考研考博-英語-中國石油大學(xué)勝利學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中國石油大學(xué)勝利學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

China’sresponsetoNorthKorea’sshellingofYeonpyeongIslandtwoweeksagohasbeenremarkablyflaccid.

問題1選項

A.firm

B.shrewd

C.ambiguous

D.limp

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項firm“堅定的；牢固的；嚴(yán)格的；結(jié)實(shí)的；堅決的；牢牢控制的；堅挺的”；B選項shrewd“精明的；狡猾的；機(jī)靈的”；C選項ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱兩可的；不明確的，不明朗的；引起歧義的”；D選項limp“柔軟的，無力的；軟弱的”。句意：中國對朝鮮兩周前炮擊延坪島的反應(yīng)，一直表現(xiàn)得非常遲緩。flaccid“松弛的，軟弱的；蔫軟的；無活力的；不見成效的”，D選項與該詞意思最相近，因此D選項正確。

2.單選題

Therearesome65speciesofNewWorldmonkeys.Manyofthesehaveaveryusefulanatomicaladaptationlackingintheiroldworldcounterpartsthatcurious“fifthhand’’,theprehensile（適手抓住的）tail.Andinafewspeciesthegrippingtailhasdevelopedtosuchasextentthatisactuallyhas“fingerprints”onthetip.Whileofcourseatailisnot-acceptedwithfingers,itcansometimesbeevenmoreusefulthananarmoraleg.Aspidermonkey’stail,forinstance,islongerthanitsheadandbodycombined,andisfrequentlyusedinsteadofahandtograspdistantobjects.Othermonkeyslessfortunateareforcedtorelegateatleastonelimbtosupportwhiletheyfeed,whereasmonkeysendowedwithprehensilitycanhangbytheirtailswhiletheyfeastwithbothhandsandfeet.AfewNewWorldmonkeyshavealsoevolvedarmsandshouldersthataresuitableforswinginghandoverhandthroughthetreesliketheAsiaticgibbons.

1.Thepassagemainlydiscusses（

）.

2.Theauthorprobablybelievesthatamonkeyusesitsprehensiletailespeciallyfor

3.Inthesecondsentence,theword“their”refersto（

）.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheAsiaticgibbonsandcertainNewWorldmonkeysaresimilarinwhatrespect?

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage?

問題1選項

A.certainevolutionaryadvantagesofNewWorldmonkeys

B.feedinghabitsofthespidermonkey

C.thedevelopmentofarmsandshouldersinNewWorldmonkeys

D.someanatomicaladaptationsofAsiaticgibbons

問題2選項

A.runningoveragrassyplain

B.supportingitselfwhileeating

C.swimmingacrossariver

D.defendingitselfagainstenemies

問題3選項

A.NewWorldmonkeys

B.OldWorldmonkeys

C.spidermonkeys

D.Asiaticgibbons

問題4選項

A.Thelengthoftheirtails

B.Theirmatinghabits

C.Theabilitytogripwiththeirfeet

D.Theirupperbodystructure

問題5選項

A.Somemonkeysusetheirhandstograspobjects.

B.Aspidermonkeyhasaverylongtail.

C.Aprehensiletailhasfingers.

D.Asiaticgibbonscanswingthroughtrees.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.文章主要介紹了新世界猴與其他種類猴相比所具有的進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢。其中最主要的是進(jìn)化出適合抓握的尾巴以及類似于亞洲長臂猿的適合在樹上擺蕩的手臂和肩膀。所以選項A符合題意。

2.文章中提到whereasmonkeysendowedwithprehensilitycanhangbytheirtailswhiletheyfeastwithbothhandsandfeet，可知新世界猴在吃食物的時候能夠用尾巴懸掛身體從而使雙手雙腳抓東西吃。選項B符合題意。

3.their后面接的內(nèi)容是“它們在舊世界的同類”，可知their指的是新世界猴。選項A符合題意。

4.文章最后一句話AfewNewWorldmonkeyshavealsoevolvedarmsandshouldersthataresuitableforswinginghandoverhandthroughthetreesliketheAsiaticgibbons提到一些新世界猴進(jìn)化出了類似于亞洲長臂猿那樣的手臂和肩膀，所以選項D符合題意。

5.文章提到whileofcourseatailisnot-acceptedwithfingers（尾巴上并沒有長手指，選項C符合題意。

3.單選題

Modernformsoftransportationandcommunicationhavedonemuchto（

）theisolationoflifeinAlaska.

問題1選項

A.breakthrough

B.breakdown

C.breakinto

D.breakout

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。A項breakthrough表示“突破，突圍”；B項breakdown表示“打破；出故障”；C項breakinto表示“闖入”；D項breakout表示“突發(fā)，爆發(fā)”。根據(jù)Modernformsoftransportationandcommunication以及isolation可知，句意應(yīng)為現(xiàn)代交通運(yùn)輸和通信方式非常有利于打破阿拉斯加生活的閉塞，因此本題正確答案為B項。

4.翻譯題

TheEnglishlanguageoftodayreflectsmanycenturiesofdevelopment.ThepoliticalandsocialeventsthathaveinthecourseofEnglishhistorysoprofoundlyaffectedtheEnglishpeopleintheirnationallifehavegenerallyhadarecognizableeffectontheirlanguage.TheRomanChristianizingofBritainin597broughtEnglandintocontactwithLatincivilizationandmadesignificantadditionstoourvocabulary.TheScandinavianinvasionsresultedinaconsiderablemixtureofthetwopeoplesandtheirlanguages.TheNormanConquestmadeEnglishfortwocenturiesthelanguagemainlyofthelowerclasseswhilethenoblesandthoseassociatedwiththemusedFrenchonalmostalloccasions.AndwhenEnglishoncemoreregainedsupremacyasthelanguageofallelementsofthepopulation,itwasanEnglishgreatlychangedinbothformandvocabularyfromwhatithadbeenin1066.

【答案】今天的英語反映了許多世紀(jì)的發(fā)展。在英國歷史進(jìn)程中深刻影響英國人國家生活的政治和社會事件，通常也對他們的語言產(chǎn)生了明顯的影響。597年羅馬人對不列顛的基督教化使英國接觸了拉丁文明，并大大增加了我們的詞匯。斯堪的那維亞人的入侵導(dǎo)致了這兩個民族及其語言的大量混合。諾曼征服使英語在長達(dá)兩個世紀(jì)的時間里成為下層階級的主要語言，而貴族和與他們有關(guān)的人幾乎在所有場合都使用法語。當(dāng)英語再次成為所有人口的語言時，它的形式和詞匯都比1066年發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

5.翻譯題

Inthedeliveryofahighstandardofmedicalcare,thesafetyofthepatientisparamount.Itseemsthatmedicalblundersareemergingalmostonadailybasis.Butweneedtokeepasenseofperspective.

Whilesuchincidentsareworrying,theyshouldnotnecessarilybeseenasasignthatthingsaregettingworseandthatpatientsarebeingexposedtoincreasingrisks.Theymaysimplyhavebeencomingtolightmorefrequently.Ifso,thatisgood.Thehospitalparthasrightlypromisedtoseethattheyarealwaysbroughttopublicattentionfromnowon.Promptdisclosureofpossibledefectsinthehealthcaresystemandtransparentactiontoremedythemcanonlyhaveapositiveeffectonthestandardofcareinthelongrun.

【答案】在提供高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)時，病人的安全是最重要的。醫(yī)療事故似乎每天都在發(fā)生。但我們需要保持一種洞察力。

雖然這類事件令人擔(dān)憂，但它們并不一定意味著情況正在惡化，或者病人暴露在面臨越來越多的風(fēng)險中。它們可能只是被曝光得更頻繁了。如果是這樣，那很好。醫(yī)院方面恰當(dāng)?shù)爻兄Z，從現(xiàn)在起一定要讓公眾注意到他們。及時披露醫(yī)療體系中可能存在的缺陷，并采取透明行動加以補(bǔ)救，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，只會對醫(yī)療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

6.單選題

Thenewmiracleofthemedicalworldisthestemcell,amarvelofhumannatureinthatitcanbecomeanyofnearly220celltypesthatconstitutethehumanbody.Itisoftencalledablankcellthatcanbeprogrammedtobecomeothercells.Researcherspredictthat,byusingstemcells,theycancreateorgansthatcanbetransplantedintopeoplewhodesperatelyneedthemtosavetheirlives.Themostcommonsourceofstemcellsisthehumanembryo,theinitialstageofhumanlifeafterafemaleeggisimpregnatedbyamalesperm.InthisveryfactliesanethicalconundrumthathasrockedboththemedicalandpoliticallandscapeoftheUnitedStatesandothercountries.Coupledwiththisisnewresearchincloning,whichhasseensomesuccessindevelopinganimalspecieswithouttheuseofnormalbirthingprocedures.Alloftheseareasofresearcharemakingquiteafewpeoplenervousaboutboththesourcesofstemcellsandwheretheresearchistakingmankind.

Moststemcell-containingembryoscomefromfourdifferentsources:fertilityclinicswhichoftenstoremorehumanembryosthanareneeded;fetusesfromunwantedpregnanciesthatareaborted;therapeuticcloning,whichiswhenahumaneggisstimulatedintoanembryo-likestate;andcustom-fertilizationinwhichahumaneggisdeliberatelyfertilizedwithspermtocreateanembryoinordertoharvestitsstemcells.Morallymanypeopleareoutragedbythesesources,claimingthathumanlifeisnotsomethingthatshouldbetamperedwithandcreatedjustforscientificandmedicalpurposes.Atthecoreofthisdebateistheissueofwhatreallyconstitutesahumanbeing,withonesideclaimingahumandoesnotexistuntilbornfromitsmotherwhiletheothersideclaimsthatonceeggandspermmeet,lifehasbegun.

TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthastakenanactiveroleinthedebateandisconsciouslylookingatthevotingboothwhilemakingdecisionsregardingstemcellresearch.Thegovernmentgavethego-aheadforfederalspendingonstemcellresearchbutlimitedactivitytospecimensthatalreadyexisted,meaningnonewembryoscouldbecreatedsolelyforstemcellresearch.Similarlawsregardingcloningresearchhavebeenproposed,includingtherapeuticcloning.Manyuniversitiesandresearchcentersworrythattheselawsmaycausetheirbestandbrightestscientiststoseekappointmentsoverseas,wherestemcellresearchisnotsocontroversial.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,astemcellisunlikeothercellsbecause（）.

2.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,allofthefollowingaresourcesofsteincellsEXCEPT（）.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,themaindebateconcerningstemcellsourcesrevolvesaround（

）.

4.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?

5.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,Americanuniversitiesandresearchinstitutesareworriedabout（

）.

問題1選項

A.ithasatleast220differentparts

B.itcandevelopintoanyothercell

C.ithasbeenusedtocureillness

D.itisatthecenterofacontroversy

問題2選項

A.artificiallyimpregnatedwomen

B.humaneggsthatactliketheyarefertilized

C.embryosmadeforpeoplewhocannotconceive

D.theremainsofunwantedbabies1.（）.

問題3選項

A.howtheyareextractedfromthesource

B.whatthestemcellareusedfor

C.themethodsusedtoproducethem

D.whensomeonebelieveslifebegins

問題4選項

A.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentisinvolvedinthedebateonstemcellsonlybecauseitisworriedaboutthevoters.

B.ThevotersaremakingtheUnitedStatesgovernmentworriedaboutitspositiononstemcellresearch.

C.TheissueofstemcellresearchisonethatUnitedStatesvotersareconcernedabout

D.TheUnitedStatesgovernment’sdecisionsonstemcellresearchreflectwhatitsvotingpublicwants.2.（）.

問題5選項

A.notgettingenoughfundsforstemcellresearch

B.losingpeopleforbetteropportunitieselsewhere

C.havingthegovernmentshutdowntheiroperations

D.havingtofindnewsourcesofstemcells

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段指出:Thenewmiracleofthemedicalworldisthestemcell,amarvelofhumannatureinthatitcanbecomeanyofnearly220celltypesthatconstitutethehumanbody(醫(yī)學(xué)界的新奇跡是干細(xì)胞。令人驚嘆的是，它可以成為構(gòu)成人體的近220種細(xì)胞中的任何一種),故選B“它能發(fā)展成任何其它的細(xì)胞”。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干問:根據(jù)第二段,以下哪項不是干細(xì)胞的來源。A:人工懷孕的女性,B:類似于已受精狀的人類卵子,C:為不孕的人所做的胚胎,D:意外懷孕產(chǎn)出的嬰兒的遺體。根據(jù)題干定位至第二段:Moststemcell-containingembryoscomefromfour

differentsources:fertilityclinicswhichoftenstoremorehumanembryosthanareneeded;fetusesfromunwantedpregnanciesthatareaborted;therapeuticcloning,whichiswhenahumaneggisstimulatedintoanembryo-likestate;andcustom-fertilizationinwhichahumaneggisdeliberatelyfertilizedwithspermtocreateanembryoinordertoharvestitsstemcells(大多數(shù)包含干細(xì)胞的胚胎來自四個不同的來源：經(jīng)常儲存有多余人類胚胎的產(chǎn)科；因意外懷孕而被流產(chǎn)的胎兒；治療性克?。慈祟惵炎颖淮碳こ膳咛睿┖吞囟ǖ氖芫慈祟惵炎颖还室獾嘏c精子受精來創(chuàng)造一個胚胎，以便獲取其干細(xì)胞）),因此只有A未被提及。故選A。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:Atthecoreofthisdebateistheissueofwhatreallyconstitutesahumanbeing,withonesideclaimingahumandoesnotexistuntilbornfromitsmotherwhiletheothersideclaimsthatonceeggandspermmeet,lifehasbegun(這場爭論的中心是什么真正地構(gòu)成了人類，一方的人宣稱直到從母親身體生出來之后，人才真正存在，然而另一方的人卻宣稱一旦卵子和精子結(jié)合生命就開始了)。故選D“人們認(rèn)為生命是從何吋開始”。

4.判斷推理題。最后一段劃線句句意為:美國政府己積極參與這場爭論，在做有關(guān)干細(xì)胞研究的決定吋正有意識地看著投票站。由此可知D項“美國政府有關(guān)干細(xì)胞研究的決定反映出其投票的公眾的需求”正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。最后一段指出:Manyuniversitiesandresearchcentersworrythattheselawsmaycausetheirbestandbrightestscientiststoseekappointmentsoverseas,wherestemcellresearchisnotsocontroversial(很多大學(xué)和研究中心擔(dān)心，這些法律可能導(dǎo)致它們優(yōu)秀和最杰出的科學(xué)家們前往干細(xì)胞研究沒有如此有爭議的海外尋求職位)。由此可知B“因海外更好的機(jī)會而流失人才”正確。

7.不定項選擇題

Asinthecaseofsomanywordsusedbythebiologistandphysiologist,thewordacclimatizationishardtodefine.Withincreaseinknowledgeandunderstanding,meaningsofwordschange.Originallythetermacclimatizationwastakentomeanonlytheabilityofhumanbeingsoranimalsorplantstoaccustomthemselvestonewandstrangeclimaticconditions,primarilyalteredtemperature.Apersonorawolfmovestoahotclimateandisuncomfortablethere,butafteratimeisbetterabletowithstandtheheat.Butasidefromtemperature,thereareotheraspectsofclimate.Apersonorananimalmaybecomeadjustedtolivingathigheraltitudesthanthoseitwasoriginallyaccustomedto.Atreallyhighaltitudes,suchasaviatorsmaybeexposedto,thelowatmosphericpressurebecomesafactorofprimaryimportance.Inchangingtoanewenvironment,apersonmay,therefore,meetnewconditionsoftemperatureorpressure,andinadditionmayhavetocontendwithdifferentchemicalsurroundings.Onhighmountains,theamountofoxygenintheatmospheremayberelativelysmall;incrowdedcities,apersonmaybecomeexposedtorelativelyhighconcentrationsofcarbondioxideorevencarbonmonoxide,andinvariousareasmaybeexposedtoconditionsinwhichthewatercontentoftheatmosphereisextremelyhighorextremelylow.Thusinthecaseofhumans,animals,andevenplants,theconceptofacclimatizationincludesthephenomenaofincreasedtolerationofhighorlowtemperature,ofalteredpressure,andofchangesinthechemicalenvironment.

Letusdefineacclimatization,therefore,astheprocessinwhichanorganismorapartofanorganismbecomesusedtoanenvironmentwhichisnormallyunsuitabletoitorlethalforit.Byandlarge,acclimatizationisarelativelyslowprocess.Thetermshouldnotbetakentoincluderelativelyrapidadjustmentssuchasoursenseorgansareconstantlymaking.Thistypeofadjustmentiscommonlyreferredtobyphysiologistsas“adaptation”.

Thusourtouchsensesoonbecomesaccustomedtothepressureofourclothesandwedonotfeelthem;wesoonfailtohearthetickingofaclock;obnoxiousodorsafteratimefailtomakemuchimpressiononus,andoureyesinstronglightrapidlybecomeinsensitive.

Thefundamentalfactaboutacclimatizationisthatallanimalsandplantshavesomecapacitytoadjustthemselvestochangesintheirenvironment.Thisisoneofthemostremarkablecharacteristicsoflivingorganisms,acharacteristicforwhichitisextremelydifficulttofindexplanations.

1.Accordingtothereadingselection,allanimalsandplants（）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthereadingselectionthat（）.

3.Accordingtothereadingselection,acclimatization（）.

4.Byinferencefromthereadingselection,whichoneofthefollowingwouldnotrequiretheprocessofacclimatization?

5.Accordingtothepassage,amajordistinctionbetweenacclimatizationandadaptationisthatacclimatization（）.

問題1選項

A.haveanabilityforacclimatization

B.canadjusttoonlyonechangeintheenvironmentatatime

C.aresuccessfulinadjustingthemselvestochangesintheirenvironments

D.canadjusttonaturalchangesintheenvironmentbutnottoartificiallyinducedchanges

問題2選項

A.everychangeintheenvironmentrequiresacclimatizationbylivingthings

B.plantsandanimalsaremorealikethantheyaredifferent

C.assciencedevelops,theconnotationoftermsmaychange

D.biologistandphysiologistsstudyessentiallythesamethings

問題3選項

A.issimilartoadaptation

B.ismoreimportanttodaythanitformerlywas

C.involvespositiveaswellasnegativeadjustment

D.maybeinvolvedwithapartofanorganismbutnotwiththewholeorganism

問題4選項

A.Anoceanfishplacedinalake

B.Askindivermakingadeepdive

C.Anairplanepilotmakingahigh-altitudeflight

D.Apersongoingfromdaylightintoadarkenedroom

問題5選項

A.ismoreimportantthanadaptation

B.isrelativelyslowandadaptationisrelativelyrapid

C.appliestoadjustmentswhileadaptationdoesnotapplytoadjustments

D.isapplicabletoallanimalsandplantsandadaptationonlytohigheranimalsandman

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由allanimalsandplants定位到文章最后一段第一句“Thefundamentalfactaboutacclimatizationisthatallanimalsandplantshavesomecapacitytoadjustthemselvestochangesintheirenvironment.”，適應(yīng)環(huán)境的根本事實(shí)是，所有的動物和植物都有一定的能力來適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化。A選項“haveanabilityforacclimatization”意為“有適應(yīng)環(huán)境的能力”，與原文相符；B選項“canadjusttoonlyonechangeintheenvironmentatatime”意為“一次只能適應(yīng)環(huán)境的一種變化”，原文沒有相關(guān)表達(dá)；C選項“aresuccessfulinadjustingthemselvestochangesintheirenvironments”意為“能成功地讓自身適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化”，有一定的適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的能力，并不等于成功；D選項“canadjusttonaturalchangesintheenvironmentbutnottoartificiallyinducedchanges”意為“能適應(yīng)環(huán)境的自然變化，但不能適應(yīng)人為誘導(dǎo)的變化”，原文未提及人為誘導(dǎo)的變化。因此A選項符合題意。

第2題:判斷推理題。結(jié)合選項和題干可知，本題需要四個選項逐個分析。A選項“everychangeintheenvironmentrequiresacclimatizationbylivingthings”，意為“環(huán)境的任何變化都需要生物適應(yīng)”，原文是適應(yīng)與生物不適合或者致命的環(huán)境，但不是所有變化都要適應(yīng)；B選項“plantsandanimalsaremorealikethantheyaredifferent”意為“植物和動物的相似之處多于它們的不同之處”，原文并未就動植物的相似處與不同處進(jìn)行比較；C選項“assciencedevelops,theconnotationoftermsmaychange”意為“隨著科學(xué)的發(fā)展，術(shù)語的內(nèi)涵可能會發(fā)生變化”與原文相符，原文“Withincreaseinknowledgeandunderstanding,meaningsofwordschange”隨著知識和理解的增加，單詞的意義也在變化；D選項“biologistandphysiologistsstudyessentiallythesamethings”意為“生物學(xué)家和生理學(xué)家本質(zhì)上研究的是相同的東西”，原文沒有相關(guān)表達(dá)。因此C選項符合題意。

第3題:判斷推理題。由acclimatization定位到文章第二段第一句“Letusdefineacclimatization,therefore,astheprocessinwhichanorganismorapartofanorganismbecomesusedtoanenvironmentwhichisnormallyunsuitabletoitorlethalforit”，因此，讓我們把適應(yīng)性定義為一個生物體或生物體的一部分逐漸適應(yīng)一個通常不適合它或?qū)λ鼇碚f是致命的環(huán)境的過程。由此可知，適應(yīng)也包括負(fù)面的適應(yīng)。A選項“issimilartoadaptation”，意為“類似于適應(yīng)”，與原文相反，adaptation與acclimatization是兩個概念；B選項“ismoreimportanttodaythanitformerlywas”意為“現(xiàn)在比以前更重要”，原文并未將過去與現(xiàn)在的重要性進(jìn)行比較；C選項“involvespositiveaswellasnegativeadjustment”意為“包括積極和消極的適應(yīng)”與原文相符；D選項“maybeinvolvedwithapartofanorganismbutnotwiththewholeorganism”意為“可能與一個生物體的一部分有關(guān)，但與整個生物體無關(guān)”，與原文不符，原文是生物體或生物體的一部分，因此與整個生物體有關(guān)。因此C選項符合題意。

第4題:判斷推理題。由notrequiretheprocessofacclimatization定位到文章第二段第三句“Thetermshouldnotbetakentoincluderelativelyrapidadjustmentssuchasoursenseorgansareconstantlymaking”，這一術(shù)語不應(yīng)包括我們的感覺器官不斷做出的相對迅速的調(diào)整。由此可知，感官做出相對迅速的調(diào)整不屬于acclimatization。A選項“anoceanfishplacedinalake”，意為“一條被放在湖里的海魚”，B選項“askindivermakingadeepdive”意為“深潛的赤身潛水員”，C選項“anairplanepilotmakingahigh-altitudeflight”意為“進(jìn)行高空飛行的飛行員”，都屬于相對緩慢的適應(yīng)過程，因此屬于acclimatization。D選項“apersongoingfromdaylightintoadarkenedroom”意為“一個人從有日光的房間進(jìn)入昏黑的房間”，此時我們的眼睛也就是視覺器官會立刻做出反應(yīng)，所以這不屬于acclimatization。因此D選項符合題意。

第5題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由majordistinction定位到文章第二段第二、三句“Byandlarge,acclimatizationisarelativelyslowprocess.Thetermshouldnotbetakentoincluderelativelyrapidadjustmentssuchasoursenseorgansareconstantlymaking”，總的來說，適應(yīng)環(huán)境是一個相對緩慢的過程。這一術(shù)語不應(yīng)包括我們的感覺器官不斷做出的相對迅速的調(diào)整。由此可知，適應(yīng)環(huán)境是個相對緩慢的過程，而適應(yīng)是個相對快速的過程。A選項“ismoreimportantthanadaptation”意為“比適應(yīng)更重要”，原文未將兩者的重要性進(jìn)行比較；B選項“isrelativelyslowandadaptationisrelativelyrapid”意為“相對緩慢，適應(yīng)相對快速”，符合原文；C選項“appliestoadjustmentswhileadaptationdoesnotapplytoadjustments”意為“適用于調(diào)整，而適應(yīng)不適用于調(diào)整”，與原文不符，適應(yīng)也適用于調(diào)整，如感覺器官不斷做出的相對迅速的調(diào)整；D選項“isapplicabletoallanimalsandplantsandadaptationonlytohigheranimalsandman”意為“適用于所有動物和植物，適應(yīng)只用于高等動物和人”，原文沒有后半句的相關(guān)表述。因此B選項符合題意。

8.單選題

Amajoritytakencollectivelymayberegardedasabeingwhoseopinionsand,mostfrequently,whoseinterestsareopposedtothoseofanotherbeing,whichisstyledaminority.Ifitisadmittedthatamanpossessingabsolutepowermaymisusethatpowerbywronginghisadversaries,whyshouldamajoritynotbeliabletothesamereproach?Menarenotapttochangetheircharactersbyagglomeration;nordoestheirpatienceinthepresenceofobstaclesincreasewiththeconsciousnessoftheirstrength.Forthesereasonsweshouldnotwillinglyinvestanygroupofourfellowswiththatunlimitedauthoritywhichweshouldrefusetoanyindividual.

Onesocialpowermustalwayspredominateoverothers,butlibertyisendangeredwhenthispowerischeckedbynoobstacleswhichmayretarditscourseandforceittomoderateitsownvehemence.Unlimitedpowerisinitselfabadanddangerousthing,andnopoweronearthissoworthyofhonorforitselforofreverentialobediencetotherightswhichitrepresentsthatweshouldadmititsuncontrolledandall-predominantauthority.Whentherightandmeansofabsolutecommandareconferredonapeopleoraking,onanaristocracyorademocracy,amonarchyorarepublic,therehasbeenimplantedthegermoftyranny.

ThemainevilofthepresentdemocraticinstitutionsoftheUnitedStatesdoesnotarise,asisoftenassertedinEurope,fromtheirweakness,butfromtheiroverpoweringstrength;theexcessivelibertywhichreignsinthatcountryisnotsoalarmingasistheveryinadequatesecuritywhichexistsagainsttyranny.

WhenanindividualorapartyiswrongedintheUnitedStates,towhomcanheapplyforredress?Iftothepublicopinion,publicopinionconstitutesthemajority;iftothelegislature,itrepresentsthemajorityandimplicitlyobeysitsinjunctions;iftotheexecutivepower,itisappointedbythemajorityandremainsapassivetoolinitshands;thepublictroopsconsistofthemajorityunderarms;thejuryisthemajorityinvestedwiththerightofhearingjudicialcases,andincertainstateseventhejudgesareelectedbythemajority.Howeveriniquitousorabsurdtheevilcomplainedabout,nosurebarrierisestablishedtodefendagainstit.

1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

2.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

3.Theauthor’streatmentofthetopicofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas（）.

4.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

問題1選項

A.TheTyrannyoftheMajority

B.Democracy:TriumphofthePeople

C.AbusesofPower

D.TheFailureofDemocracyintheUnitedStates

問題2選項

A.Democracyisnogreaterdefenseagainsttyrannythanismonarchyoraristocracy.

B.Minorityrulewouldprobablybemoreresponsivetotheneedsofallpeoplethanmajorityrule.

C.Torenderitselfimmunetothegermoftyranny,theUnitedStatesshouldstrengthenitspoliticalinstitutions.

D.Sinceonesocialpowermustalwayspredominateoverothers,itisfutiletoprovidechecksandbalancesingovernment.

問題3選項

A.ironic

B.neutral

C.logical

D.irreverent

問題4選項

A.challengingacommonlyheldbelief

B.contrastingtwoopposingviews

C.advocatingacourseofaction

D.reconcilinganapparentconflict

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句，“Ifitisadmittedthatamanpossessingabsolutepowermaymisusethatpowerbywronginghisadversaries,whyshouldamajoritynotbeliabletothesamereproach?”，如果承認(rèn)一個擁有絕對權(quán)力的人可能會濫用這種權(quán)力來冤枉他的對手，為什么大多數(shù)人在濫用他們權(quán)力的時候不會受到同樣的指責(zé)呢？此句為文章的中心句，體現(xiàn)了文章的中心思想。下文繼續(xù)提出我們不應(yīng)該把我們應(yīng)該拒絕給個人的絕對權(quán)力授予任何大多數(shù)派的人。可判斷出最符合文章的主題與大多數(shù)派相關(guān)。選項A符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句，“Whentherightandmeansofabsolutecommandareconferredonapeopleoraking,onanaristocracyorademocracy,amonarchyorarepublic,therehasbeenimplantedthegermoftyranny.”，當(dāng)絕對命令的權(quán)力授予一個民族或一個國王、一個貴族或一個民主、一個君主制或一個共和國時，就已經(jīng)埋下了專制的種子。可判斷出民主和君主制或貴族統(tǒng)治一樣，也可能導(dǎo)致專制統(tǒng)治，選項A符合文意。文章中并沒有提及少數(shù)人統(tǒng)治比多數(shù)人統(tǒng)治更令人滿意，并未將二者進(jìn)行比較，選項B不符合文意。根據(jù)第三段第一句，“ThemainevilofthepresentdemocraticinstitutionsoftheUnitedStatesdoesnotarise,asisoftenassertedinEurope,fromtheirweakness,butfromtheiroverpoweringstrength…”美國現(xiàn)行民主制度的主要弊端，并不像歐洲人常說的那樣，來自于它們的軟弱，而是來自于它們壓倒一切的力量?？膳袛喑鑫恼虏⑽刺峒懊绹枰訌?qiáng)政治制度來免受專制統(tǒng)治。選項C不符合文意。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句，“Onesocialpowermustalwayspredominateoverothers,butlibertyisendangeredwhenthispowerischeckedbynoobstacleswhichmayretarditscourseandforceittomoderateitsownvehemence.”，一種社會力量必須始終凌駕于其他力量之上，但如果這種力量不受任何阻礙，而使其激烈程度得不到緩和，自由就會受到威脅?？膳袛喑鲭m然在社會中一種力量必須凌駕于其他力量之上，但是權(quán)力行使的激烈程度必須受到限制和阻礙，以免使自由受到威脅，所以權(quán)力制衡是有必要的。選項D不符合文意。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句，“Ifitisadmittedthatamanpossessingabsolutepowermaymisusethatpowerbywronginghisadversaries,whyshouldamajoritynotbeliabletothesamereproach?”，如果承認(rèn)一個擁有絕對權(quán)力的人可能會濫用這種權(quán)力來冤枉他的對手，為什么大多數(shù)人在濫用他們權(quán)力的時候不會受到同樣的指責(zé)呢？此句為文章的中心句，體現(xiàn)了文章的中心思想。由個人權(quán)力推理到大多數(shù)派權(quán)力的行使，所以作者對話題的探討是具有邏輯性的。選項C符合題意。

4.主旨大意題。文章第一段提到一個擁有絕對權(quán)力的個人會濫用權(quán)力來冤枉對手，那么擁有權(quán)力的大多數(shù)人在濫用權(quán)力時也應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。文章第二段繼續(xù)指出當(dāng)絕對命令的權(quán)力授予給一個民族或一個國王、一個貴族或一個民主、一個君主制或一個共和國時，就已經(jīng)埋下了專制的種子?？膳袛喑鰝€人或大多數(shù)派統(tǒng)治對專制的防御都不會更好，對應(yīng)文中提及的美國民主政治中存在的現(xiàn)象，所以作者在本文中在挑戰(zhàn)一個普遍的信念。選項A符合題意。

9.單選題

AthighnoonlastOctober1st,thecitizensofEcuador（厄瓜多爾）didsomethingthey’dneverdreamedpossible:theysynchronized（同步）theirwatches.Indoingso,theyembarkedonanationalcampaignagainstlateness.Aspecialgrouporganizedthiscampaign.ThegroupinvitedthePresidenttojoininthem,butactuallythePresidentwasinfamouslyunpunctual.Anyway,thePresidentagreedtovowtoparticipate.Hisspokesman,goingontelevisiontoannouncethisvow,arrivedatthestudio,needlesstosay,severalminuteslate.

Suchacampaignmaybescornedorlaughedat,becauseitseemsnotseriousandevennonsense,withoutanypracticalmeaning,butitcomesoutofabasiceconomicfact:punctualitypays.Accordingtoonestudy,chroniclatenesscostsEcuador$2.5billionayear―hardlysmallchangeinacountrywithagrossdomesticproductofjusttwenty-fourbilliondollars.Thefundamentalchallengeforamoderneconomyistocoordinatetheactionsofmillionsofindependentpeoplesothatgoodsmaybeproducedandservicesdeliveredasefficientlyaspossible.It’saloteasiertodothiswhenpeoplearewherethey’resupposedtobewhenthey’resupposedtobethere.Thisisespeciallytrueinlightofrecentinnovationssuchasjust-in-timemanufacturing.

Dellcomputer’ssuppliershavetobeabletodeliverpartstoDell’sfactorieswithinninetyminutes.Underthoseconditions,“I’llgettoitlater”won’tdo.

InsomepunctualcountrieslikeJapan,pedestrianswalkfast,businesstransactionstakeplacequickly,andbankclocksarealwaysaccurate.Inlesspunctualplaces,suchasIndonesia,pedestriansamble,workersidle,andbankclocksareusuallywrong.Inotherwords,Ecuadoriansaretryingtorevolutionizethewaytheyliveandwork.

Cantheydoit?Thereareobviousobstacles.Tardinesscanbequitepleasant,especiallywhenit’swhatyou’veaccustomedto.Thereisalsothetrickyquestionofclass.Latenesscanbeawayfortherichandpowerfultoassertthemselves,toshowhowmuchmorevaluabletheirtimeis.InEcuador,membersofthemilitaryandthegovernmentarethemostnotoriousoffenders,andbusinessmenarefarmorelikelytoshowuplatethanblue-collarworkersare.There’snopointingettingtoameetingontimeifnooneisgoingtobethere.Tardinessfeedsonitself,creatingaviciouscycle.

1.ItisimpliedinthefirstparagraphthatthepresidentofEcuador（

）.

2.Theword“pay”hasthesamemeaningin“punctualitypays”asin

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutEcuadorpeopleiscorrect?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（

）.

問題1選項

A.agreedtogoontelevisiontoannouncehisvowtoparticipate

B.waswell-knownforhispunctuality

C.hadahabitofbeinglateinhislifeandwork

D.wastryingtorevolutionizethewatchesinhiscountry

問題2選項

A.“Itpaystogetsomeprofessionaladvicebeforeyoumakea