考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東司法警官職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東司法警官職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultoawoman.

Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.

Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.

Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.

Whyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeable?Anattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe“masculine”qualitiesrequired.

Thisistrueeveninpolitics.“Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelooks,peopletreatmenandwomendifferently,”saysAnneBowman,whorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,inorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagain,intheordertheywouldvoteforthem.

Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.

1.Theword“l(fā)iability”(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“______”.

2.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness______.

3.Bowman’sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness______.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople’sviewsonbeautyareoften______.

5.Theauthorwritesthispassageto______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.misfortune

B.instability

C.disadvantage

D.burden

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequired

B.makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapable

C.isofprimaryimportancetowomen

D.oftenenableswomentosucceedquickly

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.turnsouttobeanobstacletomen

B.affectsmenandwomenalike

C.hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomen

D.ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomen

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.practical

B.prejudiced

C.old-fashioned

D.radical

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractive

B.giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractive

C.demandequalrightsforwomen

D.emphasizetheimportanceofappearance

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Theword“l(fā)iability”(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“______”.

1.單詞“l(fā)iability”（第1段第5行)最有可能是“______”的意思。

A.misfortuneA.不幸

B.instabilityB.不穩(wěn)定

C.disadvantageC.缺點(diǎn)

D.burdenD.負(fù)擔(dān)

【考查點(diǎn)】詞匯推斷題

【解題思路】第一步：句中前后信息銜接，第一段“文章開頭講了許多漂亮在工作，生活中的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但最后發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)折：Butintheexecutive（主管的）circle,beautycanbecomealiability．“在管理圈內(nèi)，漂亮有可能變?yōu)椴焕?，前面的?nèi)容是說(shuō)美能夠帶來(lái)的好處，比如讓咨詢師給出更好的建議，讓法官輕判，后面單詞與前面形成轉(zhuǎn)折，所以可以排除A、B選項(xiàng)。第二步，上下文語(yǔ)義銜接，下文第三段中有提到“他們的成功不是歸功于能力，而是運(yùn)氣等因素（nottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.）”，就是因?yàn)槊利愃詫?dǎo)致人們帶有色眼鏡看自己，這使自己無(wú)形之中形成了缺點(diǎn)，所以答案選C選項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“不幸”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“不穩(wěn)定”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“負(fù)擔(dān)”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness______.2.在傳統(tǒng)的女性工作中，吸引力______。

A.reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequiredA.鞏固了帶有女性特征的品質(zhì)

B.makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapableB.讓女人看起來(lái)更誠(chéng)實(shí)、更有能力

C.isofprimaryimportancetowomenC.對(duì)婦女至關(guān)重要

D.oftenenableswomentosucceedquicklyD.常使婦女迅速成功

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章第六段第二句：“有魅力的女性在傳統(tǒng)的屬于女性的工作中具有優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是一個(gè)漂亮的女人在傳統(tǒng)的男性工作中似乎缺乏所需的‘男性’素質(zhì)”；第二步，綜合理解，這里可知D選項(xiàng)“常使婦女迅速成功”正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“鞏固了帶有女性特征的品質(zhì)”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“讓女人看起來(lái)更誠(chéng)實(shí)、更有能力”，定位到第五段第一句“讓女人看起來(lái)更誠(chéng)實(shí)、更有能力”，所有不漂亮的女性高管都被認(rèn)為比漂亮的女性高管更正直，更有能力，所以B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，這里屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)婦女至關(guān)重要”，文章沒有提及吸引力對(duì)女性很重要，反而暗含著漂亮對(duì)女性是個(gè)阻礙，C選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。

3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Bowman’sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness______.

3.鮑曼的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，當(dāng)涉及到政治時(shí)，吸引力______。

A.turnsouttobeanobstacletomenA.對(duì)男人來(lái)說(shuō)是阻礙

B.affectsmenandwomenalikeB.對(duì)男人和女人都有同樣的影響

C.hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomenC.對(duì)男人和女人的影響一樣小

D.ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomenD.對(duì)女性來(lái)說(shuō)，更多的是一個(gè)障礙而不是一個(gè)好處

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】第一步，尋找精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到最后一段第一句“結(jié)果顯示，有魅力的男性完全擊?。╱tterlydefeated）了沒有魅力的男性，但被評(píng)為最有魅力的女性得到的選票總是最少的（thefewestvotes）”，第二步，綜合理解，從這句可知魅力對(duì)男性有積極影響，對(duì)女性有消極影響，所以答案選D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)女性來(lái)說(shuō)，更多的是一個(gè)障礙而不是一個(gè)好處”。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)男人來(lái)說(shuō)是阻礙”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，這里屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)男人和女人都有同樣的影響”見正確選項(xiàng)解析，這里屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)男人和女人的影響一樣小”見正確選項(xiàng)解析，這里屬于反向干擾。

4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople’sviewsonbeautyareoften______.

4.從文章中可以推斷出，人們對(duì)美的看法通常是______。

A.practical

A.實(shí)用的

B.prejudicedB.偏見的

C.old-fashionedC.老套的

D.radicalD.激進(jìn)的

【考查點(diǎn)】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題

【解題思路】第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第五段第二句話“然而，有趣的是，相比于漂亮的女人，長(zhǎng)相平平的女人一夜之間獲得成功更多地歸功于人際關(guān)系，而不是能力”和第六段第一句“為什么人們認(rèn)為漂亮的女人沒有能力（notbeable）?”第二步，概括理解，從這句可知在大眾眼里漂亮的女人更可能是個(gè)花瓶，她們的成功是靠自己的外貌，但其實(shí)事實(shí)恰恰相反，所以答案選B選項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“實(shí)用的”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，這里屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“老套的”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，這里屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“激進(jìn)的”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，這里屬于反向干擾。

5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

5.Theauthorwritesthispassageto______.

5.作者寫這篇文章是為了______。

A.discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractiveA.討論有吸引力的負(fù)面因素

B.giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractiveB.給有吸引力的求職者建議

C.demandequalrightsforwomenC.要求婦女享有平等權(quán)利

D.emphasizetheimportanceofappearanceD.強(qiáng)調(diào)外觀的重要性

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題

【解題思路】梳理各段核心句

第一段：最后一句“但在行政圈子里，美貌可能成為一種負(fù)擔(dān)（liability）?！?，這句是轉(zhuǎn)折句，引出下文；

第二、三、四段：只有一句話，都是講在行政圈里，魅力對(duì)男性的好處，對(duì)女性的壞處；

第五段：第一句“所有不漂亮的女性高管都被認(rèn)為比漂亮的女性高管更正直，更有能力?！?，這段講有魅力的女性所受到的歧視；

第六段：第一句，“為什么人們認(rèn)為漂亮的女人沒有能力？”，這段解釋了為什么人們會(huì)認(rèn)為漂亮的女人沒有能力；

第七段：第一句，“即使在政治領(lǐng)域也是如此”，這段講述了一個(gè)關(guān)于男女性魅力的實(shí)驗(yàn)；

第八段：只有一句話，講述的是實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)一步印證了魅力對(duì)男性的好處，對(duì)女性的壞處。

綜上所述，作者寫文章的主要目的是A選項(xiàng)“討論有吸引力的負(fù)面因素”。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“給有吸引力的求職者建議”，文章沒有給出建議，這里屬于無(wú)中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“要求婦女享有平等權(quán)利”，文章沒有提到平等，這里屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)外觀的重要性”，文章第一段有提到外觀的重要，但不是文章的重點(diǎn)，這里屬于以偏概全。

2.單選題

Tom,diditever（

）toyouthatyouwouldbepunishedforcheatingonexams?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.happen

B.occur

C.reflect

D.strike

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。happen“發(fā)生,碰巧”；occur“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)”；reflect“反應(yīng)”；strike“撞擊；罷工”。句意：湯姆，你是否曾想過(guò)會(huì)因?yàn)榭荚囎鞅资艿教幜P呢？occurto“想起，突然想起”。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Whathappensifpeopledonottakeintoaccountthecultureofthecountriestheyaredealingwith?Herearesomeexamples.

Mr.Byrdwashiredbyawell-knownAmericancorporationtobeits“maninRiyadh”,SaudiArabia.HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.Mr.Byrd,familiarwiththeseobligatoryformalitiesofgreeting,answered“Fine,myfather,yes,well,heisfine.IsawhimafewmonthsagoduringChristmaswhenwetookhimoutofthenursinghomeforafewdays.”

Fromthatpointeverythingfrozeup.Mr.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.

TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.ItwouldhavebeeninconceivablefortheSauditohaveplacedhisfatherinthecareofstrangers.Mr.FouadthusfeltthathecouldnottrustMr.Byrdasabusinesspartner.

Anotherexample,JimTurnerwasattendingaconferenceinLyon.ThiswasnothisfirsttriptoFrance,andhewaspleasedsomeoftheFrenchcolleagueshe’dmetpreviouslyrememberedhim.Oneeveningtheyinvitedhimalongfordinner.Shortlyafterthefoodwasserved,theybeganjokingaboutthequalityofthefood.Thatsurprisedhim.Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso,expectingthediscussiontocontinue.Buttohisgreatdiscomfort,theythenmadesomejokeabout“foodandAmericans”andchangedthesubject.Hefeltsomewhatexcludedanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.

Interpretation:TheFrenchtakegreatprideintheirfoodandwineandforeignersshouldbeveryprudentaboutpassingjudgmentonthequalityofthefood.Inthiscase,theFrenchmenobviouslythoughtthatthefoodattherestaurantdidnotwarrantsuchpraise,andintheirview,theAmericanrevealedhislackoftaste.

1.Mr.ByrdtriedtopersuadeMr.Fouadto________.

2.TheconversationbetweenMr.ByrdandMr.Fouad________.

3.Mr.Byrd’sproblemliesinthathe________.

4.JimTurnerpraisedthefoodbecause________.

5.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethatwhendoingbusinessabroad________.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.joinhiscompanyasthelegaladviser

B.investinhiscompanyasalocalpartner

C.workinhiscompanyasthelocalmanager

D.cooperatewithhiscompanyasthelocaldealer

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.beganwithsmalltalk

B.wentdirectlytobusiness

C.deepenedtheirfriendship

D.endedupinaquarrel

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.wasnotfamiliarwithSaudiArabianwayoftalking

B.wasnotgoodattheartoftalkingwithastranger

C.didnotknowMr.Fouad’spersonalityandinterests

D.didnotrealizetheimportanceoffamilyinSaudiArabia

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.hetriedtopleasethehosts

B.itwassociallynecessary

C.hetrulyenjoyedthefood

D.itwaspartofthetablemanners

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.sincerityisthekeytosuccess

B.itisessentialtounderstandculturaldifferences

C.oneshouldbecarefulinmakingjudgment

D.itisnecessarytocreateawin-winsituation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干人名Mr.Byrd和Mr.Fouad定位到文章第二段第二句HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.（他（指Mr.Byrd）到一個(gè)叫Mr.Fouad的沙特人的家里，試圖吸引他，讓他對(duì)與自己公司一起在當(dāng)?shù)亟⒁患液腺Y公司產(chǎn)生興趣）。由此可知Mr.Byrd去的目的是讓Mr.Fouad成為自己公司的地區(qū)合伙人，所以答案選B選項(xiàng)“投資自己公司成為地區(qū)合伙人”，而不是A選項(xiàng)“做該公司地區(qū)法律顧問(wèn)”，C選項(xiàng)“成為該公司地區(qū)經(jīng)理”或者D選項(xiàng)“與他合作，說(shuō)服他成為地區(qū)經(jīng)銷商”。

第2題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由conversation我們可以對(duì)應(yīng)到文中提到的兩個(gè)人之間的談話內(nèi)容，即第二段第三句Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.（在第一次會(huì)面的時(shí)候，兩人之間的談話是以“你最近怎么樣？你家人怎么樣？你爸爸近來(lái)可好？”，這些對(duì)話使得拜德先生變得有點(diǎn)不耐煩。）從這句話可知，兩人的對(duì)話沒有開門見山直接談生意而是從一些日常小事開始的，所以B選項(xiàng)“直入主題”錯(cuò)誤，A選項(xiàng)“從無(wú)關(guān)緊要的對(duì)話開始”正確。我們?cè)俣ㄎ坏降谌蔚诙湓扢r.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.（拜德先生的任務(wù)完全失敗了因?yàn)楸M管福德先生仍然保持著風(fēng)度，但是很顯然他對(duì)和拜德先生做生意這件事已經(jīng)沒有任何興趣了）。從這句話我們可以知道這次談話失敗了，福德先生對(duì)拜德先生不是很滿意，所以并沒有增加他們之間的友誼，因而C選項(xiàng)“加深了他們之間的友誼”排除，而且從remaingracious這個(gè)短語(yǔ)來(lái)看，福德先生保持著風(fēng)度的，所以D選項(xiàng)“以爭(zhēng)吵結(jié)束”錯(cuò)誤。

第3題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干我們定位到第三段第三、四句話TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.（這個(gè)美國(guó)人非常迷茫，不知道那里做錯(cuò)了。事實(shí)上問(wèn)題在于他并不理解這個(gè)地區(qū)的家庭文化），由此我們答案選D選項(xiàng)“沒有意識(shí)到家庭對(duì)于沙特人的重要性”。A選項(xiàng)“不熟悉沙特阿拉伯人的談話方式”；B選項(xiàng)“不善于和陌生人談話”；C選項(xiàng)“不知道福德先生的性格和興趣”；這三點(diǎn)文章中都沒有提及，所以答案選D。

第4題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干我們可以定位到第四段第六句話Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso（他覺得食物非常不錯(cuò)而且也是這樣說(shuō)的），由此可知Jim夸贊食物的原因是因?yàn)樗嫘挠X得好吃，并不是A選項(xiàng)“為了取悅主人”；B選項(xiàng)“為了社交需求”；D選項(xiàng)“或者是出于餐桌禮儀”。所以答案應(yīng)該選C選項(xiàng)“他真的覺得食物好吃”。

第5題:主旨大意題。從conclude（總結(jié)）這個(gè)詞可知，這道題是選貼近文章主題的。A選項(xiàng)“真誠(chéng)是成功的關(guān)鍵”，B選項(xiàng)“了解文化差異是必要的”，C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎地作出判斷”，D選項(xiàng)“營(yíng)造雙贏環(huán)境是非常必要的”。整篇文章主要是講了兩個(gè)例子，都是關(guān)于主人公因?yàn)闆]有注意到文化差異，一個(gè)造成生意沒談成，一個(gè)造成不能融入集體。和真誠(chéng)、謹(jǐn)慎，還有雙贏這三個(gè)話題沒有關(guān)系，所以答案要選擇B。

4.單選題

Smellisthemostdirectofallthesenses.Itisthoughttobetheoldestsenseintermsofhumanevolution,whichmayexplainwhysmellishard-wiredintothebrain.Theolfactorynerve,whichmanagestheperceptionofsmells,isessentiallyanextensionofthebrain.Theolfactorynerveprovidesadirectlinkfromreceptorsatthetopofthenosetotheportionofthebrainthatcontrolsmemory,emotion,andbehavior.

Theolfactorysystemdetectscertainairbornechemicalsthatenterthenoseandthentransmitsthischemicalinformationtothelimbicsysteminthebrain.Theolfactoryregionattheupperendofeachnostrilisyellow,moist,andfulloffattysubstances.Theshadeofyellowindicatesthestrengthofthesenseofsmell:thedeepertheshade,thekeenerandmoreacuteitis.Animalshaveaverystrongsenseofsmell,sotheirolfactoryregionsaredarkyellowtoreddishbrown,whilethoseofhumansarelightyellow.

Whenanodoroussubstanceentersthenose,itbindstoolfactoryreceptorcells,theneuronsliningtheyellowupperportionofthenasalcavity.Olfactoryreceptorcellscontainmicroscopichairscalledciliathatextendintothelayerofmucuscoatingtheinsideofthenose.Odormoleculesdiffuseintothisregionandareabsorbedbytheciliaoftheolfactoryreceptorcells.Whatthismeansisthatwhenweholdarosetoournoseandinhale,odormoleculesfloatupintothenasalcavity,wheretheyareabsorbedbyfivemillionolfactoryreceptorcells.Thereceptorcellsalerttheolfactorynerve,whichsendsimpulsestothebrain’solfactorybulb,orsmellcenter.Thus,olfactoryinformationabouttheroseentersthebrain’slimbicsystem,where,inmostofus,itstimulatesafeelingofpleasure.

Thelimbicsystemofthebrainintegratesmemory,emotion,andbehavior.Thesystemiscomposedofagroupofrelatednervoussystemstructuresthatarethefunctionalcenterofemotionssuchasanger,fear,pleasure,andsadness.Thecomponentsofthelimbicsystemarelinkedtothecerebralcortex,thepartofthebraininvolvedincomplexlearning,reasoning,andpersonality.Thecerebralcortexmakesdecisionsabouttheemotionalcontentoftheseuniquehumanqualitiesafter“consulting”thelimbicsystemandtheotherbraincentersinprocessingandretrievingmemories.Itmay,inturn,usememoriestomodifybehavior.

Scentmaybethestrongesttriggerofmemoryandemotions.Whenweinhaleascent,receptorsinthebrain’slimbiccentercomparetheodorenteringournosetoodorsstoredinourmemory.Alongtheway,memoriesassociatedwiththoseodorsarestimulated.Asmellcanbeoverwhelminglynostalgicbecauseittriggerspowerfulimagesandemotions.Thewaxyfragranceofcrayonscaninstantlytransportustooursecond-gradeclassroom,orthescentoffreshlymowngrasscanflooduswiththejoyofsummerfreedom.Whatweseeandhearmayfadequicklyinshort-termmemory,butwhatwesmellissentdirectlytolong-termmemory.

Smellscanincreasealertnessandstimulatelearningandretention.Inonestudy,childrenmemorizedawordlist,whichwaspresentedbothwithandwithoutaccompanyingscents.Thechildrenrecalledwordsonthelistmoreeasilyandwithhigheraccuracywhenthelistwasgivenwithscentsthanwithout,showingthelinkbetweensmellandtheabilitytoretaininformation.Inanotherstudy,researchersexaminedhowvarioussmellscanincreasealertnessanddecreasestress.Theyfoundthatthescentoflavendercouldwakeupthemetabolismandmakepeoplemorealert.Theyalsofoundthatthesmellofspicedapplescouldreducebloodpressureandavertapanicattackinpeopleunderstress.

1.Whydoestheauthorusetheterm“hard-wired”indescribingthesenseofsmellandthebrain?

2.Ofwhatsignificanceisthecoloroftheolfactoryregionattheupperendofeachnostril?

3.Whathappenswhentheciliaoftheolfactoryreceptorcellsabsorbodormolecules?

4.Whydoestheauthormention“crayons”and“freshlymowngrass”inParagraph5?

5.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph6aboutlearning?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Todescribethetextureandfeeloftheolfactorynerve

B.Toemphasizethecloseconnectionbetweensmellandthebrain

C.Tocomparethepowerofsmellwiththatofothersenses

D.Toexplainhowthesenseofsmellevolvesinearlyhumans

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thecolorchangeswithdifferentairbornechemicals.

B.Thesignificanceofthecolorislittleunderstood.

C.Thecolorbecomesdarkerwhenanodorispresent.

D.Thecolorshowsthestrengthoftheabilitytosmell.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thetinyhairsinsidethenosebecomedarkerincolor.

B.Thenervoussystemactivatesthedigestivesystem.

C.Theolfactorynervesendsimpulsestothebrain.

D.Somereceptorcellsdieandarereplacedbynewcells.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Togiveexamplesofsmellsthatcantriggermemoriesandemotions

B.Tocomparetypicalresponsestotwocommonsmells

C.Toexplainwhysmellsarelikelytoaffectperson’sbehavior

D.Toidentifysmellsthatcanincreasealertnessandworkefficiency

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Learningcannottakeplaceunlessallofthesensesarestimulated.

B.Scentscanstrengthentheabilitytoholdnewinformationinthememory.

C.Itiseasiertorecallpreviouslearningthanitistoretainnewinformation.

D.Childrenwillnotlearnmuchiftheyaredistractedbyoffensiveodors.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.文章第一段提到了嗅覺神經(jīng)實(shí)際上就是大腦的延伸，嗅覺神經(jīng)直接將鼻子的鼻受體與大腦中管理記憶、情感和行為的部分相連?？梢酝瞥鲂嵊X與大腦是緊密聯(lián)系的。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.文章第二段第三句中提到theshadeofyellowindicatesthestrengthofthesenseofsmell(黃色陰影代表的是嗅覺的強(qiáng)度)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.文章第三段作者提到了嗅覺受體纖毛細(xì)胞吸入了氣味分子后發(fā)生的情況。句子中提到了受體細(xì)胞會(huì)刺激嗅覺神經(jīng)，然后嗅覺神經(jīng)發(fā)送脈沖到大腦的嗅覺神經(jīng)或者嗅球。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.文章第五段第一句作者提出氣味可能是記憶和情緒的最強(qiáng)出發(fā)點(diǎn)。由此可知，作者提到的蠟筆和新割的草地是為了證實(shí)他的觀點(diǎn)，并且說(shuō)明氣味是如何觸發(fā)記憶和情緒的。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.文章第六段提出氣味可以提高警覺，促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)，增強(qiáng)記憶力。之后舉了孩子記憶單詞的例子，如果需要記憶的單詞表上有香味，他們會(huì)記得又快又好。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

5.單選題

Thebravefiremanhadfoughtfordaysbeforetheymanagedto（）theforestfire.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.puton

B.putupwith

C.putoff

D.putout

【答案】D

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。puton穿上，上演；putupwith忍受，容忍；putoff推遲，扔掉，阻止；putout熄滅，伸出。句意：勇敢的消防隊(duì)員們奮戰(zhàn)了好幾天才把森林大火撲滅。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

6.單選題

VI.LitigationProcedure

Methodsofservingprocessincivilcaseshavebothevolvedanderoded.InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.Eventually,arrestatthecommencementofacivilactionwasdeferred.Arrestwasthenreplacedwithsubjectiontothecourt’spowerbypersonaldeliveryofprocess,whichservedasthefoundationforonemodernservicemethodwhereaUnitedStatesMarshalpersonallyhandsthesummonstoadefendant.

Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”

Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.Asoneexpertinthefieldaptlydescribed:“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”

Althoughmostmodernservicemethodsarewelcomeimprovementstothoseofearlieryears(i.e.,notneedingtoarrestalldefendantsineverycivilaction),thisArticlearguestheservicemethodauthorizedbyRule7004(b)(1)oftheFederalRulesofBankruptcyProcedureviolatesadefendant’sdueprocessrightsundertheFifthAmendment.Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...totheindividual’sdwellinghouseorusualplaceofabodeortotheplacewheretheindividualregularlyconductsabusinessorprofession.”Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.

71.ThedefendantinacivilcaseintheUnitedStateshadbeennotifiedaboutthecaseinthefollowingwayBUT___.

72.Thelastsentenceinthe3rdparagraphmeansthat___.

73.AccordingtoRule7004(b)(1),adefendantinabankruptcycaseisservedby___.

74.TheproblemoftheRule7004(b)(1)forservingasummonsisthefollowing,except___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyUSMarshal

B.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyanyoneabove18notapartytothelawsuit

C.summonsandcomplaintbeleftatthedefendant’sdwelling

D.arrested

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.summoningprocessisthecourt’sassertionofpower

B.deliveryofasummonsisnolongerasseriousasbefore

C.thereshouldbeaspecialformofsummoning

D.asummonsmaybesentwithablandmanilaenvelopetogetherwithaloveletter

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.registeredmail

B.personaldelivery

C.firstclassmail

D.firstclassmailpostagetobepaid

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thedefendantisnotnotified

B.Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt

C.Nowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned

D.Nowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】71.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.（在中世紀(jì)的英國(guó)，逮捕被告在民事訴訟開始時(shí)是很常見的。雖然逮捕確實(shí)提供了通知，但其主要目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)法院對(duì)被告人的實(shí)際權(quán)力的主張）可知逮捕是在中世紀(jì)的英國(guó)而不是美國(guó)，D選項(xiàng)“逮捕”符合題意；第二段Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.（認(rèn)為只有政府官員，比如美國(guó)法警或副警長(zhǎng)才能成為傳送者的想法最終被放棄，轉(zhuǎn)而允許傳送者是任何年滿18歲的人，且不是訴訟的一方）可知A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法警親自交付傳票”和B選項(xiàng)“18歲以上的非訴訟方的個(gè)人送達(dá)傳票”符合美國(guó)民事案件中傳送法院傳票的方法，排除；第二段Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”（甚至要求被告親自收到傳票的要求也因增加了另一種方法而被淡化了，這種方法允許將傳票和申訴留在被告的“由具有適當(dāng)年齡和自由裁量權(quán)的人居住在那里的住所或通常居住的地方”）可知C選項(xiàng)“傳票和申訴留在被告住所”符合美國(guó)民事案件中傳送法院傳票的方法，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

72.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段最后一句“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”（“在中世紀(jì)的英格蘭，警長(zhǎng)身穿盔甲騎馬前來(lái)遞交令狀，君主的權(quán)威在炎熱的天氣里被封印，這種可怕的影響，早期的紅蠟已經(jīng)被一個(gè)平淡的馬尼拉信封所取代，信封上貼著郵票，可以慶祝愛情或詩(shī)歌的概念?！保┙Y(jié)合第三段第一句Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.（從接受者的角度看，傳喚法院的權(quán)力主張已逐漸消磨殆盡）可知現(xiàn)在的法院傳票已經(jīng)不像以前一樣有儀式感和嚴(yán)肅感，選B選項(xiàng)“傳票的送達(dá)不再像以前那樣嚴(yán)肅”，D選項(xiàng)“傳票可以和一封情書連同一個(gè)乏味的牛皮紙信封一起寄出”明顯不符合原文，排除；A選項(xiàng)“傳喚程序是法院對(duì)權(quán)力的主張”和C選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該有一種特殊的召喚形式”第三段未涉及，第三段只是在描述法院傳票不再像以前那樣嚴(yán)肅，沒有提出其他建議。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

73.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...”（規(guī)則7004（b）（1）允許傳票和申訴通過(guò)“預(yù)付一等郵資的郵件……”）可知選D選項(xiàng)“第一類郵件的郵資預(yù)付”；A選項(xiàng)“掛號(hào)郵件”，B選項(xiàng)“個(gè)人支付”和C選項(xiàng)“第一類郵件”不符合原文。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

74.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.（沒有回執(zhí)，沒有掛號(hào)信，無(wú)需簽署并返還的棄權(quán)文件。除了被告的答復(fù)（如果有的話），沒有辦法知道被告是否收到傳票和申訴）可知A選項(xiàng)“被告未被通知”并不是關(guān)于送達(dá)傳票的第7004(b)(1)條規(guī)則的問(wèn)題；B選項(xiàng)“沒有回執(zhí)”，C選項(xiàng)“沒有必須簽署和返還的放棄文件”以及D選項(xiàng)“無(wú)法得知被告是否收到傳票和投訴”和原文相符。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.單選題

Toalleviatetheproblemofcontaminatedchicken,theexpertsrecommendthatthegovernmentshiftitsinspectionemphasisfromcursorybird-by-birdvisualchecktoamore______randomsamplingforbacterialandchemicalcontamination.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.rigorous

B.perfunctory

C.symbolic

D.discreet

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)rigorous“嚴(yán)格的，嚴(yán)厲的；嚴(yán)密的；嚴(yán)酷的”；B選項(xiàng)perfunctory“敷衍的；馬虎的；得過(guò)且過(guò)的”；C選項(xiàng)symbolic“象征的；符號(hào)的；使用符號(hào)的”；D選項(xiàng)discreet“謹(jǐn)慎的；小心的”。句意：為緩解雞的污染問(wèn)題，專家們建議政府把檢查重點(diǎn)從走馬觀花式的肉眼檢查改為進(jìn)行更為______的對(duì)細(xì)菌和化學(xué)污染進(jìn)行隨機(jī)取樣檢查。根據(jù)shift“改變”可知，橫線處應(yīng)填一個(gè)與cursory“粗略的”意思相反的詞。且由檢查重點(diǎn)從肉眼檢查到改進(jìn)為對(duì)細(xì)菌和化學(xué)污染隨機(jī)取樣檢查，可知檢查推向深入，較以前更加嚴(yán)格，A選項(xiàng)rigorous“嚴(yán)格的”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Imagineadiseasespreadingacrosstheglobe,killingmostlymiddle-agedpeopleorleavingthemchronicallydisabled.Thenonedayresearcherscomeupwithadrugthatcanpreventsomeofthedisease’snastiereffects.Youwouldthinktheworld’sageingpublicwouldbeeternallygrateful.

Thediseasedoesexist.Itiscalledtobaccoaddiction.Thedrugtooisrealandinanimaltestshaspreventedlungdamagethatleadstoemphysema.Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets.Prevailingmedicalopinionseemstobethatthedrugisameresideshow,distractingsmokersfromthetaskofquitting.Anotherexperimentaldrug,whichcouldprotectsmokersagainstcancer,isalsoviewedwithsuspicionbecauseitcouldgivesmokersanexcusenottoquit.

Onthefaceofittheseresponsesmakesense.Itisingrainedinsocietythatsmokershaveonlythemselvestoblameandtheirsalvationliesinasimpleactofwill.Iftheywillnotquitsmoking,theycannotexpecthelpfromanyoneelse.

Butthislogicisflawed.Checkasurveyofsmokersandyoufindtwo-thirdswanttogiveupandone-thirdwillhavetriedinthepreviousyear.Yet,evenwithnicotinegum,patchesanddrugstoeasetheordeal,thequitrateisstillunder10percent.IntheUK,theproportionofpeoplewhosmokehasnotfalleninadecade.Tobaccohasapowerfulgrip,andmanysmokerarecaughtinatraptheycannotescape:theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.

Thisreasoningishardformanytoswallow.Itcertainlyleavesgovernmentsandanti-smokinggroupsinabind.Theyarehappytopaylipservicetomethodsforreducingharm—ofwhichthreeareagrowingnumber—buttheyareslowtocreatepoliciesbaseduponthem.EuropeanUnioncountries,forexample,tookyearstoevenconsiderregulatingthedangerousadditivesincigarettes.

Onefearisthatmethodsforreducingharmwilldilutethemessagethattobaccokills—especiallywhengivento