.

C.Thefirstlanternwicksweredevelopedthere.

D.ThefirstlighthouseinNorthAmericawasbuiltthere.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.shiptherehadhighmasts

B.coastalwatersweresafe

C.thecoastwasstraightandunobstructed

D.thelighthousewerebuiltonhighplaces

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.LittleBrewsterIsland

B.TheFloridaKeys

C.CapeHatteras

D.CapeCod

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Lighthouses

B.Differences

C.Quarters

D.Feature

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。題目問的是“以下哪個(gè)最適合做文章的標(biāo)題？”。文章主要介紹了新世界早期的燈塔建設(shè)、特點(diǎn)還有發(fā)展，所以選項(xiàng)C“美國早期的燈塔”符合題意。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“為什么作者要提到馬薩諸塞灣殖民地？”文章第一段提到“第一個(gè)燈塔是馬薩諸塞灣殖民地1716年在波士頓港灣的入口小布魯斯特島建造的”（ThefirstlighthousewasputupbyMassachusettsBayColonyin1716onLittleBrewsterIslandattheentrancetoBostonHarbor），由此可知，選項(xiàng)D“北美第一個(gè)燈塔是在那里建立的”符合題意。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“從文章中可知東北部的燈塔不需要高塔的原因是什么？”文章第二段提到“由于東北部的大多數(shù)燈塔都是修建在巖石高地上，所以那里一般沒有很大的高塔”（SincemoststationsintheNortheastwerebuiltonrockyeminences,enormoustowerswerenottherule），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章可知美國最高的用磚頭修建的燈塔在哪里？”文章第二段提到“在那里需要修建高的燈塔，比如1870年修建的位于北卡羅萊納州哈特拉斯角處的宏偉燈塔那樣的大型建筑。高190英尺，是這個(gè)國家最高的用磚頭修建的燈塔”（Itwasoftennecessarytobuildtalltowersthere—massivestructureslikethemajesticCapeHatteras,NorthCarolina,lighthouse,whichwaslitin1870.At190feet,itisthetallestbricklighthouseinthecountry），因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

第5題:推理判斷題。題目問的是“第三段第二句話中的‘they’指什么？”文章第三段第一句話提到“盡管在外表和結(jié)構(gòu)上大部分美國燈塔有幾個(gè)共同特征：有燈、生活住所和一個(gè)鐘表（之后用的是喇叭）”（Notwithstandingdifferencesinappearanceandconstruction,mostAmericanlighthousessharedseveralfeatures:alight,livingquartersandsometimesabell(or,later;afoghorn)）；第三段第二句話提到“它們還有別的共同點(diǎn)”（theyalsohadsomethingelseincommon），從這里可知they指的是前面的lighthouse。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

12.單選題

HistorianshavelongknownthatthereweretwosidestothePopulistmovementofthe1890s:aprogressiveside,embodyingtheprotestsofformersagainstbigbusiness,andadarkerside,markedbyadistrustofEasterners,immigrants,andintellectuals.Inthe1950s,oneschoolofU.S.socialthinkersconstructedaparallelbetweenthisdarksideofPopulismandthecontemporaryanti-CommunistcrusadespearheadedbyWisconsinSenatorJosephMcCarthy,whichattackedliberalism,Easternintellectuals,andcivillibertiesingeneral.ToSeymourMartinLipset,McCarthyismrepresented“thesourdregsofPopulism”;toEdwardShils,McCarthyism,likePopulism,exemplified“theambiguousAmericanimpulsetoward4directdemocracy.

NothingthatMcCarthyismandPopulismhadbothfoundtheirstrongestsupportintheagrarianMidwest,

LipsetarguedthatvoterswhobackedagrarianprotestmovementsduringearliereconomiccriseshadsupportedMcCarthyinthepost-WorldIIperiodofprosperity.IntheeyesofwriterslikeLipset,theappealofMcCarthyismextendedbeyondtheagrarianbaseofPopulismtoincludeurbangroupssuchasindustrialworkers.Lipsetclaimedthat“thelowerclasses,especiallytheworkers”hadbackedMcCarthy.Inamoresweepingfashion,LewisFeuerclaimedthat“itwastheAmericanlowerclass...whogavetheiroverwhelmingsupporttotheattacksinrecentyearsincivilliberties.”

Writingafewyearslater,politicalscientistMichaelPaulRoginchallengedthesesuperficiallyplausiblenotions,contendingthattheymerelyembodiedthewriters,ownassumptionsaboutthesupposedintoleranceoflowerclassgroups,ratherthanavalidinterpretationofMcCarthyism.Rogincriticallyexaminedtheirassertionsbythesimplemethodoftestingthemagainsttheevidence.HetestedLipset’sclaimsaboutthecontinuityofMcCarthyismandearlieragrarianprotestmovementsbybreakingdownstatewidevotingstatisticsonacounty-by-countybasis.HefoundthatWisconsincountiesthathadvotedstronglyforProgressivesbeforeWorldWarIIdidnotsupportMcCarthy;McCarthy’ssupportwasconcentratedinhishomeregionandinethnicGermanareasthathadbeentraditionallyconservative.TheoldProgressivevotehadinfactgonetoMcCarthy’sopponents,theDemocrats.

TotestLipset’sgeneralizationsaboutMcCarthy’ssupportamongclassgroups,Roginattemptedtodeterminewhetherindustrialworkershad,infact,backedMcCarthy.Correlatingincomeandemploymentstatisticswithvotingrecords,RoginfoundthatthegreatertheemploymentinindustryinagivenWisconsincounty,thelowerwasMcCarthy’sshareofthevote.Roginconcludedthatthethesisof“McCarthyismasPopulism”shouldbejudged“notastheproductofsciencebutasa...ventureintoconservativepoliticaltheory.’’

1.TheauthorwouldprobablyassertthePopulismandMcCarthyism（

）.

2.ItcanbeinferredthatRogin’smostseriouscriticismofLipset,Feuer,andShils’smethodologywouldprobablybethatthey（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,RoginconcludedthatthewritingsofLipset,ShilsandFeuer（）.

4.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.werecompletelyoppositeincharacter

B.wereresponsesto,respectively,agrarianandindustrialconditions

C.wereessentiallydissimilarmovementsthatsharedsomecommonfeatures

D.eachhadbothaprogressiveandadarkerside

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.reachedincorrectconclusionsaboutMcCarthy

B.failedtoexaminetheevidencethatcouldsupportorweakentheirconclusions

C.equatedsupportforMcCarthyismwithanti-intellectualism

D.placedtoomuchemphasisonthedualcharacterofPopulism

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.intentionallydistortedhistoricalevidence

B.wereflawedbypoliticalpresuppositions

C.lentsupporttoattackoncivilliberties

D.weremarkedbyanti-intellectualbias

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.discoveriesdescribinganinstanceofflawedhistoricalanalysis

B.advocatingtheuseofstatisticalmethodsinhistoricalresearch

C.examiningthesimilaritiesbetweentwopoliticalmovements

D.explainingwhyhistoricalconclusionsshouldberevisedaccordingtolaterrevelations

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段的內(nèi)容，二十世紀(jì)五十年代，美國社會思想家將民粹主義的陰暗面和反共產(chǎn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行相提并論和比較，說明是有共同之處的，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段，羅金對李普塞特、福伊爾和希爾斯的方法論進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證，最嚴(yán)厲的批評是，二者都沒有對自己的觀點(diǎn)給出證據(jù)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，羅金的總結(jié)是，麥卡錫主義不應(yīng)該被判定為科學(xué)的產(chǎn)物，而是一種保守政治理論。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.主旨題。作者首先提出了麥卡錫主義和民粹主義理論，接著提出羅金對他們方法論做出了驗(yàn)證，最后表明將麥卡錫主義比作民粹主義的理論不應(yīng)被判定為科學(xué)的產(chǎn)物，而是一種政治領(lǐng)域的探索。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

13.單選題

TradersareshuttingdownoperationsinIvoryCoast,inaccordancewithcallsbythecountry’sinternationallyrecognizedpresident-electtoputpressureonGbagbo,the（）whohasrefusedtostepdown.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inception

B.incursion

C.insurgency

D.incumbent

【答案】D

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。inception“起初，獲得學(xué)位”；incursion“入侵，侵犯”；insurgency

“暴動(dòng)”；incumbent“在職者，現(xiàn)任者”。句意：貿(mào)易商正在關(guān)閉象牙海岸的業(yè)務(wù)為了符合國家要求，進(jìn)行國際認(rèn)證的總統(tǒng)選舉，給巴博施加壓力，巴博是拒絕退位下臺的現(xiàn)任者。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

14.單選題

MostscholarsagreethatIsaacNewton,whileformulatingthelawsofforceandgravityandinventingthecalculusinthelate1600s,probablyknewallthesciencetherewastoknowatthetime.Intheensuing350yearsanestimated50millionresearchpapersandinnumerablebookshavebeenpublishedinthenaturalsciencesandmathematics.ThemodemhighschoolstudentprobablynowpossessesmorescientificknowledgethanNewtondid,yetsciencetomanypeopleseemstobeanimpenetrablemountainoffacts.

Onewayscientistshavetriedtocopewiththismountainisbybecomingmoreandmorespecialized.Anotherstrategyforcopingwiththemountainofinformationistolargelyignoreit.Thatshouldn’tcomeasasurprise.Sure,youhavetoknowalottobeascientist,butknowingalotisnotwhatmakesascientist.Whatmakesascientistisignorance.Thismaysoundridiculous,butforscientiststhefactsarejustastartingplace.Insci