考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津中德應(yīng)用技術(shù)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津中德應(yīng)用技術(shù)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.寫(xiě)作題

Directions:“Publishorperish”iswell-knownintheacademicworld.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisviewpoints.Pleaseexpressyouropinioninabout150words.

【答案】略

2.單選題

Youcan'tcountonhim;he'sliableto____________outwhenthingsbecomedifficult.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.be

B.let

C.take

D.opt

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。beout“不在家”；letout“泄露”；takeout“取出”；optout“變卦”。句意：你不能指望他，如果事情變得復(fù)雜，他有可能會(huì)變卦。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.單選題

（）he（）asynopsisofastory（）hewouldsummonacrowdofhisfriends

tohishouseandreaditaloudtothem.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Nosoonerdid...have...than

B.Assoonas...hadthen

C.Nosoonerdid...have...that

D.Nosooner...had...than

【答案】A

【解析】句意:他剛有了一個(gè)故事的概要，就把一群朋友們叫到家聽(tīng)他朗讀。

語(yǔ)法題?？疾榈寡b?！癗osoonerdid（had）...than...”表示“一…就…”。此固定結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)吋間狀語(yǔ)從句，位于句首，需要部分倒裝。因此只有A正確。

4.單選題

Hishealth（

）allthehouseworkifyouarenotcareful.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.failed

B.hasfailed

C.wasfailed

D.isfailing

【答案】D

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：如果你不小心點(diǎn)，他可能會(huì)連家務(wù)都做不了。從從句的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)看，if引導(dǎo)的是真實(shí)的條件句，根據(jù)主將從現(xiàn)的原則，從句用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以整個(gè)句子指的是對(duì)將來(lái)的一種假設(shè)，所以主句要用將來(lái)時(shí)，所以答案選D，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)。

5.單選題

Eyecontactisimportantbecausewrongcontactmaycreateacommunication（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tragedy

B.vacuum

C.question

D.barrier?

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。tragedy“悲劇，慘案”；vacuum“真空，空間”；question“問(wèn)題，疑問(wèn)”；barrier“障礙”。句意：眼神交流是很重要的，因?yàn)殄e(cuò)誤的交流會(huì)導(dǎo)致交流障礙。D項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.單選題

Theheatinsummerisnoless（

）hereinthismountainregion.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.concentrated

B.extensive

C.intense

D.intensive

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞辨析。句意:夏天這個(gè)山區(qū)一樣炎熱。

Concentrated集中的;extensive廣闊的,廣泛的;intense強(qiáng)烈的,多用于形容表達(dá)感情或感受的強(qiáng)度;intensive加強(qiáng)的,常用于短時(shí)間內(nèi)為達(dá)到某個(gè)目的而高強(qiáng)度地做某事。故選C。

7.單選題

Thepurchaseofahouseandacarhasbecomethe（

）ofthenewgenerationofwhite-collarworkers,alongwithholidaysoverseas.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.aspiration

B.inspiration

C.attraction

D.tenacity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)aspiration“渴望；抱負(fù)”；B選項(xiàng)inspiration“靈感；鼓舞”；C選項(xiàng)attraction“吸引力；引力”；D選項(xiàng)tenacity“韌性；固執(zhí)”。句意：買(mǎi)房買(mǎi)車(chē)已經(jīng)成為新一代白領(lǐng)的······，當(dāng)然還有去國(guó)外度假。句中的“買(mǎi)房買(mǎi)車(chē)”、“去國(guó)外度假”符合“渴望”的內(nèi)容。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Thescientificmethodisthesystematicpursuitofknowledgeinvolvingtheidentificationofaproblem,thecollectionofrelevantdatathroughobservationandexperimentation,andtheformulationandtestingofhypothesesthataimtosolvetheproblem.Eversincethescientificmethodbecameawayoflearningaboutnature,includingourselves,somepeoplehavehailedscienceastheonlywaytocomprehendnaturalphenomena,whileothershavequestionedwhetheritisanappropriateroadtoknowledge.Asscienceandtechnologyhavegrown,thequestioninghasdeepenedandexpanded.

Thisisnottosaythatso-calledscientificevidenceisnotagoodwaytovouchsafetruth.Scientists’testimoniesareusedtoendorseeverythingfromtoothpastetonuclearpower;however,theyarealsousedtochallengetheverysamethings.Andthisiswhereitgetstricky:“Scientific”supportcannowbeelicitedonallsidesofeveryquestion,sothatthepublicisconstantlyforcedtodecidewhichscientiststobelieve.

Wherethenisthevauntedobjectivityofscience?Peoplearerealizingthattheymusteitherdevelopcriteriaonwhichtomakethesedecisions(andtodosoforeachimportantissue)ordecidetodisbelieveallscientificexplanationsandlookforotherwaysofknowing.Incidentally,theseotherwaysaresometimesnolessempiricalthanthescientificones.Thedecisiontodisbelieveallscientificexplanationsisnottobesneeredat.Thevolume,contradictoriness,andlimitedcomprehensibilityofmuchscientificinformationleavemostpeoplebewildered.

IamremindedofthecommentVirginiaWoolfattributestothetime-travelingcharacterinhernovelOrlando,whomusedassheentersanelevatoratMarshallandSnelgrove’sdepartmentstoreinLondonin1928:“Theveryfabricoflifenow...ismagic.Intheeighteenthcentury,weknewhoweverythingwasdone;buthereIrisethroughtheair;IlistentovoicesinAmerica;Iseemenflying-buthowit’sdone,Ican’teverbegintowonder.Somybeliefinmagicreturns.”

Notonlythegeneralpublicisillatease.Uneasyquestionsarebeingaskedbyscientiststhemselves.Asonenotedscientistshasargued:Thescientificcommunityhadleadaparticularlyunexaminedlifeforasurprisinglylongtime,andmayhaveaccepteditsunusualand,untilrecently,unquestionedstatusalittletooeasily.Indeed,inthelast25years,inanefforttoraisefinancialsupportataratenearlytriplethatoftherestofsociety,thescientificcommunitymayhavepromisedtoomuchtoosoon.Certainlyitunderestimatedthedemandforaccountability.”Andhisscientistgoeson:"Inallhumility,itmust...beadmittedthatitisimpossibletocategoricallydenythatwemayhavereachedapointwherewemustabandonthefaiththat[inallcases]knowledgeisbetterthanignorance.Wesimplylacktheabilitytomakeaccuratepredictions.

1.Inlines4-6(“somepeople,knowledge”),theauthordoeswhichofthefollowing?

2.Theexamplesinlines9-10('"toothpaste...power9)aregivento（

）.

3.Lines16-18(“Thedecision...bewildered”)serveprimarilyto

（

）.

4.Inthelastsentence,theword“simply”mostnearlymeans

（

）.

5.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageasawholeisto（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Rationalizesabehavior

B.Advocatesacourseofaction

C.Presentsopposingviewpoints

D.Voicesdoubtaboutanapproach

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.criticizethewidespreadacceptanceofcertainproducts

B.mockthegullibilityofthepublicinscientificmatters

C.enumerateanumberofmundaneactivitiesinwhichscientistsareinvolved

D.conveytherangeofissuestowhichscienceisconsideredrelevant

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.correcttheinherentlimitationsofscientificthought

B.decrythelackofscientifictrainingamongthegeneralpublic

C.defendapositionthatmightbechallenged

D.suggesttheoriginsofabranchofscience

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.foolishly

B.directly

C.basically

D.easily

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.explorealternativewaysofunderstandingnaturalphenomenon

B.discussthelackofhumilitythatmanyscientistsdemonstrate

C.challengethefindingsofaparticulargroupofscientists

D.questionthescopeandvalueofscientificunderstanding

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.考察作者意圖。文章第一段第二句Eversincethescientificmethodbecameawayoflearningaboutnature,includingourselves,somepeoplehavehailedscienceastheonlywaytocomprehendnaturalphenomena,whileothershavequestionedwhetheritisanappropriateroadtoknowledge提到科學(xué)方法成為了學(xué)習(xí)自然的方法，有些人認(rèn)為科學(xué)是唯一能解釋自然現(xiàn)象的手段，而有的人則質(zhì)疑科學(xué)是不是能夠合理獲得知識(shí)。作者在這里就科學(xué)的作用這個(gè)問(wèn)題提出了疑問(wèn)，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.考察判斷推理。文章第二段Scientists’testimoniesareusedtoendorseeverythingfromtoothpastetonuclearpower提到科學(xué)方法既可以用來(lái)解釋像牙膏這種日常生活用品（成分、作用等），也可以用來(lái)解釋核能。由此可以得知科學(xué)方法在某些方面來(lái)說(shuō)上并沒(méi)有權(quán)威性，但是人們卻往往被這些所謂的科學(xué)解釋所吸引，作者對(duì)此是持批判態(tài)度的。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.考察判斷推理。文章第三段最后兩句Thedecisiontodisbelieveallscientificexplanationsisnottobesneeredat.Thevolume,contradictoriness,andlimitedcomprehensibilityofmuchscientificinformationleavemostpeoplebewildered提到不信科學(xué)解釋不會(huì)被嘲笑，因?yàn)檫@些科學(xué)信息太多，有的還自相矛盾等，讓人們感到困惑。這些都是科學(xué)思維的不足之處。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.考察詞義。文章最后一段最后一句Wesimplylacktheabilitytomakeaccuratepredictions提到我們僅僅是缺少做精確預(yù)測(cè)的能力。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.考察作者意圖。文章主要講述了對(duì)于認(rèn)識(shí)自然現(xiàn)象有些人認(rèn)為科學(xué)是唯一的方法，而有的人則認(rèn)為科學(xué)不可靠，作者在文章中提到不只普通民眾對(duì)科學(xué)方法感到困惑，科學(xué)家有時(shí)候也會(huì)對(duì)自己提出的問(wèn)題感到質(zhì)疑（Notonlythegeneralpublicisillatease.Uneasyquestionsarebeingaskedbyscientiststhemselves）。由此可推斷作者在探索一種更好的方法來(lái)解釋自然現(xiàn)象。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

9.單選題

Allthewindowsofthefactorywereshatteredbytheterribleexplosion.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.smashed

B.crushed

C.crashed

D.splintered

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)smashed“打碎”，指突然而猛烈地重?fù)裟澄?，使之破碎或完全變形；B選項(xiàng)crushed“壓碎”，指用力把東西壓破或變形；C選項(xiàng)crashed“碰撞”，指摔壞，墜毀；D選項(xiàng)splintered“分裂”，指物品裂開(kāi)。句意：工廠(chǎng)的所有窗戶(hù)都被可怕的爆炸震碎了。劃線(xiàn)部分shattered是打碎的意思。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Thestudyoflaw,withitsgreatnumberofcases,statutes,andcontracts,canbeatediousprocess.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.acurious

B.anoverwhelming

C.achallenging

D.atiresome

【答案】D

【解析】句意：學(xué)習(xí)法律，由于它有大量的案例、法規(guī)和合同，可能是一個(gè)乏味的過(guò)程。tedious意為“沉悶的，冗長(zhǎng)乏味的”。tiresome煩人的，無(wú)聊的，所以選項(xiàng)D與之意思相近。

11.單選題

Thereissomediscrepancybetweenhisexplanationofthetheoryandyours.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.distinction

B.discredit

C.disparity

D.disjunction

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)distinction“區(qū)別”；B選項(xiàng)discredit“懷疑”；C選項(xiàng)disparity“不一致”；D選項(xiàng)disjunction“分離”。句意：他對(duì)這個(gè)理論的解釋和你的不一致。劃線(xiàn)部分discrepancy是不一致的意思。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

X.PoliticalScience

Whatdifferencedoesitmakeifmore,orfewer,peoplevote?Whatdifferencewoulditmakeifthestatemakespeoplevote?Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelectoralparticipation.Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.

Ourresultssupportawell-knownpropositionadvancedbyArendLijphartinhis1996presidentialaddresstotheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation.ForLijphart,classbias—“theinequalityofrepresentationandinfluence...notrandomlydistributedbutsystematicallybiasedinfavorofmoreprivilegedcitizens...andagainstlessadvantagedcitizens”—isthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.Thenormativefoundationofthisargumentisthat,inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenshouldhaveequalweightinelectingrepresentativesanddeterminingpolicy.Lijphartcontendsthat“l(fā)owvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout...andunequalparticipationspellsunequalinfluence”,andthatcompulsoryvotingis“thestrongestofalltheinstitutionalfactors”initspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout.

Despiteitsnormativeimportanceandpracticalrelevanceinpolicydebates,rigorousempiricalscrutinyofLijpharf’sclaimhasbeenlimited.Numerousscholarshaveinvestigatedtheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariables.Mostofthesestudies,however,facemethodologicalshortcomingsbecausetheyarebasedonrelativelysimplecross-sectionalregressionwithoutaconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference,orbecausetheyrelyoninstrumentalvariablesbasedonexogenous“shocks”toturnout(e.g.weatherevents)thatarenotrelevanttohowthelevelofvoterturnoutinfluencedbywhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatoryaffectselectoralandpolicyoutcomes.

Tworecentstudiesaddressthesemethodologicalconcerns.Fowler(2013)estimatesthecausaleffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotinginAustraliaonelectionoutcomesandpensionspending.Similarly,Bechtel,Hangartner,andSchmid(2013)examinetheeffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotingintheSwisscantonofVaudontheresultsoffederalreferendums.Bothstudiesuseanimportantchangeinthevotingruleasleverageforcausalinference,effectivelyexaminingthecounterfactualquestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,weknowthatthispaperistodiscuss___.

2.Mr.ArendLijphartholdsthefollowingviewbut___.

3.Theweakpointofthestudiesabouttheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariablesisthat___.

4.WhichstatementaboutthestudiesofFowlerandBechtel,Hangartner,andSchmidisNOTtrue?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.normativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizens

B.policydebatesinavarietyofcountries

C.whethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality

D.thephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenhaveequalweightinvoting

B.Classbiasisthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy

C.Lowvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout

D.Compulsoryvotinghasitspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theyarerelativelysimple

B.theyrelyoninstrumentalvariables

C.theydonotdistinguishwhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatory

D.thereisnoconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarebothpublishedin2013.

B.Theybothexaminedtheinfluenceofcompulsoryvotingonelectionoutcomes.

C.Theyaddressthemethodologicalconcerns.

D.Theybothexaminethequestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.（為了解決這一問(wèn)題，本文著重研究強(qiáng)制投票現(xiàn)象——強(qiáng)制公民參與的法律要求。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，通過(guò)關(guān)注委內(nèi)瑞拉廢除強(qiáng)制投票的罕見(jiàn)案例，我們研究強(qiáng)制投票是否減少了收入不平等）可知選C選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)制投票是否減少了收入不平等”，原文所說(shuō)的是強(qiáng)制公民參與的法律要求而不是D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)制投票現(xiàn)象”；第一段Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelectoralparticipation（這些問(wèn)題是關(guān)于民主國(guó)家中公民權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)范辯論的中心，也是各種國(guó)家中關(guān)于國(guó)家應(yīng)該采取何種行動(dòng)來(lái)鼓勵(lì)選舉參與的當(dāng)代政策辯論的中心）是為了引出下文，并不是文章討論的主要內(nèi)容，A選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于公民權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)范性辯論”錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“不同國(guó)家的政策辯論”不符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Mr.ArendLijphart”定位到第二段ForLijphart,classbias—“theinequalityofrepresentationandinfluence...notrandomlydistributedbutsystematicallybiasedinfavorofmoreprivilegedcitizens...andagainstlessadvantagedcitizens”—isthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.（利吉哈特認(rèn)為，階級(jí)偏見(jiàn)——“代表和影響的不平等……不是隨機(jī)分布的，而是系統(tǒng)地偏向于更有特權(quán)的公民……反對(duì)弱勢(shì)公民”——是民主的核心“未解決的困境”）可知A選項(xiàng)“在民主國(guó)家，每個(gè)公民的偏好在投票中都有同等的權(quán)重”錯(cuò)誤，根據(jù)原文Thenormativefoundationofthisargumentisthat,inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenshouldhaveequalweightinelectingrepresentativesanddeterminingpolicy.（這一論點(diǎn)的規(guī)范基礎(chǔ)是，在民主制度中，每個(gè)公民的偏好在選舉代表和決定政策方面應(yīng)該有同等的權(quán)重）可知A選項(xiàng)是利吉哈特觀(guān)點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)，但并不是利吉哈特觀(guān)點(diǎn)，B選項(xiàng)“階級(jí)偏見(jiàn)是民主的中心‘未解決’的困境”和原文一致；Lijphartcontendsthat“l(fā)owvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout...andunequalparticipationspellsunequalinfluence”,andthatcompulsoryvotingis“thestrongestofalltheinstitutionalfactors”initspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout.（利吉哈特認(rèn)為，“低投票率意味著不平等和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)偏見(jiàn)的投票率……不平等的參與意味著不平等的影響”，強(qiáng)制投票是“所有制度因素中最強(qiáng)大的因素”，它有可能彌補(bǔ)投票中階級(jí)偏見(jiàn)的有害影響）可知C選項(xiàng)“低投票率意味著不平等和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)偏見(jiàn)的投票率”，D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)制投票有它的潛力來(lái)補(bǔ)救在投票率中的階級(jí)偏見(jiàn)的有害影響”和原文一致。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字定位到第三段orbecausetheyrelyoninstrumentalvariablesbasedonexogenous“shocks”toturnout(e.g.weatherevents)thatarenotrelevanttohowthelevelofvoterturnoutinfluencedbywhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatoryaffectselectoralandpolicyoutcomes.（或者是因?yàn)樗鼈円蕾?lài)于基于投票率的外生‘沖擊’（例如天氣事件）的工具變量，而這些工具變量與投票是否為強(qiáng)制性或強(qiáng)制性所影響的投票率水平如何影響選舉和政策結(jié)果無(wú)關(guān)）可知選B選項(xiàng)“他們依賴(lài)于工具變量”，以及C選項(xiàng)“他們不區(qū)分投票是強(qiáng)制性的還是強(qiáng)制性的”錯(cuò)誤；第三段Mostofthesestudies,however,facemethodologicalshortcomingsbecausetheyarebasedonrelativelysimplecross-sectionalregressionwithoutaconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference（然而，大多數(shù)這些研究都面臨著方法論上的缺陷，因?yàn)樗鼈兪腔谙鄬?duì)簡(jiǎn)單的橫斷面回歸，沒(méi)有一個(gè)令人信服的因果推理識(shí)別策略）可知A選項(xiàng)“它們相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單”錯(cuò)誤，不是對(duì)各種結(jié)果變量影響的研究簡(jiǎn)單而是研究基于相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的橫斷面回歸，D選項(xiàng)“因果推理沒(méi)有令人信服的識(shí)別策略”錯(cuò)誤，和原文不符合。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干“FowlerandBechtel,Hangartner,andSchmid”定位到最后一段最后一句Bothstudiesuseanimportantchangeinthevotingruleasleverageforcausalinference,effectivelyexaminingthecounterfactualquestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?（這兩項(xiàng)研究都使用了投票規(guī)則中的一個(gè)重要變化作為因果推理的杠桿，有效地檢驗(yàn)了一個(gè)反事實(shí)的問(wèn)題：如果沒(méi)有引入強(qiáng)制投票規(guī)則，會(huì)發(fā)生什么?）可知D選項(xiàng)“他們都研究了這個(gè)問(wèn)題：如果沒(méi)有引入強(qiáng)制投票規(guī)則，會(huì)發(fā)生什么?”和原文不符；最后一段Fowler(2013)estimatesthecausaleffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotinginAustraliaonelectionoutcomesandpensionspending.Similarly,Bechtel,Hangartner,andSchmid(2013)examinetheeffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotingintheSwisscantonofVaudontheresultsoffederalreferendums.（Fowler（2013）估計(jì)了澳大利亞引入強(qiáng)制投票對(duì)選舉結(jié)果和養(yǎng)老金支出的因果影響。類(lèi)似地，Bechtel,Hangartner和Schmid（2013）研究了瑞士沃州引入強(qiáng)制投票對(duì)聯(lián)邦公投結(jié)果的影響）可知A選項(xiàng)“它們都是在2013年出版的”，B選項(xiàng)“他們都考察了強(qiáng)制投票對(duì)選舉結(jié)果的影響”和原文相符；最后一段第一句Tworecentstudiesaddressthesemethodologicalconcerns.（最近的兩項(xiàng)研究解決了這些方法論上的問(wèn)題）可知C選項(xiàng)“它們解決了方法論上的問(wèn)題”和原文相符。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

13.單選題

Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheyworkindifferentfieldsofAItechnology.

B.TheydisagreeaboutthefutureofAItechnology.

C.Theydiffergreatlyintheirknowledgeofmoderntechnology.

D.Theyarebothworriedaboutthenegativeimpactoftechnology.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.SimplywritingAIsoftware.

B.Stimulatingandmotivating.

C.Lesstime-consumingandfocusingoncreation.

D.Moredemandingandrequiringspecialtraining.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Therecouldbejobsnobodywantstodo.

B.Digitallifecouldreplacehumancivilization.

C.Humanswouldbetiredofcommunicatingwithoneanother.

D.Oldpeoplewouldbetakencareofsolelybyunfeelingrobots.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Lifewillbecomelikeasciencefictionfilm.

B.Itwilltakeawayhumans’jobsaltogether.

C.Chipswillbeinsertedinhumanbrains.

D.Itwillbesmarterthanhumanbeings.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】ConversationTwo

W:[5]Howdoyoufeelaboutthefutureofartificialintelligence?Personally,Ifeelquiteoptimisticaboutit.

M:[5]AI?I’mnotsooptimisticactually.Infact,it’ssomethingweshouldbeconcernedabout.

W:Well,itwillhelpushumansunderstandourselvesbetter,andwhenwehaveabetterunderstandingofourselves,wecanimprovetheworld.

M:Well,onethingisforsure,technologyisevolvingfasterthanourabilitytounderstandit,andinthefutureAIwillmakejobskindofpointless.

W:[6]Ithinkartificialintelligencewillactuallyhelpcreatenewkindsofjobswhichwouldrequirelessofourtimeandallowustobecenteredoncreativetasks.

M:Idoubtthatverymuch.ProbablythelastjobthatwillremainwouldbewritingAIsoftware.Andtheneventually,AIwilljustwriteitsownsoftware.

W:Atthattime,we’regoingtohavealotofjobswhichnobodywillwanttodo,sowe’llneedartificialintelligencefortherobotstotakecareoftheoldguyslikeus.

M:Idon’tknow.[7]There’sariskthathumancivilizationcouldbereplacedbyasuperiortypeofdigitallife.AIwillbeabletocompletelysimulateapersonineverywaypossible.Infact,somepeoplethinkwe’reinasimulation,rightnow.

W:That’simpossible.Humanscan’tevenmakeamosquito.Computersonlyhavechips.Peoplehavebrains,andthat’swherethewisdomcomesfrom.

M:Onceit’sfullydeveloped,AIwillbecometiredoftryingtocommunicatewithhumans,aswewouldbemuchslowerthinkersincomparison.

W:I’mnotsosure.Acomputerisacomputer,andacomputerisjustatoy.

M:[8]Computerscaneasilycommunicateincrediblyfast,sothecomputerwilljustgetimpatienttalkingtohumans.It’llbebarelygettinganyinformationout.

W:Well,Ibelievethere’sabenevolentfuturewithAI.Ialsothinkyouwatchtoomanysciencefictionfilms.

5.Whatdowelearnaboutthespeakersfromtheconversation?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)從對(duì)話(huà)中我們可以了解到關(guān)于說(shuō)話(huà)人的哪些信息？根據(jù)錄音原文可知，男士和女士就人工智能的未來(lái)展開(kāi)討論，并且雙方持不同的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，女士持樂(lè)觀(guān)的態(tài)度，男士則與之相反，并且表示擔(dān)憂(yōu)。由此可知，B選項(xiàng)“他們對(duì)人工智能技術(shù)的未來(lái)意見(jiàn)不一”正確。A選項(xiàng)“他們都在人工智能技術(shù)的不同領(lǐng)域工作”這一信息在錄音中沒(méi)有信息提及；C選項(xiàng)“他們?cè)诂F(xiàn)代技術(shù)方面的認(rèn)識(shí)差別很大”，表述過(guò)于寬泛，錄音中只提到人工智能領(lǐng)域，并沒(méi)有涉及其他現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，因此C選項(xiàng)不正確；D選項(xiàng)“他們都擔(dān)心技術(shù)的負(fù)面影響”，錄音中只有男士對(duì)此是擔(dān)憂(yōu)的，女士是持樂(lè)觀(guān)的態(tài)度，因此，D選項(xiàng)不正確。

6.Whatwillnewkindsofjobsbelike,accordingtothewoman?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)根據(jù)女士的說(shuō)法，新型的工作會(huì)是什么樣的？女士認(rèn)為人工智能將有助于創(chuàng)造新型的工作，這些工作將占用人們更少的時(shí)間，讓人們集中精力去做創(chuàng)造性的工作，C選項(xiàng)“花費(fèi)的時(shí)間更少且專(zhuān)注于創(chuàng)造”與錄音原文的意思表述一致，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“僅僅需要編寫(xiě)人工智能軟件”不屬于女士的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，因此排除；B選項(xiàng)“有趣又能激勵(lì)人心的”和D選項(xiàng)“要求更高且需要特殊培訓(xùn)的”在錄音原文中均未提及，因此排除。

7.Whatistheriskthemananticipates?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)男士預(yù)期會(huì)出現(xiàn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是什么？女士提出未來(lái)會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多沒(méi)人愿意做的工作，所以需要人工智能機(jī)器人來(lái)幫我們做。對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)，男士表示懷疑，認(rèn)為這樣的話(huà)，人類(lèi)文明可能會(huì)被一種先進(jìn)的數(shù)字生活方式所取代，B選項(xiàng)“數(shù)字生活可能會(huì)取代人類(lèi)文明”是對(duì)錄音原文的轉(zhuǎn)述，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“可能會(huì)有沒(méi)人愿意做的工作”是女士提出的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，與男士無(wú)關(guān)，因此排除；C選項(xiàng)“人類(lèi)會(huì)厭倦彼此交流”，錄音中說(shuō)的是，一旦人工智能發(fā)展完善，將會(huì)厭倦與人類(lèi)交流，并不是人類(lèi)厭倦彼此交流，屬于偷換概念。D選項(xiàng)“老年人將只能由沒(méi)有感情的機(jī)器人來(lái)照顧”，錄音中女士說(shuō)的是：我們需要人工智能讓機(jī)器人來(lái)照顧我們這些年老的人，選項(xiàng)意思與錄音原文不符，并且不屬于男士的看法，因此也可排除。

8.Whatistheman’sconcernaboutAItechnology?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)男士對(duì)人工智能技術(shù)有什么顧慮？在對(duì)話(huà)的最后，男士說(shuō)道，計(jì)算機(jī)很容易就能以驚人的速度進(jìn)行通信，所以未來(lái)計(jì)算機(jī)與人類(lèi)交流時(shí)，只會(huì)失去耐心，這樣的話(huà)，人類(lèi)幾乎不可能從中獲取任何信息。由此可知，男士認(rèn)為以計(jì)算機(jī)為依托的人工智能可能在未來(lái)超越人類(lèi)的智慧，沒(méi)有耐心與人類(lèi)交流，D選項(xiàng)“它將比人類(lèi)更聰明”是對(duì)錄音原文的概括，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“生活會(huì)變得像科幻電影”利用錄音最后的sciencefictionfilm設(shè)置干擾，與原文表述不符，因此排除；B選項(xiàng)“它將徹底奪走人類(lèi)的工作”，雖然在原文中能找到相關(guān)信息，但這只是表面信息，男士的顧慮歸根結(jié)底還是因?yàn)槿斯ぶ悄艿陌l(fā)展可能會(huì)超越人類(lèi)的智慧，因此B選項(xiàng)不準(zhǔn)確；C選項(xiàng)“人類(lèi)的大腦將會(huì)被植入芯片”在錄音中沒(méi)有信息提及，因此排除。

14.單選題

WhentheBastillefellin1789,manyobserversconcludedthatFrancehadjoinedtheUnitedStatesintheattempttobecomeanenlightenedrepublic.Eversince,eyewitnesses―andthenhistorians—havesoughttoexplainthecomplexconnectionsbetweentheserevolutions.Scholarshipfallsintotwogeneralcamps:authorswhocomparetherevolutions’trajectoriesandachievements;andthosewhoareinterestedinimpact,howeachcountryinfluencedtheother.BothapproachesarecentraltonarrativesoftheearlyUnitedStates,affectinginterpretationsofnationalism,politicallife,andtheeconomy,amongotherissues.

Forallthatweknowaboutthese'sisterrepublics,’PhilippZiesche’sCosmopolitanPatriotsandDoinaPascaHarsanyi’sLessonsfromAmericaremindushowmuchremainsunderexplored.TheseworksshednewlightontherelationshipbetweenFranceandtheUnitedStatesinthe1790s,andtheydosothroughthepurviewofmigrants.ZieschefocusesoneliteAmericanswhoweredrawntoParisforideologicalandeconomicreasons,whileHarsanyiconsidersFrenchnobleswhofoundthemselvesonthewrongsideofrevolutionandendedupintemporaryexileinPhiladelphia.Forbothhistorians,theseemigrantsofferanadvantageousperspectivebecauseoftheirdislocation.Althoughthemotivationforeachgroup’smovediffered(onewasvoluntarily,theothernot),marginalityintheirhostnationsledthemtoreflect,withkeeninsight,onwhattheUnitedStatescouldlearnfromFranceandviceversa.Theirexperiences,theauthorsargue,showushowsomeinfluentialmenmadesenseofthereverberationsofrevolutions.

PhilippZiesche’sAmericansinParisarefamiliarfaces,includingThomasJefferson,GouverneurMorris,ThomasPaine,JoelBarlow,andJamesMonroe.ForZiesche’spurposes,what’smostimportantaboutthese“patriots”istheircosmopolitanism—theirbeliefthatallmenwere‘fellowcitizensoftheworld,’unitedbyacommonsetofvaluesthatelidednational,religious,linguistic,andotherdifferences.ThisnotionencouragedthemtotraveltoParisinthe1790s,thinkingthatthey,armedwithrepublicanknow-how,couldbeusefultotheirFrenchcounterpartsinthetranslationofuniversalidealsintopractice.Buttheprojectofcreatingrepublicannationswas,toacertainextent,atoddswithcosmopolitanism,sincenations,itwasbelieved,reflectedthemoresandmannersuniquetoapopulationandplace.Zieschepointsout,however,thatindividualnationalprojectsalwayslookedelsewhereforinstruction,andtheyderivedlegitimacy,inpart,fromofficialrecognitionbyothernations.Universalismwasaninescapablecomponentofnationalism.

The‘cosmopolitanpatriots’werewellawareofthetensionbetweentheparticularandtheuniversalinthemakingofrepublicannations,andtheirwrestlingwiththisdynamicintheFrenchcontextinfluencedtheirvisionfortheUnitedStates.Eachchapterexploresanaspectofthisproblemthroughoneormoreindividuals,allthewhileprogressingchronologicallythroughthedecade.ZieschebeginswithThomasJeffersonandGouverneurMorrisandtheirimpressionsofthenewFrenchconstitutionof1789,andhethenconsidersthedivergentstancesofWilliamShortandJeffersonontheJacobinsandrevolutionaryviolence.

1.Whatmakesscholarshipfallintothetwocampsaccordingtothepassage?

2.WhatisthecommongroundbetweenthetwohistoriansofPhilippZiescheandDoinaPascaHarsanyi?

3.Theword“elided”inParagraph3refersto（）.

4.Whoarethose“cosmopolitanpatriots”accordingtothepassage?

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeaddedtothepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Whothosecosmopolitanpatriotsare.

B.Whatthosecosmopolitanpatriotsdidtothenewrepublics.

C.TherelationshipbetweenAmericanRevolutionandFrenchRevolutionintheeighteenthcentury.

D.ThelessonsfromAmericanRevolutionandFrenchRevolution.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thesameexplanationofnationalismanduniversalism.

B.TheexplorativeexplanationoftheconnectionsbetweenrevolutionstakingplaceintheUnitedStatesandFrancefromtheperspectiveofmigrants.

C.ThecommoninterestinfindingthesamedrivebehindtheAmericannationalismandFrenchnationalism.

D.Thebeliefthatallmenareunitedbythesamesetofvalues.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.elicited

B.elevated

C.ignored

D.illustrated

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.TheinfluentialAmericanimmigrantsinFrance.

B.ThoseelitesinbothintheUnitedStatesandFrance.

C.EmigrantsbothfromtheUnitedStatesandFrance.

D.FrenchnoblesintheUnitedStates.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Harsanyi’sLessonsfromAmericaconsideredhowtheexperiencesofexiledFrenchmeninPhiladelphiashapedtheirhopesfortheFrenchgovernment.

B.WhatthedifferencesbetweentheUnitedStatesandFranceare.

C.WhytheUnitedStatesandFrancearebothcalledrepublic.

D.WhytheBastillefell.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句“Eversince,eyewitnesses―andthenhistorians—havesoughttoexplainthecomplexconnectionsbetweentheserevolutions.”，可知從那時(shí)起，一些見(jiàn)證者和歷史學(xué)家試圖解釋這些復(fù)雜革命之間的相互聯(lián)系。所以是法國(guó)革命和美國(guó)革命之間的相互聯(lián)系使學(xué)術(shù)界分成了兩大陣營(yíng)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句“TheseworksshednewlightontherelationshipbetweenFranceandtheUnitedStatesinthe1790s,andtheydosothroughthepurviewofmigrants.”，可知他們的作品都重新闡述了18世紀(jì)90年代法國(guó)和美國(guó)的關(guān)系，并且都是通過(guò)移民的角度來(lái)闡述的。所以他們都從移民的角度對(duì)美國(guó)革命和法國(guó)革命之間的聯(lián)系進(jìn)行探索性的解釋。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“theirbeliefthatallmenwere‘fellowcitizensoftheworld,’unitedbyacommonsetofvaluesthatelidednational,religious,linguistic,andotherdifferences.”，可知他們的信仰是“所有的人都是世界上的公民”，因?yàn)橐恍┕餐膬r(jià)值觀(guān)而被統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，這些價(jià)值觀(guān)是忽略了民族、宗教、語(yǔ)言和其他各方面的差異的。所以應(yīng)該選出“忽略”的同義詞。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“thinkingthatthey,armedwithrepublicanknow-how,couldbeusefultotheirFrenchcounterpartsinthetranslationofuniversalidealsintopractice.”，可知他們認(rèn)為掌握了共和國(guó)的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)，他們對(duì)于法國(guó)同胞來(lái)說(shuō)，將普世理想轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)是有幫助的。所以那些“世界性的愛(ài)國(guó)者”是在法國(guó)具有影響力的美國(guó)移民。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.推斷題。根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)，第二段中提到了Ziesche和Harsanyi兩人的作品，從兩類(lèi)移民的角度而寫(xiě)出，下文主要講述Ziesche作品中，美國(guó)精英根據(jù)在法國(guó)的所聞所見(jiàn)而對(duì)自己的國(guó)家產(chǎn)生了新的愿景“andtheirwrestlingwiththisdynamicintheFrenchcontextinfluencedtheirvisionfortheUnitedStates（第四段）”。因此可推測(cè)下文中會(huì)對(duì)Harsanyi的“從美國(guó)汲取的教訓(xùn)”這本書(shū)，從被放逐至美國(guó)的法國(guó)貴族這一角度出發(fā)寫(xiě)出他們對(duì)法國(guó)的一些思考或希望。因此A選項(xiàng)符合文意。

15.單選題

Thecustomsinspectorwas______forsmugglers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ontheguard

B.onthewatch

C.onwatch

D.onalert

【答案】B

【解