考研考博-英語-南京師范大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-南京師范大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Aman,withhismind（

）bypersonaltrivia,cannotpossiblyaccomplishanythingatanypost.

問題1選項

A.presumed

B.preceded

C.preoccupied

D.prescribed

【答案】C

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意‘一個只專注于個人瑣事的人是無論如何也不可能完成任何事情的。’可知這里是指“只專注于個人瑣事的人”，A選項presume“假定”；B選項precede“領(lǐng)先，優(yōu)于”；C選項preoccupy“搶先占有，使…全神貫注”；D選項prescribe“規(guī)定，開處方”。C選項的preoccupiedby...“專注于…”正確。

2.單選題

Everyyearschoolsalloverthecountrywill_______newstudentsthefirstweekinSeptember.

問題1選項

A.absorb

B.include

C.enroll

D.register

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項absorb“吸收；吸引；承受；理解”；B選項include“包含，包括”；C選項enroll“登記；使加入；把……記入名冊；使入伍”；D選項register“登記；（旅館）登記住宿；掛號郵寄；表達(dá)（意見或情感）；顯示（讀數(shù)）”。register一般是指錄取后登記；enroll是報名參加的意思，僅是報名階段。句意：每年9月的第一周，全國各地的學(xué)校都會招收新生。因此C選項正確。

3.單選題

'Whyarehumanssosmart?”isaquestionthatfascinatesscientists.TadeuszKawecki,aBiologistattheUniversityofFribourg,likestoturnaroundthequestion.“It’ssopicattobesmart.”Dr.Kaweckiasks"Whyhavemostanimalsremaineddumb?”Drkaweckiandlike-mindedscientistsaretryingtofigureoutwhyanimalslearnandwhysomehaveevolvedtobebetteratlearningthanothers.Onereasonforthedifference,theirresearchfinds,isthatbeingsmartcanbebadforananimal’shealth.Learningisremarkablywidespreadintheanimalkingdom.Thewormsarenotbornwithaninnateaversiontothedangerousbacteria.Theyneedtimetolearntotellthedifferenceandavoidbecomingsick.Dr.Dukashypothesizesthatanyanimalwithanervoussystemcanlearn,evenincaseswherescientistshavefailedtodocumentlearninginaspecies,hethinkstheyshouldnotbetooquicktoruleitout.”IsitbecausePmnotagoodteacherorbecausetheanimaldoesn’tlearn?”Dr.Dukasasked.

Althoughlearningmaybewidespreadamonganimals,Dr.Dukaswonderswhytheybotheredtoevolveitinthefirstplace.“Youcannotjustsaythatlearningisanadaptationtoachangingenvironment，’’hesaid.Itispossibletoadapttoachangingenvironmentwithoutusinganervoussystemtolearn.Bacteriacanalterbehaviortohelptheirsurvival.Ifamicrobesensesatoxin,itcanswimaway.Ifitsensesanewfood,itcanswitchgenesonandofftoalteritsmetabolism.

Learningalsoturnsouttohavedangeroussideeffectsthatmakeitsevolutionevenmorepuzzling.Dr.Kaweckiandhiscolleagueshaveproducedstrikingevidenceforthesesideeffectsbystudyingfliesastheyevolveintobetterlearnersinthelab.Dr.Kaweoklsuspectsthateachspeciesevolvesuntilitreachesanequilibriumbetweenthecostsandbenefitsoflearning.Hisexperimentsdemonstratethatflieshavethegeneticpotentialtobecomesignificantlysmarterinthewild.Butonlyunderhislabconditionsdoesevolutionactuallymoveinthatdirection.Innature,anyimprovementinlearningwouldcosttoomuch.Dr.Kaweckialsosaysitisworthinvestigatingwhetherhumansalsopayhiddencostsforextremelearning.“Wecouldspeculatethatsomediseasesareabyproductofintelligence.”hesaid.Thebenefitsoflearningmusthavebeenenormousforevolutiontohaveovercomethosecosts,Dr.Kaweckiargues.

1.Accordingtothetext,beingsmartcanbebadforanimal’shealthbecause（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtothetext?

3.BacteriaandmicrobeareusedinParagraph2asexamplestoshow

（

）.

4.Thesentence'Wecouldspeculatethatsomediseasesareabyproductofintelligence’Dr.Kaweckiarguesinthelastparagraphimpliesthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.learningneedstime

B.learningisatthecostofitsevolution

C.leaningishard

D.noneoftheabove

問題2選項

A.Onlyhumanshavetheabilitytolearn.

B.Allanimalscanlearn.

C.Evolutionisthebalancebetweencostandbenefitoflearning.

D.Evolutionistheresultofadaptingtoenvironment.

問題3選項

A.theirbornabilitytosurvive

B.thatitispossibleadapttoenvironmentwithoutusinganervoussystem

C.thatitisunnecessarytobotherthemselvestoevolve

D.alloftheabove

問題4選項

A.illnessisresultedfromhumans’notlearning

B.illnessisresultedfromhumans’strongabilitytolearn

C.illnessisthecosthumanspayfortheirevolution

D.BothBandC

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。題目提問‘根據(jù)課文，聰明對動物的健康有害，因為……。’原因在第一段第四句“Onereasonforthedifference,theirresearchfinds,isthatbeingsmartcanbebadforananimal’shealth.他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，造成這種差異的一個原因是，聰明可能對動物的健康有害?！焙偷谌蔚谝痪洹癓earningalsoturnsouttohavedangeroussideeffects學(xué)習(xí)行為也帶來危險的負(fù)面效果”，但是A選項‘學(xué)習(xí)需要吋間’、B選項‘學(xué)習(xí)是以動物自身的進(jìn)化為代價的’及C選項‘學(xué)習(xí)很困難’都不正確，所以答案選D‘以上都不是’。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。題目提問‘根據(jù)文章，下列哪個選項是不正確的?’根據(jù)第一段中的“Learningisremarkablywidespreadintheanimalkingdom.學(xué)習(xí)行為引人注目地廣泛存在于動物世界”確定A選項‘只有人類有學(xué)習(xí)的能力’不正確，同時也確定B選項‘所有的動物都能學(xué)習(xí)’正確。根據(jù)文中最后一段中的“eachspeciesevolvesuntilitreachesanequilibriumbetweenthecostsandbenefitsoflearning.每個物種都在進(jìn)化，直到在學(xué)習(xí)的成本和收益之間達(dá)到平衡?！贝_定選項‘進(jìn)化是成本和學(xué)習(xí)的效益之間的平衡’正確，根據(jù)常識和文中許多理論確定D選項‘進(jìn)化是適應(yīng)環(huán)境的結(jié)果’是正確的。所以本題選A。

3.細(xì)節(jié)題。題目提問‘第二段以細(xì)菌和微生物為例是為了……?！恼碌诙沃袑選項‘他們天生的生存能力’、B選項‘不用神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)也有可能適應(yīng)環(huán)境’及C選項‘讓自身進(jìn)化是沒有必要的’都有論述，所以D選項‘上述所有選項’正確。

4.推斷題。題目提問‘這句話‘‘我們可以推測，一些疾病是聰明的副產(chǎn)品?！盞awecki博士認(rèn)為在最后一段暗示……?！鶕?jù)題干“Wecouldspeculatethatsomediseasesareabyproductofintelligence.我們能推測一些疾病是聰明副產(chǎn)品。”和文中“anyimprovementinlearningwouldcosttomuch學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步代價很大”可知C選項‘疾病是人類為進(jìn)化所付出的代價‘正確。

4.單選題

Peoplearelivinglongerthanever,butforsomereason,womenarelivinglongerthanmen.AbabyboybornintheUnitedStatesin2003canexpectstolivetobeabout73,ababygirl,about79.Thisisindeedawidegap,andnoonereallyknowswhyitexists.Thegreaterlongevity（長壽）ofwomen,however,hasbeenknownforcenturies.Itwas,forexample,describedintheseventeenthcentury.However,thedifferencewassmallerthan—thegapisgrowing.

Anumberofreasonshavebeenproposedtoaccountsforthedifferences.Thegapisgreatestinindustrializedsocieties,soithasbeensuggestedthatwomenarelesssusceptibletoworkstrainsthatmayraisetheriskofheartdiseaseandalcoholism.Sociologistsalsotellusthatwomenareencouragedtobelessadventurousthanmen（andthismaybewhytheyaremorecarefuldrivers,involvedinfeweraccidents）.

Evensmokinghasbeenimplicatedintheagediscrepancy.Itwasoncesuggestedthatworkingwomenaremorelikelytosmokeandasmorewomenenteredtheworkforce,theagegapwouldbegintoclose,becausesmokingisrelatedtoearlierdeaths.Now,however,weseemorewomensmokingandtheystilltendtolivelongeralthoughtheirlungcancerrateisclimbingsharply.

Onepuzzlingaspectoftheproblemisthatwomendonotappeartobeashealthyasmen.Thatis,theyreportfarmoreillnesses.Butwhenamanreportsanillness,itismorelikelytobeserious.

Someresearchershavesuggestedthatmenmaydieearlybecausetheirhealthismorestronglyrelatedtotheiremotions.Forexample,mentendtodiesoonerafterlosingaspousethanwomendo.Menevenseemtobemoreweakenedbylossofajob.（Bothofthesearelinkedwithamarkeddecreaseintheeffectivenessoftheimmunesystem.）Amongmen,deathfollowsretirementwithanalarmingpromptness.

Perhapswearesearchingfortheanswerstooclosetothesurfaceoftheproblem.Perhapstheanswersliedeeperinourbiologicalheritage.Afterall,thephenomenonisnotisolatedtohumans.Femaleshavetheedgeamongvirtuallyallmammalian（哺乳動物的）species,inthattheygenerallylivelonger.Furthermore,inmanyofthesespeciesthedifferencesbeginatthemomentofconception;therearemoremalemiscarriages（流產(chǎn)）.Inhuman,afterbirth,morebabyboysthanbabygirlsdie.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

3.AsissuggestedinParagraph2,thetwofactorsrelevanttowomen’slongerlifespanare（）.

4.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

5.Whichofthefollowingphenomenamakesresearcherspuzzled?

6.Theword“edge”inParagraph6means“（）”.

7.AccordingtoParagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

8.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Womendidnotlivelongerthanmenuntil17thcentury.

B.Thelongevitygapbetweenwomenandmenhasbeengrowingsince17thcentury.

C.AbabyboybornintheUnitedStatesin2003canlivetobeabout73.

D.Allwomenlivelongerthanmen.

問題2選項

A.Men’slifespanremainsalmostunchanged.

B.Researchershavefoundthecauseoftheagegap.

C.Themoreadvancedasociety,thegreatertheagegap.

D.Theagegapwasnoticedonlyrecently.

問題3選項

A.diseasesandroadaccidents

B.industrializationandworkstrains

C.theirimmunitytoheartdiseaseandrefusalofalcohol

D.theirenduranceofworkstrainsandreluctanceforadventure

問題4選項

A.Thegreatnumberofmalesmokerscontributestotheagegap.

B.Thegrowingnumberofsmokingwomenwillnarrowtheagegap.

C.Femaleworkersaremorelikelytosmokethanmaleworkers.

D.Smokingdoesnotseemtoaffectwomen’slongevity.

問題5選項

A.Men’shealthismorecloselyrelatedtotheiremotions.

B.Thoughmoreliabletoillnesses,womenstilllivelonger.

C.Menshowworsesymptomsthanwomenwhentheyfallill.

D.Quiteanumberofmendiesoonaftertheirretirement.

問題6選項

A.margin

B.side

C.advantage

D.quality

問題7選項

A.Onlyforhumanbeings,femaleslivelongerthanmales.

B.Womenlivelongerthanmenbecauseofgenes.

C.Femalesaredifferentfrommalessincethebeginningoflife.

D.BothBandC

問題8選項

A.Thegreaterlongevityofwomenremainsamystery.

B.Thatwomenarehealthierthanmenwellexplainstheirlongevity.

C.Peoplearelivinglongerasaresultofindustrialization.

D.Womenarelessemotionallyaffectedbydifficultiesinlife.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

第6題:C

第7題:C

第8題:A

【解析】1.【試題解析】判斷推理題。A：直到17世紀(jì)，女性才比男性長壽。B：女性和男性的壽命差距自17世紀(jì)以來一直在擴(kuò)大。由“Itwas,forexample,describedintheseventeenthcentury.However,thedifferencewassmallerthen—thegapisgrowing.（例如，這在17世紀(jì)就有描述。然而，當(dāng)時的差異比現(xiàn)在小，現(xiàn)在的差距在增長）”可知A項以及B項錯誤。C：一個2003年出生在美國的男嬰能夠活到73歲。由“AbabyboybornintheUnitedStatesin2003canexpectstolivetobeabout73（一個于2003年出生在美國的男嬰預(yù)期能夠活到73歲）”可知C項正確。D：所有女性都比男性活得長。此項并未被提及。因此本題選C。

2.【試題解析】判斷推理題。文章第一段講女性更長壽，男女壽命存在差異，而且差距正在增加。第二段講了一些造成差距大的可能因素。A：男性的壽命幾乎保持不變。此項并未被前兩段提及。B：研究者已經(jīng)找到年齡差距的原因。此項不符合前兩段所述，前兩段只是提出了可能因素。C：社會越先進(jìn)，壽命差距越大。此項可由前兩段推斷而出。D：壽命差距只是在最近才被注意。此項錯誤。因為第一段指出：Itwas,forexample,describedintheseventeenthcentury.（17世紀(jì)就有所描述了）。因此C項正確。

3.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第二段中提到的影響男女壽命差異的兩個因素是：女性工作壓力比男性小，也沒有男性那么愛冒險。因此，D項“她們承受的工作壓力和不愿意冒險”正確。

4.【試題解析】判斷推理題。第三段指出：Itwasoncesuggestedthatworkingwomenaremorelikelytosmokeandasmorewomenenteredtheworkforce,theagegapwouldbegintoclose,becausesmokingisrelatedtoearlierdeaths.Now,however,weseemorewomensmokingandtheystilltendtolivelongeralthoughtheirlungcancerrateisclimbingsharply.（曾經(jīng)有人指出，職業(yè)女性吸煙的可能性更大，隨著越來越多的婦女進(jìn)入職場，年齡差距將開始縮小，因為吸煙與較早死亡有關(guān)。然而現(xiàn)在，我們看到越來越多的女性吸煙，她們的壽命也越來越長，盡管她們的肺癌發(fā)病率在急劇攀升）。由此推測，D項“吸煙似乎不會影響婦女的壽命”正確。

5.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第四段指出：Onepuzzlingaspectoftheproblemisthatwomendonotappeartobeashealthyasmen.Thatis,theyreportfarmoreillnesses.Butwhenamanreportsanillness,itismorelikelytobeserious.（男女壽命差這個問題令人費(fèi)解的一點(diǎn)是：女性似乎并沒有男性健康。也就是，她們更容易得病。但是當(dāng)一位男士生病了，往往更嚴(yán)重）。因此讓研究人員費(fèi)解的一點(diǎn)是B項“盡管女性更容易得病，但她們?nèi)匀换畹酶L”。

6.【試題解析】詞義題。“edge”所在句為：Femaleshavetheedgeamongvirtuallyallmammalian（哺乳動物的）species,inthattheygenerallylivelonger.（幾乎所有雌性的哺乳動物都擁有這個……，因為她們普遍活得更長）。由此推測，“edge”表示“優(yōu)勢”的意思。

7.【試題解析】判斷推理題。A：只有人類的女性比男性命長。由“Afterall，thephenomenonisnotisolatedtohumans.Femaleshavetheedgeamongvirtuallyallmammalian（哺乳動物的）species,inthattheygenerallylivelonger.（畢竟，這種現(xiàn)象并不是人類所獨(dú)有的。幾乎所有雌性哺乳動物都擁有這個優(yōu)勢，因為她們普遍活得更久）”可知A項錯誤。B：女性比男性活得久，是由于基因方面的原因。由“Perhapswearesearchingfortheanswerstooclosetothesurfaceoftheproblem.Perhapstheanswersliedeeperinourbiologicalheritage.（也許我們正在尋找的答案只是問題的表面。也許答案在于更深層次生物遺傳的原因）”可知B項錯誤。C：從生命一開始，男性和女性就存在差別。由“Inhuman,afterbirth,morebabyboysthanbabygirlsdie.（就人類而言，出生后死亡的男嬰比女嬰多）”可知C項正確。

8.【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章提出：人們的壽命普遍比以前長；但女性比男性活得久一些。并且分析了造成這種差異的可能因素。最后指出，也許男女壽命差異可能在于更深層次的生物遺傳原因。因此A項“女性更長壽仍然是個迷”比較符合文章主旨大意。

5.單選題

Atlastsheleftherhouseandhurriedtotheairportonly______theplaneflyingaway.

問題1選項

A.saw

B.seen

C.seeing

D.tosee

【答案】D

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：最后她離開了家，匆忙趕往機(jī)場，卻只看見飛機(jī)飛走了。only+現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）和only+不定式（短語）都可作結(jié)果狀語，跟現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示一種自然的合乎邏輯的結(jié)果，而跟不定式往往表示一種出乎意料的或令人失望的結(jié)果，僅限于少數(shù)終止性動詞，如find，hear，learn，make，see等。only到句尾部分是結(jié)果狀語，匆忙趕往機(jī)場卻未能如愿登機(jī)，是令人失望的結(jié)果，D選項tosee符合題意。A選項saw是一般過去時，作謂語動詞，不作非謂語動詞；B選項seen是過去分詞，不單獨(dú)使用；C選項onlyseeing表示合乎邏輯的結(jié)果，含有意料之中的意思，不存在失望的情況，不符合語境。因此D選項正確。

6.單選題

Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat（）wehadtostopforrefreshments.

問題1選項

A.atlarge

B.atease

C.atrandom

D.atintervals

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配詞組辨析。atlarge“詳盡的”;atease“安逸,舒適”;atrandom“隨便地,任意地”;atintervals“不時地,間斷地”。句意:討論時間太長,使人精疲力竭,我們不得不不時地停下來吃點(diǎn)點(diǎn)心。選項D符合句意。

7.單選題

Inasocietythatplacesomuchemphasisto“makingit,”wefailtorecognizethatwhatlookslikefailuremay,inthelongrun,provebeneficial.

問題1選項

A.to

B.failtorecognize

C.what

D.inthelongrun

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。根據(jù)emphasis可知，placeemphasison為固定搭配，表示“重視，強(qiáng)調(diào)”。句意：在一個如此強(qiáng)調(diào)“成功”的社會里，我們沒有意識到，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，看起來像是失敗的東西可能是有益的。因此，該題選擇A項。

8.單選題

Theactualcostofthebuildingwasmuchhigherthanouroriginal（）.

問題1選項

A.consideration

B.judgment

C.estimate

D.plan

【答案】C

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。consideration“考慮;報酬”;judgment“判斷,辨別力”;estimate“估計,判斷”。句意:這座建筑物的實際成本比我們原來的估計高得多。選項C符合句意。

9.單選題

Manypartsofanaircraftare______together.

問題1選項

A.reshuffled

B.repulsed

C.reverted

D.riveted

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.reshuffled進(jìn)行崗位調(diào)整；更改職責(zé)配置B.repulsed拒絕；驅(qū)逐

C.reverted回復(fù)；歸還D.riveted吸引??；用鉚釘固定住

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息partsofanaircraft（飛機(jī)的零件）和關(guān)鍵詞together（一起）可知，空格處填入“組裝，固定”符合句子意思，四個選項中只有D項符合句意。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C項不符合句意。

【句意】飛機(jī)的許多部件是用鉚釘鉚接在一起的。

10.單選題

Hisnewtheoryhascausedanenormous（

）throughoutthecivilizedworld.

問題1選項

A.solidarity

B.sentiment

C.sermon

D.sensation

【答案】D

【解析】solidarity團(tuán)結(jié)一致；sentiment情緒,觀點(diǎn)；sermon啟示,訓(xùn)誡；sensation轟動。句意:他的新理論在整個文明世界引起了巨大的轟動。選項D符合句意。

11.單選題

Youshould（

）yourselfwiththerelevantfactsbeforemakingadecision.

問題1選項

A.acquaint

B.acquire

C.acknowledge

D.attempt

【答案】A

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項acquaint“使熟悉，使認(rèn)識”；B選項acquire“獲得”；C選項acknowledge“承認(rèn)，答謝”；D選項attempt“企圖，嘗試”。句意：在做決定之前，你應(yīng)該熟悉相關(guān)的事實。選項A符合句意。

12.單選題

Ifwe______ourdifferencefactions,thentogetherwecangainthemajorityinthelegislature.

問題1選項

A.amalgamate

B.manifest

C.alienate

D.deviate

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.amalgamate（使）合并；聯(lián)合B.manifest清楚顯示（尤指情感、態(tài)度或品質(zhì)），表明

C.alienate使疏遠(yuǎn)；使不友好D.deviate背離；偏離

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞together（一起）可推知，______ourdifferencefactions表示的是“把不同的派別合并起來”，因此該題選擇A項。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D項不符合句意。

【句意】如果我們把不同的派別合并起來，那么我們就能在立法機(jī)構(gòu)中獲得多數(shù)席位。

13.單選題

Satellitephotographscanprovideinformationon（）rainarefalling.

問題1選項

A.whichwhereandhowmuch

B.whereandhow

C.whichandhow

D.whereandhowmuch

【答案】D

【解析】考查引導(dǎo)詞。句意：衛(wèi)星照片可以提供關(guān)于降雨區(qū)域以及降雨量的信息。on后面接定語從句，從句的主語已經(jīng)有引導(dǎo)詞連接，不再用which。故D項正確。

14.填空題

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereis|oneextrachoice,whichdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

GhostshipsAutonomouscargovesselscouldsetsailwithoutacrewunderthewatchfuleyeofcaptainsinshore-basedsimulators

Militarydronesalreadyflyfrequentmissionsandcivilianoperationsusingunmannedaircraftarecoming.Driverlesscarsareclockingupthousandsoftestmiles.(41)Indeed,themaritimeindustryhasstartedtothinkaboutwhatwouldberequiredtolaunchalatter-dayMarieCdeste.

(42)Thebridgesofsomemodernvesselsarenowmorelikelytocontaincomputerscreensandjoysticksthanenginetelegraphsandagiantship’swheel.ThelatestsupplyshipsservingtheoffshoreoilandgasindustryintheNorthSea,forinstance,usedynamicpositioningsystemswhichcollectdatafromsatellites,gyrocompasses,andwindandmotionsensorstoautomaticallyholdtheirpositionwhentransferringcargo(alsodonebyremotecontrol)toandfromplatforms,evenintheheaviestofswells.

(43)Asintheairandontheroad,robustcontrolsystemswillbeneededtoconformtoexistingregulations.

Themaritimeindustryisinterestedincrewlessshipsfortworeasons.Thefirstissafety.Mostaccidentsatseaaretheresultofhumanerror,justastheyareincarsandplanes.(44)

Thesecondreasonis,ofcourse,cost.Itisbecomingincreasinglydifficulttosignupcompetentcrewpreparedtospendmonthsawayatsea.Moreover,somevoyagesarelikelytogetevenlongerforshipscarryingnon-urgentcargo.Bysomeaccounts,a30%reductioninspeedbyabulkcarriercansavearound50%infuel.(45)Removingthecrew,though,alsoremovestheneedfortheiraccommodationanditsassociatedequipment,likeheatingandplumbing.Andthatprovidesroomtocarrymorecargo.

A.Ships,likeaircraftandcars,areincreasinglycontrolledbyelectronicsystems,whichmakesautomationeasier.

B.So,ifhumanoperatorsarereplacedbysophisticatedsensorsandcomputersystems,autonomousvesselsshould,intheory,makeshippingsafer.

C.Sowhynotletremote-controlledshipssetsailwithoutacrew?

D.Somethingsimilarisbeingproposedforautonomouscivildrones,withground-basedpilotsrespondingtocommunicationsandair-trafficcontrolinstructionsasiftheywereinthecockpit.

E.Thismeansslowersteamingcouldprovidebigsavingsinfuelcosts,butitwouldbeattheexpenseofincreasedexpenditureoncrewfortheselongervoyages,bothinwagesandforthe“hotel”facilitiesrequiredonboard.

F.However,asisalsothecasewithpilotlessaircraftanddriverlesscars,itisnotsomuchatechnologicalchallengethathastobeovercomebeforeautonomousshipscansetsail,butregulatoryandsafetyconcerns.

【答案】41.C

42.A

43.F

44.B

45.E

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.Ships,likeaircraftandcars,areincreasinglycontrolledbyelectronicsystems,whichmakesautomationeasier.A.像飛機(jī)和汽車一樣，船舶越來越多地由電子系統(tǒng)控制，這使得自動化更容易。

B.So,ifhumanoperatorsarereplacedbysophisticatedsensorsandcomputersystems,autonomousvesselsshould,intheory,makeshippingsafer.B.因此，如果人工操作員被先進(jìn)的傳感器和計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)取代，自動駕駛船舶理論上應(yīng)該會使航運(yùn)更安全。

C.Sowhynotletremote-controlledshipssetsailwithoutacrew?C.那么，為什么不讓遙控船只在沒有船員的情況下啟航呢？

D.Somethingsimilarisbeingproposedforautonomouscivildrones,withground-basedpilotsrespondingtocommunicationsandair-trafficcontrolinstructionsasiftheywereinthecockpit.D.類似的東西也被提議用于自主民用無人機(jī)，讓地面飛行員對通信和空中交通管制指令做出反應(yīng)，就像他們在駕駛艙里一樣。

E.Thismeansslowersteamingcouldprovidebigsavingsinfuelcosts,butitwouldbeattheexpenseofincreasedexpenditureoncrewfortheselongervoyages,bothinwagesandforthe“hotel”facilitiesrequiredonboard.E.這意味著減速航行可以大幅節(jié)省燃料成本，但這將以增加船員在這些長途航行中的支出為代價，包括工資和船上所需的“酒店”設(shè)施。

F.However,asisalsothecasewithpilotlessaircraftanddriverlesscars,itisnotsomuchatechnologicalchallengethathastobeovercomebeforeautonomousshipscansetsail,butregulatoryandsafetyconcerns.F.然而，就像無人駕駛飛機(jī)和無人駕駛汽車一樣，在無人駕駛船舶起航之前，需要克服的與其說是技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)，不如說是監(jiān)管和安全方面的擔(dān)憂。

41.前一句提到“無人駕駛汽車的測試?yán)锍桃堰_(dá)數(shù)千英里”，后一句說到“海運(yùn)業(yè)已經(jīng)開始考慮建造現(xiàn)代的船舶需要什么條件”，從中可以推測，空格這一句應(yīng)該是問無人駕駛的船舶，C項正確。

42.該段第二句提到“現(xiàn)在，一些現(xiàn)代船只的船橋上更有可能裝有電腦屏幕和操縱桿，而不是發(fā)動機(jī)電報和巨型輪船的輪子”，并且后面用北海海上石油和天然氣行業(yè)服務(wù)的船舶舉例，來描述船舶上的電子系統(tǒng)控制，所以該段第一句與電子系統(tǒng)控制有關(guān)，故A項正確。

43.根據(jù)該段第二句“就像在空中和道路上一樣，魯棒控制系統(tǒng)將需要符合現(xiàn)有法規(guī)（existingregulations）”，可知這一段與上一段是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，這一段描寫的是無人駕駛船舶將遇到的一些問題，F(xiàn)項正確。

44.該段講的是海運(yùn)業(yè)對無船員船舶感興趣的其中一個原因，即安全，所以最后一句也是對安全的描述，只有B項符合。

45.該段講的是海運(yùn)業(yè)對無船員船舶感興趣的另外一個原因，即成本，所以該段都是對成本的闡述，E項正確。

15.單選題

HurricaneHugowill_____intherecordbooksasthecostlieststormeverfacedbyinsurers.

問題1選項

A.godown

B.goup

C.goby

D.gothrough

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。godown“下降，傳下去”；goup“增長，上升”；goby“經(jīng)過，順便拜訪”；gothrough“經(jīng)受，通過，仔細(xì)檢查”。句意：颶風(fēng)雨果將作為有史以來遭遇損失最嚴(yán)重的暴風(fēng)雨被載入史冊。選項A符合題意。

16.單選題

Thishouseneeds______.Iwillcalltherepaircompanytomorrow.

問題1選項

A.tobepaint

B.painting

C.topainting

D.painted

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞用法。句意：這房子需要維修。我明天給維修公司打電話。根據(jù)語境，這里是指房子需要被維修，某人/某物需要被做某事用sb./sth.needdoing，所以B選項painting符合題意，故正確。sb.needtodo表示某人需要做某事，表示主動意味，所以A選項tobepaint不符合用法。其余選項語法錯誤。因此B選項正確。

17.單選題

Thirty-onemillionAmericanareover60yearsofage,andtwenty-ninemillionofthemarehealthy,busy,productivecitizens.Bytheyear2030,oneineveryfivepeopleintheUnitedStateswillbeover60.Elderlypeoplearemembersofthefastest-growingminorityinthiscountry.Manycallthisthe“grayingofAmerica”.

In1973,agroupcalledthe“GrayPanthers”wasorganized.Thisgroupismadeupofyoungandoldcitizens.TheyaretryingtodealwiththespecialproblemsofgrowingoldinAmerica.TheGrayPanthersknowthatmanyelderlypeoplehavehealthproblems:somecannotwalkwell,otherscannotseeorhearwell.Somehavefinancialproblems;pricesaregoingupsofastthattheelderlycan’taffordthefood,clothing,andhousingtheyneed.Someoldpeopleareafraidandhavesafetyproblems.Othershaveemotionalproblems.Manyelderlyarelonelybecauseofthedeathofahusbandorawife.TheGrayPanthersknowanotherfact,too.Elderlypeoplewanttobeasindependentaspossible.So,theGrayPanthersarelookingforwaystosolvethespecialproblemsoftheelderly.

ThepresidentoftheGrayPanthersisMaggieKuhn,anactivewomaninherlate70s.ShetravelsacrosstheUnitedStates,educatingbothyoungandoldabouttheconcernsofelders.Oneoftheproblemsshetalksaboutiswhereandhowelderslive.ShesaysthatAmericansdonotencourageelderstolivewithyoungerpeople.AsfarasMaggieKuhnisconcerned,onlyelderswhoneedconstantmedicalcareshouldbeinnursinghomes.

MaggieKuhnknowsthateldersneededucation,too.ShespendslotsoftimetalkingtogroupsofolderAmericans.Sheencouragesthemtocontinuetoliveintheirownhousesifitispossible.Shealsotellsthemthatitisimportanttolivewithyoungerpeopleandtohavechildrenaroundthem.Thishelpselderstostayyoungatheart.

1.Whathealthproblemsdomanyelderlyhave?

2.Nursinghomes（）.

3.MaggieKuhntravelsacrosstheUnitedStatesinorderto（）elders.

4.OneoftheproblemsMaggieKuhntalksaboutis（）.

5.MaggieKuhnencourageseldersto（）.

問題1選項

A.Theyfeellonely.

B.Theyaresufferingfromcancer.

C.Theycannotwalkorseeorhearwell.

D.Theyhavegotheartproblems.

問題2選項

A.aregoodforelderswhoneedconstantmedicalcare

B.helpkeepeldersyoung

C.aresetupfortrainingnurses

D.areplaceswheresmallchildrenaretakencareof

問題3選項

A.collectmoneyfor

B.showconcernsfor

C.findhousesfor

D.educatepeopletohelp

問題4選項

A.whyeldersshouldbetakencareof

B.whereandhowelderslive

C.whoneedsmedicalcare

D.howtoimproveeducationintheUSA

問題5選項

A.liveinnursinghomes

B.travelmore

C.livewithyoungerpeople

D.dosomehousework

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第二段第四句“manyelderlypeoplehavehealthproblems:somecannotwalkwell,otherscannotseeorhearwell.”選項C與原文表述一致，正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“Nursinghomes”定位到第三段最后一句“onlyelderswhoneedconstantmedicalcareshouldbeinnursinghomes.”只有需要不斷的醫(yī)療護(hù)理的老年人才應(yīng)該住進(jìn)養(yǎng)老院。也就是說，養(yǎng)老院對需要持續(xù)醫(yī)療護(hù)理的老年人有益。選項A符合原文。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“ShetravelsacrosstheUnitedStates,educatingbothyoungandoldabouttheconcernsofelders.”她走遍美國，教育年輕人和老年人關(guān)注老年人的問題。選項D正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第三段第三句“Oneoftheproblemsshetalksaboutiswhereandhowelderslive.”選項B與原文表述一致，正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)最后一段的三四句，MaggieKuhn鼓勵老人繼續(xù)住在自己的房子里，和年輕人生活在一起，有孩子在身邊是很重要的。選項C符合原文。

18.填空題

We’re（1）alotoftrouble（2）ournewTVset.Weonly（3）itlastmonth,butwealreadyneedtocallarepairmantofixit.I（4）thatthesetisasgoodasweweretolditwasinthestore.Mywife（5）menottotrustthatsalesman!

【答案】1.having

2.with

3.bought

4.doubt

5.told

【解析】1.固定搭配。Havetroublewith在某方面有麻煩/困難

2.固定搭配。

3.語義題。句意:我們上個月才買的。

4.語義題。doubt懷疑。

5.語義題。Tell告訴。Told在這里暗含“警告”之意。

19.單選題

Theresultmeansthatthe______worldchampionhasextendedhisleadinthisseason’schampionship.

問題1選項

A.tramping

B.loitering

C.reigning

D.strolling

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A項tramping為動詞tramp的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示“踩，步行”，B項loitering為動詞loiter的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示“閑蕩，虛度，盤旋”，C項reigning為形容詞，表示“統(tǒng)治的，在位的，本屆的”，D項strolling為形容詞，表示“巡回演出的，消閑散步的”?？崭裉幦鄙僖粋€定語修飾worldchampion“世界冠軍”，由此可知，四個選項中只有C項符合語境。句意：這一結(jié)果意味著這位衛(wèi)冕世界冠軍在本賽季的錦標(biāo)賽中擴(kuò)大了領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

20.單選題

OrdinarilyProfessorLingisaperfectlyreasonableman,soIdon'tunderstandwhyheisbeingsostubborninthiscase.

問題1選項

A.aperfectly

B.Idon'tunderstandwhy

C.isbeing

D.inthiscase

E.沒有問題

【答案】E

21.單選題

Thesuggestionthatthemayor______theprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.

問題1選項

A.presents

B.oughttopresent

C.wouldpresent

D.present

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查虛擬語氣。句意：大家接受了由市長頒獎的建議。一堅持(insist)、二命令(order,command)、三建議(advise,suggest,propose)、四要求(demand,require,request,desire)后面可以跟賓語從句，從句用虛擬語氣，即其謂語部分用should+動詞原形，其中should可省略。這里suggest跟賓語從句，用虛擬語氣，D選項“present”符合題意。A選項presents，B選項oughttopresent和C選項wouldpresent用法錯誤。因此D選項正確。

22.單選題

Ⅶ.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.Thesefactssuggestthatweneedtobemorepreciseaboutwhichchangesworryus.Americansworryaboutfamilychangeforatleastthreekindsofreasons,whichwewilllabeleconomic,developmental,andmoral.

Fromaneconomicperspective,themosttroublingfeatureoffamilychangehasbeenthespreadoffamiliesheadedbyasinglemotherwhoisnotlivingwithanotheradultwhohelpssupportherandherchildren.Singlemothersseldomcommandhighwages.Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersi