英語語法(04動詞A)課件

UnitFour:VerbsandVerbPhrases（I） Issuesofthisunit: 1)InflexionsofEnglishverbs動詞形變 2)Classificationofverbs動詞的分類 3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood時體態(tài)式

1)Inflexionsofverbs

Thegeneralrulesforthemorphologicalchange:

動詞詞根 {-詞尾變化Z1} {-詞尾變化D1}

{-詞尾變化D2} {-詞尾變化-i?}Examples:

ride work –––{-Z1} rides works –––{-D1} rode worked –––{-D2} ridden worked –––{-i?} riding working

Conversions: {-D1}+{-D2}=[-d,-t,-id]withthe“regularverbs”: -dafterb,g,v,e,z,dg,m,n,l... -tafterp,f,k,θ,ts -idaftert,d

不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞，一般詞典后都有一個表專門列出。但我們似乎可以重新整理，使不規(guī)則動詞變?yōu)橐欢ㄒ饬x的“規(guī)則動詞”。一些不規(guī)則動詞本身已可做規(guī)則變化，如：learn(learnt,learnt)learned;work(wrought,wrought)workedkneel(knelt,knelt),kneeled;leap(leapt,leapt)leaped

ABB類：(過去式與過去分詞變化相同) teachtaughttaught/readreadread(音變) speedspedsped/catchcaughtcaught holdheldheld/standstoodstood ABC類：(過去式與過去分詞變化不相同) bearboreborn/choosechosechosen taketooktaken/forgetforgotforgotten shakeshookshaken/writewrotewritten 以上5類可以涵蓋全部不規(guī)則動詞。2)Classificationofverbs動詞的分類 transitiveverb:take,put… mainverb intransitiveverb:go,sleep… linkverb:be,look,sound…V

3primaryaux.:be,do,have

auxiliary 13modalaux.:can,may,shall..

semi-aux.:haveto,seemto…

dynamicverb:work,talk,think…V

staticverb:want,differ,belong…

(一般不用進行時)

Whenaverbdescribesastateandnotanactionwedonotusethecontinuoustense.Forexample,‘play’isanactionsowecansay‘playing’whereas‘be’isafixedstatewhichdoesnotchange:

‘Tobe,ornottobe’.Grammaticallyitisnotcorrecttosay‘I’mlovingit’eventhoughMcDonaldshavemadethisexpressionfamous.‘Love’isa

stateverb

andsoweshouldsay‘Iloveit.’

Emotion:

love,hate,want,needPossession:

have,own,want,belongSenses:

see,hear,smell,seemThought:

know,believe,remember

注意：這些分類不是絕對的，由于一詞多義現(xiàn)象，動詞的不同使用可以跨類別。例如：

Theyoungladyusuallywalksherdogaftersupper.Weeatwhatwecan,butcanwhatwecannot. Iamhopingthatyouwouldseewhatiswrong.Nevermind,someonewillseeaboutit.

I

have

acar.—

stateverb

showingpossessionIam

having

abath.–

actionverb

which,inthiscase,means‘taking’.I

think

youarecool.–

stateverb

meaning‘inmyopinion’.Iam

thinking

aboutbuyingamotorbike.–

actionverb

meaning‘considering’

Let’strytosaythefollowinginChinese: 1.Whenwordsfail,wetaketofists;whenfistsfail,wetaketoheels. 2.Thechildtakesafterhisfatheronlywhenseenatadistance. 3.Ourmonitoristhemantofallbackonincaseofdifficulties. 4.Youaregoingouting?Countmein! 5.It’sveryhardtobringyouropponentaroundtoyouropinion.

Canyoudetectthetense,aspect,voiceand/ormoodofthefollowingsentences?

1.Bythetimemyfathercamehome,Ihadbeendoingmyhomework. 2.WouldAmericahavebeendiscovered,ifColumbushadsailedeastward? 3.WhenIaskyoutodothings,jump! 4.Theirrigationdamshallhavebeenbeingconstructedfor10yearsbytheendofnextyear.Andthese,inpasttense: 1.Pasteventandpasthabit1945年8月15日，日本侵略者投降，二戰(zhàn)結束。

OnAugust15,1945,JapaneseaggressorssurrenderedandWorldWarIIwasover.古人相信，心者，思之舍也。

Inancienttimes,peoplebelievedthattheheartwasthehouseofthinking.

Nelliewasacookfor40yearsNelliehasbeenacookfor40years.

2.Attitudinalandhypotheticalpast(implyapoliteortentativeattitude)

IwonderedifIcoulduseyourtypewriterforawhile.I’dratherMikedidn’tshowuptomorrow.

但是，具體使用時還需要參考內容。1.真理的表達總可以用現(xiàn)在時；2.現(xiàn)在時也可表示短暫的過去：YouknowwhatImean?Itellyoutogetyourselfoff!或者將來：

IhopeyouhaveawonderfultimeinSCU!

Ibetyoulose!3.為了生動，講故事可以用“歷史現(xiàn)在時”；4.特定語境情況下，過去時可以表示現(xiàn)在：例如：Didyoucallme?Yes,Iwonderedifyouwouldgivemeahand；或將來：IfonlyIcouldgohometomorrow!Whatifyouhadanoceanofwealth?

雖然語法書上沒有將來時，但將來時的表達卻是存在的。英語將來表達法可以是： 1.助動詞＋主動詞，shalldo,willdo…… 2.begoingtodo/betodo：I’mgoingtotakeashower. Youaretobebackby12o’clock.Thecatisabouttoattack.(isatthepointofattacking) 3.用進行體表達：Theairplaneisarrivingin10minutes. 4.用現(xiàn)在時表達，特別是在條件和時間從句中：Iftherainstops,we’llhittheroad. Itwon’tbelongbeforeherealizesthathehasdoneawrongthing.

將來時句型有幾點值得注意： 1.shall、will分別用于第一和第二、三人稱，若是相反，則助動詞意義不表示將來。例如：Wewillliberateourthoughts.//Youshallpay!//Heshallcleantheclassroom. 2.同樣，tobeto,begoingto也用于表示命令、禁止等。例如：Youaretotaketheresponsibility!//Heisnotgoingtocheatmeagain! 3.tobeto,begoingto表示未來時，可側重于預見、計劃安排等。例如：Thereisgoingtobeastorm.//Thereistobeaninterview.//ThepresidentoftheuniversityisgoingtospeakonSCUTV.AspectsofEnglishverbs:ProgressiveandPerfectTheseideasshouldbeexpressedinprogressiveaspect: 1.昨天下午三點鐘，你在干什么？

Whatwereyoudoingat3o’clockyesterdayafternoon? 2.風在吼，馬在叫，黃河在咆哮！

Thewindisblowing,thehorsesarehissing,theYellowRiverisroaring! 3.你為何總是挑我的刺兒？

Whyareyoualwaysfindingfaultwithme?

4.我希望你能給我們提點建議。

I’mhopingyouwillgiveussomeadvice.比較：

Ihope/hoped/amhoping/washopingyoucan(could)getmeoutofthetrouble

有些問題需要注意。1.比較：Heworkshere/Heisworkinghere；

Bush(has)livedinChinafor10years.2.進行體可表示不遠的將來：

Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?

或者剛剛過去的過去：

Idon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout!3.完成體與完成進行體：比較：

Ihavedonemyjob/Ihavebeendoingmyjob.

Bytheendofthenextyear,theconstructionofthisroadwillhavebeenaccomplished.

Bytheendofthenextyear,thisroadwillhavebeenbeingbuiltfortensolidyears.4.get與完成體：havegot(ten):

IhavegotanAintheexam. 但是在口語中：

havegot=have,havegotto=haveto：

IthinkI’vegottoleavenow.VoicesofEnglishverbs:ActiveandPassive（下面這類漢語主動句譯成英語卻得用被動態(tài)：）1.經過八年抗戰(zhàn)，終于把日本鬼子趕出了中國。

JapaneseaggressorswerefinallydrivenoutofChinaaftereightyearsofthewarofresistance.2.門關不上，窗戶打不開，這房子看來已經廢棄很久了。（注：含有例外項）

Thedoorcannotcloseandthewindowcannotopen；itseemsthatthishousehasbeendesertedforquitealongtime.

有個問題我們可以想想為什么： 1.Thedooropens.

2.Thekeyopensthedoor.

3.Theboyopensthedoor(withthekey).

當動詞描述的是主語位置上的詞的功能時，我們似乎可以用主動式，更多的例子：

Mypenwritesfine. Inwinter,theenginedoesn’tignite.

而強調動作時，我們則只能用被動式：

Nomatterhowhardwetry,thisenginecannotbeignited./Thisletteriswellwritten.SVC結構的被動意義SVC結構通常不涉及主動，被動問題，因為SVC句型的謂語動詞一般只表示狀態(tài)，不表示動作。不過，當SVC結構中的補語是某些介詞詞組或某些表示被動意義的形容詞時，這種SVC結構也能表示被動意義。常見的表示被動含義的介詞詞組通常是以帶有動詞意義的名詞作介詞的“賓語”。如：underarrestonsaleunderdiscussionunderconsiderationinstockontrialondisplayindisputeunderdetentioninsight常見的表示被動意義的形容詞主要是以able或ible結尾的形容詞。eatableuseableacceptabledrinkablevisibleavailablebreakablepracticableSVoO結構的被動句型：

TheGMgavetheapplicantaninterview.

Theapplicantwasgivenaninterview

bytheGM.

Aninterviewwasgiventotheapplicant

bytheGM.多詞動詞短語也是如此：Wemustmakefulluseofthechance：Thechancemustbemadefulluseof//Fullusemustbemadeofthechance.動詞短語須被整體視為一個動詞：

Wemustdoawaywithtraditionalprejudice. Traditionalprejudicemustbedoneawaywith.

Welookuponhimasagreathero. Heislookedupon(byus)asagreathero.

be-Passiveandget-Passive: 兩者均可用，但前者側重結果，后者側重動作：

Theboywashurt.//Theboygothurt. Intheend,thesuspectgotcaught.非限定動詞(non-finite)的被動態(tài)；注意幾個問題：a)有的動詞后只能跟-ing，有的只能跟todo，如：

Hehopestobeinvited.(afford,agree,want,attempt,plan,offer,pretend,refuse,intend,etc)

Heenjoysbeingflattered.(admit,appreciate,avoid,deny,quit,imagine,risk,objectto,practice,etc.)e)報導、相信、估計、認為等句型的兩種被動式：

Accordingtoreport,thesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

Itisreportedthatthesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital. Thesurvivorsoftheair-crasharereportedtohavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

ItisknowntoallthatTaiwanisaninalienablepartoftheterritoryofChina. TaiwanisknowntoallasaninalienablepartoftheterritoryofChina.英語被動態(tài)受限制的幾種狀況：1.動詞的限制（verbconstraints）。不及物動詞，聯(lián)系動詞及某些及物動詞不能用被動語態(tài)。

Theyhaveanicehouse.//I'vewalkedtenmilestoday.2.賓語的限制（objectconstraints）。某些賓語如反身代詞、相互代詞、含有物主代詞的賓語等，其動賓結構不能用被動態(tài)。非限定動詞（短語）作賓語，其動賓結構一般也不能用被動式。

Shecouldseeherselfinthemirror.//Wecouldhardlyseeeachotherinthefog.3.施事的限制（agentconstraints）。被動句的施事往往省略或難以言明，因而轉換為主動句便受到限制。

Orderhasbeenrestoredwithoutbloodshed.4.意義的限制（meaningconstraints）。句中有助動詞時，主動句轉換成被動句，意思有時也跟著改變。

Hecan’tteachJohn.//Johncan’tbetaught.5.頻率的限制（frequencyconstraints）。被動句出現(xiàn)的頻率與文體有關。所有被動句的多少表示由話題決定，也不是書面語或口語的區(qū)別，而是文體的區(qū)別。想象性的、文學性的文體，被動句較少；信息性的、理論性的文體，尤其是科學論述或新聞報導，被動句教多。英漢被動意義表示法比較漢語是分析性語言，沒有詞形變化，從而漢語的動詞也沒有被動態(tài)。但是漢語表示被動意義的標記還是有的，其中最重要的就是“被”字。除此之外，還有“受”，“挨”，“遭”，“給”，“叫”，“讓”，“為…所”，“被…所”等等。代表團受到廣大群眾的歡迎。Thedelegationwaswelcomedbythemasses.屋里的東西都叫人拿走了。Allthethingsinthehouseweretakenawaybyotherpeople.但有時，漢語里帶有被動標記的句子，在英語里倒不一定非用被動句表示不可。代表團受到熱烈歡迎。Thedelegationreceivedawarmwelcome.在漢語里，還有一種不帶被動標記的被動句(使用主動態(tài)更自然)，但在英語里卻往往要用被動結構。門鎖好了。Thedoorhasbeenlockedup.歷史是勞動人民創(chuàng)造的。Historyiscreatedbytheworkingpeople.詩人是天生的，而演說家則是后天造就的。

Poetsareborn,butoratorsaremade.我們都認為,有了警惕和實力,用你們的話說,就可以推遲戰(zhàn)爭;用我們的話說,就可以避免戰(zhàn)爭。Webothbelievethatthroughvigilanceandstrength,inyourwords,awarcanbepostponed,andinourwords,awarcanbeavoided.MoodsofEnglishverbs:Indicative:Classisover,andwecangohomenow.Imperative:Standup!Let’sgohome,too.Subjunctive:IfIwereyou,Iwouldgohomerightnow.命令語氣比較簡單，一般也沒有動詞形變，甚至可以不要動詞。

Thosewhoagree,putupyourhand. Comeon.Don’tbesosilly.Handsup!Eyesleft! Let’s(lethim,letit……)Cheers!(Bottomup!)虛擬語氣可分為：be型虛擬，were型虛擬。 be型虛擬（動詞原形）表示命令、決定、建議、祝愿(詛咒)、推測、讓步等等。如：

ThecommanderorderedthattheNazimurderersbeshot. Thedoctorsuggestedthathestayinbedforafewdays. Itisimportant(necessary)thateveryonebethereontime.

Sheturnedawayfromthewindowlestanyoneseethem. Thougheveryonerejectyou,Iwouldnot. I’dratherthatheleaveatonce. Godbewithyou! Goddamnit!Godblessyou! Einstein:“Iamsatisfiedwiththemysteryoftheeternityoflifeand……withthedevotedstrivingtocomprehendaportion,beiteversotiny,ofthereasonthatmanifestsitselfinnature.”一般條件句中的were型虛擬語氣時間If條件句主句過去haddonewouldshould+havedonesthcouldmight現(xiàn)在助動詞be用were實義動詞do用did

wouldshould+dosthcouldmight將來did/were

weretodowouldshould+dosthcouldMight

were型虛擬（動詞原形）表示與現(xiàn)實相反的情況或不大可能實現(xiàn)的愿望、設想等。如： Careforoldandyoungpeopleliketheywereyourfamily. Iftherewereintheworldtodayanylargenumberofpeoplewhodesiredtheirownhappinessmorethantheydesiredtheunhappinessofothers,wecouldhaveparadiseinafewyears. IfIknewtheanswertoallyourquestionsI'dbeagenius

Ifyouwereateardropinmyeye,forfearoflosingyou,Iwouldnevercry.

Ifshehadn‘tbeensopersistent,shemightnothavegottenthejob. Ifmencouldonlyknoweachother,theywouldneitheridolizenorhate.

Hadtherenotbeenhishelp,wecouldn’thavecopedwithourdifficultiessosuccessfully.（should,were,had放句首時，if可以被省略，多用于書面語。）

WereOweninmyposition,hewoulddothesame.

英語中有些特殊句型也用虛擬式，這需要注意；例如：

Itistimethatthechildwenttobed/shouldgotobed.

IfonlyIcouldbeabird.Iwouldratheryoupaidmenow.(現(xiàn)在)Don’tcome.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.(未來)Irememberthewholethingasifithadhappenedyesterday.

Butforthemicroblog,itwouldbeimpossibleforthepublictoknowthetruthsoquicklyIfonlyIknewwhatdoesthesongimply! 另外，如果事件有一定可能性，were也可以由was替代；如：

IwishIwere/wasthere. Helooksasifhewere/was/issick. IfonlyIwere/wasnotsonervous.

英語動詞的時、體、態(tài)、式介紹完了，現(xiàn)在我們來做幾個句子翻譯，復習一下。

1）四年后的今天，我就畢業(yè)了，或者在工作，或者讀研，或者出國了。

Fouryearslatertoday,Ishallhavegraduated,andshallbedoingajob,orworkingforapostgraduatedegree,orstudyingabroad.

2）要不是因為第三者插足，他們的婚姻本來是不會破裂的。Butfor(Iftherehadnotbee