第八講-動(dòng)詞分類(小升初專項(xiàng)講義及練習(xí))

第八講第八講動(dòng)詞分類本講內(nèi)容本講內(nèi)容內(nèi)容根本要求動(dòng)詞一、動(dòng)詞定義二、動(dòng)詞分類新概念二第8課形容詞比擬級(jí)與最高級(jí)課前測(cè)試課前測(cè)試1Mr.Zhangaskedme＿＿＿thewordsagain.A.readB.readsC.toreadD.reading2You＿＿＿playontheroad.It'sdangerous.A.mustn'tB.mayC.canD.must3Mr.Brown＿＿＿inBeijingsince1993.A.workB.worksC.workedD.hasworked4I＿＿＿aletterwhenmymothercamein.A.writeB.amwritingC.waswritingD.willwrite5It'snotanimportantparty,youneedn't＿＿＿.A.payforitB.wearitoutC.tryitoutD.dressupforit6CanI＿＿＿abikefromhim?A.lendB.returnC.giveD.borrow7-MustIstayathome?-No,you＿＿＿.A.mustn'tB.needn'tC.maynotD.cannot8-Howlonghaveyou＿＿＿h(yuǎn)ere?-Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.goneC.comeD.arrived9Stamps＿＿＿bypeopleforsendingletters.A.useB.usingC.usedD.areused10TheradiosaysTianjinwillbe＿＿＿tomorrow.A.rainsB.rainC.rainedD.rainy語法考點(diǎn)語法考點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一、定義動(dòng)詞是用來表示主語做什么〔即行為動(dòng)詞〕，或表示主語是什么或怎么樣〔即狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞〕的詞，例如：Theboyrunsfast.〔這個(gè)男孩跑得快?！硆uns表示主語的行為Heisaboy.〔他是個(gè)男孩?！砳s與后面的表語aboy表示主語的狀態(tài)二、動(dòng)詞的分類動(dòng)詞可以按照含義及它們?cè)诰渲械淖饔梅殖伤念?，即行為?dòng)詞〔也稱實(shí)義動(dòng)詞〕、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?！惨弧承袨閯?dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞〔實(shí)義動(dòng)詞〕是表示行為、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞。它的詞義完整，可以單獨(dú)作謂語。例如：IliveinBeijingwithmymother.〔我和我媽媽住在北京。〕live，住Ithasaroundface.〔它有一張圓臉?！砲as，有及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞：行為動(dòng)詞〔即實(shí)義動(dòng)詞〕按其是否需要賓語，可以分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。1.及物動(dòng)詞：后面必須跟賓語，意思才完整，例如：Givemesomeink,please.〔請(qǐng)給我一些墨水?！矷fyouhaveanyquestions,youcanraiseyourhands.〔如果你們有問題，你們可以舉手?！?.不及物動(dòng)詞：后面不能跟賓語，意思已完整。不及物動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可以加上副詞或介詞，構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。例如：Heworkshard.〔他工作努力。〕JackrunsfasterthanMike.〔杰克跑步比邁克要快些?！砅leaselookattheblackboardandlistentome.〔請(qǐng)看黑板，聽我說。〕Hegotand“A〞thistimebecausehewentoverhislessonscarefully.〔這次他得了個(gè)“A〞，因?yàn)樗屑?xì)地復(fù)習(xí)了功課。〕[難點(diǎn)解釋]1、許多動(dòng)詞可用作及物動(dòng)詞，也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞，他閱讀中必須仔細(xì)體會(huì)和區(qū)別，例如：Whoisgoingtospeakatthemeeting?〔誰打算在會(huì)上發(fā)言？〕speak,不及物動(dòng)詞FewpeopleoutsideChinaspeakChinese.〔在中國(guó)外很少人講漢語?！硈peak,及物動(dòng)詞2、要特別注意有些動(dòng)詞英漢之間的差異。某些詞在英語中是不及物的，而在漢語中卻是及物的。有時(shí)那么相反。例如：Heiswaitingforyou.〔他在等你。〕英語wait為不及物動(dòng)詞，漢語“等〞為及物動(dòng)詞。Servethepeople.〔為人民效勞?！秤⒄Zserve為及物動(dòng)詞，漢語“效勞〞為不及物動(dòng)詞。熱身練習(xí)指出以下各句中劃線局部是什么動(dòng)詞，并說明詞義，例如：Allofusstudyhard.〔vi.學(xué)習(xí)〕1、Hebegantoworkatseventhismorning.〔〕2、Ihaveleftthekeyathome.〔〕3、Wemusttaketheoldwomantothehospitalatonce.〔〕4、Thinkitover,andyouwillhaveagoodidea.〔〕5、LiMingoftenworksforthewall-newspaperafterschool.〔〕〔二〕連系動(dòng)詞連系動(dòng)詞是表示主語“是什么〞或“怎么樣〞的詞，它雖有詞義，但不完整，所以不能單獨(dú)作謂語，必須跟表語一起構(gòu)成合成謂語，例如：WeareinGradeTwothisyear.〔今年我們?cè)趦赡昙?jí)?！砤re，是are這個(gè)詞的詞義“是〞在句子中常常不譯出。連系動(dòng)詞可具體分為三類：1、表示“是〞的動(dòng)詞be。這個(gè)詞在不同的主語后面和不同的時(shí)態(tài)中有不同的形式，is，am，are，was，were，have/hasbeen等要特別予以注意。例如：Heisateacher.〔他是個(gè)教師?！矵ewasasoldiertwoyearsago.〔兩年前他是個(gè)士兵?！砏eareChinese.〔我們是中國(guó)人?！?、表示“感覺〞的詞，如look〔看起來〕，feel〔覺得，摸起來〕，smell〔聞起來〕，sound〔聽起來〕，taste〔嘗起來〕等，例如：Shelookedtired.〔她看一去很疲勞?！矷feelill.〔我覺得不舒服。〕Cottonfeelssoft.〔棉花摸起來很軟。〕Thestorysoundsinteresting.〔這個(gè)故事聽起來很有趣。〕Theflowerssmellsweet.〔這些花聞起來很香?！砊hemixturetastedhorrible.〔這藥水太難喝了?！?、表示“變〞、“變成〞的意思的詞，如become,get,grow,turn,都解釋為“變〞、“變得〞，例如：Shebecameacollegestudent.〔她成了一名大學(xué)生。〕Hefeelssick.Hisfaceturnswhite.〔他感到不舒服，他的臉色變蒼白了。〕Theweathergetswarmerandthedaysgetlongerwhenspringcomes.〔春天來了，天氣變得暖和些了，白天也變得較長(zhǎng)些了?！矵egrewold.〔他老了?！砙難點(diǎn)解釋]注意區(qū)別以下一些動(dòng)詞的用法，它們既可以作為行為動(dòng)詞，又可以作為連系動(dòng)詞。1、look看；看起來Heislookingatthepicture.〔他正在看這圖片?！承袨閯?dòng)詞Itlooksbeautiful.〔它看上去很美麗?！尺B系動(dòng)詞2、fell摸；感覺1〕Ifeltsomeonetouchmyarm.〔我感到有人碰我的手臂?！承袨閯?dòng)詞Areyoufellingbettertodaythanbefore?〔你今天比以前感到好些了嗎？〕連系動(dòng)詞3、smell嗅；聞起來Mylittlebrotherlikestosmelltheapplebeforeheeatsit.〔我的小弟弟喜歡在吃蘋果前聞一聞?！承袨閯?dòng)詞Great!Theflowerssmellnice.〔這些花聞起來多香啊！〕連系動(dòng)詞4、sound弄響，發(fā)音；聽起來Theletter“h〞inhourisnotsounded.〔在hour這個(gè)詞中字母h是不發(fā)音的?！承袨閯?dòng)詞Thegunsoundedmuchcloser.〔槍聲聽起來更近了。〕連系動(dòng)詞5、taste辨味；嘗起來Pleasetastethesoup.〔請(qǐng)嘗一口湯?！承袨閯?dòng)詞Thesouptastesterrible.〔這湯嘗起來味道太差了?！尺B系動(dòng)詞6、get得到，獲得；變Therearesomebananasonthetable.Eachofyoucangetone.〔桌上有些香蕉，你們每個(gè)人可以拿一個(gè)?！承袨閯?dòng)詞7、grow生長(zhǎng)，種植；變Doyougrowriceinyourcountry?〔你們的國(guó)家種水稻嗎？〕行為動(dòng)詞It’stoolate.It’sgrowingdark.〔太遲了，天漸漸變暗了?！尺B系動(dòng)詞8、turn轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，翻動(dòng)，使變得；變Theearthturnsaroundthesun.〔地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)?！承袨閯?dòng)詞Whenspringcomes,thetreesturngreenandtheflowerscomeout.〔春天來了，樹葉變經(jīng)綠了，花兒開了?！尺B系動(dòng)詞 上述句子中的動(dòng)詞如grow、get、turn等，既可以作連系動(dòng)詞，又可以作行為動(dòng)詞。如何來區(qū)分它們呢？有一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)便的方法，即用連系動(dòng)詞be替換句子中的這些動(dòng)詞，句子仍然成立就是連系動(dòng)詞；反之，不能替換的，就是行為動(dòng)詞。例如：Thetreesturn/aregreenwhenspringcomes.〔春天來臨，樹葉變綠?！砊heearthmovesaroundthesun.〔地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。〕這第二句句子中的turn是行為動(dòng)詞，意為“轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)〞。無法以is替換。熱身練習(xí)區(qū)別以下多組句子中的動(dòng)作，指出以下劃線動(dòng)詞是連系動(dòng)詞還是行為動(dòng)詞，并寫出詞義：1、Shelookswell.〔〕Shetriedtolookattheblackboardbutsawnothing.〔〕2、Thestudentsfeltunhappy.〔〕Ifeltsomeonetouchmyback.〔〕3、Itwassnowinghardwhenhegottothecity.〔〕It’stoolate.It’sgettingdarkeranddarker.〔〕4、Theteacheraskedthestudenttoturnitover.〔〕Theleavesofthetreesturngreenwhenspingcomes.〔〕5、Theyoungtreesgrowfast.〔〕Itbegantogrowdark.〔〕6、Thebellsoundedat12o’clockforlunch.〔〕Themusicsoundsnice.〔〕持續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞英語的行為動(dòng)詞有持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間性動(dòng)詞之分，使用中應(yīng)注意兩者的區(qū)別。一、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。常見的有study,play,do,read,learn,drive,write,clean,slean,sleep,speak,talk,wait,fly,stay,write,sit,stand,lie,keep等。二、瞬間性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在一瞬間，非常短暫。亦稱終止性動(dòng)詞。常見的有begin,start,finish,go,come,leave,find,getup,arrive,reach,getto,enter,hear,stop,open,close,become,buy,borrow,lend,happen,join,lose,renew,die,takeaway,putup,setout,puton,geton/off等。以上已集中了初中教材的大局部持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及瞬間性動(dòng)詞。三、用法1、以上兩類動(dòng)詞都能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已結(jié)束，例如：HehasstudiedEnglishforthreeyears.〔他學(xué)英語已有3年了?！矵ehasjoinedtheParty.〔他已入黨了?！矼umisn’tathome.Shehasgonetothelibrary.〔媽媽不在家，她去圖書館了。〕2、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中能與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，而瞬間性動(dòng)詞那么不能。例如：Hisparentstalkedwiththeteacherforhalfanhour.〔他的父母跟老師談了半個(gè)小時(shí)?！矼ymotherhaslaininbdefor3days.〔我母親生病臥床已經(jīng)三天了?！矼yparentshavelivedinShanghaisince1950.〔我父母親從1950年起就住在上海了。〕3、瞬間性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中如要與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，通常有兩種方法：〔1〕用意思相當(dāng)?shù)某掷m(xù)性動(dòng)詞來替換，例如：Hehasbeeninthearmy/asoldierforthreeyears.〔他參軍已有3年了?！巢荒苡胔asjoinedShehasbeenupforquitesometime.〔她起床已有好久了?！巢荒苡胔asgotupHasyourbrotherbeenawayfromhomeforalongtime?〔你哥哥離家已有好久了嗎？〕不能用hasleft常用瞬間動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞關(guān)系如下：1、go——beaway2、come——behere3、comeback——beback4、leave——beaway〔benothere〕5、buy——have6、borrow——keep7、die——bedead8、begin——beon9、finish——beover10、open——beopen11、close——beclosed12、lose——belost13、gettoknow——know14、turnon——beon15、getup——beup16、sitdown——sit/beseated17、join——bein〔…〕或bea…member18、become——be〔2〕用itis…since…結(jié)構(gòu)來替換瞬間動(dòng)詞，例如：電影已經(jīng)開映5分鐘了?！矁煞N方法〕Thefilmhasbeenonforfiveminutes.It’sfiveminutessincethefilmbegan.他離開上海已有3天了?！矁煞N方法〕HehasbeenawayfromShanghaiforthreedays.ItisthreedayssinceheleftShanghai.這本書我還給圖書館已有兩周了?！惨环N方法〕It’stwoweekssinceIreturnedthebooktothelibrary.他找到他妹妹已有多久了？〔一種方法〕Howlongisitsincebefoundhissister?4、瞬間動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)形式可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，例如：Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.〔好久沒見到你了。〕熱身練習(xí)一、選擇正確的答案：1、Alicehas(come,been)backforaweek.2、Hisgrandmotherhas(beendead,died)fortenyears.3、Whenwegottothecinema,thefilmhad(begun,beenon)forafewminutes.4、Thelightshave(turnedon,beenon)foroverhalfaday.5、Haveyou(bought,had)thebookongrammarforaweek?Yes,sincelastSunday.二、用since和for翻譯以下句子：1、這本書我已借了兩周了。2、她離開這兒有5分鐘了嗎？3、我弟弟入團(tuán)已有半年多了。4、Joan來到我校已有兩個(gè)月了。5、他們相識(shí)有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間了。〔三〕助動(dòng)詞這類詞本身無詞義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，只能與主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語，表示不同的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、表示句子的否認(rèn)和疑問，例如：HedoesnotspeakEnglishwell.〔他英語講得不好?！尘渲械膁oes是助動(dòng)詞，既表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又與not一起構(gòu)成否認(rèn)形式。Adogisrunningafteracat.〔一條狗正在追逐一只貓。〕句中的is是助動(dòng)詞，和run的現(xiàn)在分詞一起構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。Didhehaveanymilkandbreadforhisbreakfast?〔他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包嗎？〕句中的did是助動(dòng)詞，既表示一般過去時(shí)，又和動(dòng)詞have一起構(gòu)成疑問?！菜摹城閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞這類詞本身雖有意義，但不完整。它們表示說話人的能力、說話人的語氣或情態(tài)，如“可能〞、“應(yīng)當(dāng)〞等。小升初階段要學(xué)習(xí)和掌握的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要有can/could,may/might,must這幾個(gè)最為常用的詞，當(dāng)然還需要了解學(xué)習(xí)need,dare等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主要特征試比擬以下幾組句子，看情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)：1、Heborrowssomebooksfromthelibrary.〔他常從圖書館借些書?！矵ecanborrowsomebooksfromthelibrary.〔他可以從圖書館借到一些書?！砪an,可以2、Irunfast.〔我跑得快?！矷can’trunfast〔我跑得不快。〕can’t,不會(huì)，不能3、Musthegonow?〔他必須現(xiàn)在走嗎？〕must,必須Didhegolastnight?〔他昨晚去了嗎？〕4、Theymaybethere.〔他們可能在那兒。〕may,可能Theyweren’tthere.〔他們不在那兒?！?從上述四組句子中，可以看出以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1、can、may、must都有各自的詞義，表示能力、可能、允諾、愿意、請(qǐng)求等情態(tài)，因詞義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，只能和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。2、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。構(gòu)成疑問句時(shí)，通常放在主語前面〔見例3〕；構(gòu)成否認(rèn)句時(shí)，not放在這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后〔見例2〕。可用它們的縮寫形式〔can’t,cannot,mustn’t等〕。二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的具體用法〔一〕can,could和beableto1、表示能力，例如：IcanspeakalittleJapanese.〔我會(huì)說一點(diǎn)兒日語。〕Shecouldn’tspeakChinesewhenshecametoourschoollastmonth.〔上月她來我校時(shí)還不會(huì)說中文。〕Beableto代替can,也可以表示能力。但can只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)(could),而beableto那么有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式，例如：YouwillbeabletotalkwiththeforeignteacherinEnglishnextweek.〔下星期你將能與外國(guó)老師用英語交談了?！矼ylittlebrotherhasbeenabletowrite.〔我的小弟弟已會(huì)寫字了?！?、表示允許，準(zhǔn)許，這時(shí)can與may可以互換，例如：Can/MayIbrotheryourbiketomorrow?Yes,ofcourse.Youcan/mayusemybiketomorrow.〔明天我可以借你的自行車嗎？當(dāng)然可以。明天你可以用我的自行車?！砓oucan’tsmokehere.〔你不可以在這兒抽煙?！?、表示客觀可能性，用在否認(rèn)句和疑問句中表示說話人的疑心、猜想或不肯定。例如：Hecannot/can’tbethere.〔他不可能在那兒。〕Canthisnewsbetrue?〔這消息可能直實(shí)嗎？〕4、could除表示can的過去式外，在口語中還常代替can，表示非常委婉的請(qǐng)求。這時(shí)could和can沒有時(shí)間上的差異。例如：Could/Canyoutellmeifhewillgotomorrow?〔你能告訴我他明天是否去嗎？〕Could/CanIaskyousomethingifyouarenotbusy?〔如果您不太忙，我能否問您一些事情？〕Could/Canyoushowmethewaytothenearesthospital?〔您能給我指一下去最近的醫(yī)院的路嗎？〕〔二〕may和might1、表示“準(zhǔn)許〞和“許可〞，這時(shí)可與can替換。例如：May(can)Iuseyourdictionaryforamoment?〔我可以借你的字典用一下嗎？〕MayItakethesemagazinesoutofthereadingroom?No,youmustn’t.〔我可以把這些雜志帶出覽室嗎？不，不行?！矵easkedmeifhemightgothen.〔他問我他是否可以走了。〕2、表示說話人的猜想，認(rèn)為某事“可能〞發(fā)生，例如：Where’sJohn?Hemaybeatthelibrary.〔約翰在哪兒？他可能在圖書館?！矼r.Greenhasn’ttalkedwithher.Hemaynotknowher.〔格林先生還未曾與她談過話，他可能不認(rèn)識(shí)她?！骋陨侠又械膍aybe是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may加be,與maybe完全不同。后者是副詞，解釋為“或話〞。例如：Hemaybeathome.〔他可能在家?！矼aybehewasathome.〔或許他在家?！?、might除表示may的過去式外，在口語中還常代替may,表示非常委婉的請(qǐng)示或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較小。這時(shí)might和may沒有時(shí)間上的差異。例如：Might(May)Ispeaktoyouforafewminutes?〔我現(xiàn)在可以與你談幾分鐘話嗎？〕MightIhaveaphotoofyourfamily?〔我可以要一張你們的合家照嗎？〕4、用于從句中表示目的，意為“以便能……〞、“使……可以〞，例如：Openyourmouthwide,sothatImayseeclearlywhat’swrongwithyourteeth.〔把嘴張大些，以便我能看清楚你的牙齒有什么毛病?！矵ewrotedownmyaddresssothathemightrememberitwell.〔他把我的住址寫了下來，以便能記牢。〕5、在用may提問時(shí)，否認(rèn)答復(fù)常用mustn’t或maynot表示“不行〞、“不可以〞。例如：MayIgonow?No,youmustn’t.〔我可以走了嗎？不，不可以。〕〔三〕must1、must表示說話人的主觀意志，表示義務(wù)、命令或必要、應(yīng)當(dāng)和必須等?，F(xiàn)在式與過去式同形。例如：Imustgotoschooltoday.〔今天我必須上學(xué)去?！矵etoldmeImustn’tleaveuntilmymothercame.〔他告訴我，在我母親回來之前我不許離開?！?、must表示推測(cè)，“一定是〞、“準(zhǔn)是〞，例如：Theymustbeverytired.Letthemhavearest.〔他們一定是非常疲勞了。讓他們休息一會(huì)兒吧。〕Jackdoesn’tlookwell.Hemustbeill.〔杰克看上去氣色不太好。他一定是病了。〕[難點(diǎn)解釋]1、haveto表示“必須〞、“不得不〞，它不僅能代替must,用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)以外的其他時(shí)態(tài)，表示說話人的主觀看法，而且又表示客觀上的需要。例如：Ifwemissthelastbus,weshallhavetowalkhome.〔如果我們末班車，我們將不得不走回家。〕Theshipstartedtogodownslowly.Wemustleavetheship.〔船慢慢地開始下沉了。我們必須離開這船?！?、在答復(fù)must的疑問句時(shí)，否認(rèn)答復(fù)常用needn’t表示“不必〞，例如：MustIreturnthisbooktoyouintwoweeks?〔這本書我兩星期以后必須還你嗎？〕Yes,youmust.〔是的。〕No,youneedn’t.〔不，不必了?！场菜摹硁eed和dareneed〔需要〕和dare〔敢于〕既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，又可作行為動(dòng)詞。1、need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，只用于否認(rèn)句或疑問句。need無形態(tài)變化，dare的過去式是dared。例如：It’swarmtoday.Youneedn’tputonyourcoat.〔今天天氣很暖和，你不必穿上大衣?！砃eedIpostyourbookstoyou?〔要我把書寄給你嗎？〕Howdareyousayit’sunfair?〔你怎么膽敢說這不公平呢？〕Shedarenotgooutaloneatnight.〔她晚上不敢一個(gè)人出去?！?、need和dare作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后常跟動(dòng)詞不定式。它們有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)等形態(tài)變化。在構(gòu)成否認(rèn)和疑問形式時(shí)與其他及物動(dòng)詞一樣，要用助動(dòng)詞do,does或did等。例如：Hedidn’tneedtogotoschooltoday.〔今天你不必上學(xué)?！砊heyneededanexcuseandsoonfoundone.〔他們需要借口，不久便找到了一個(gè)?！场参濉硂ughtto和shouldoughtto和should作情態(tài)度動(dòng)詞用，都是“應(yīng)該〞、“應(yīng)當(dāng)〞的意思。oughtto語氣較強(qiáng)，指客觀上有責(zé)任、有義務(wù)去做某事，或按觀念和道理也應(yīng)對(duì)某事負(fù)責(zé)。Should指主觀上認(rèn)為有責(zé)任和義務(wù)去做，但語意不如oughtto強(qiáng)。例如：Yououghttorespectyourteachers.〔你們應(yīng)該尊敬你們的老師。〕Weshouldbecarefulofothers’feelings.〔我們應(yīng)該尊重別人的感情?！场擦诚喈?dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的幾個(gè)固定詞組在初中課本上還有以下固定詞組，也起著與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣的作用：hadbetter…〔最好……〕，ShallI〔we〕…？〔我/我們可以這樣做嗎？〕wouldlike〔非常想〕，Will/Wouldyou(please)…？〔請(qǐng)你……嗎？〕usedto〔過去常?！?。例如：It’slate.I’dbettergoandlookforhim.〔太遲了。我最好去找他?！砓ou’dbetternotreadbooksinpoorlight.〔你最好不要在微弱的燈光下看書。〕Shallwestartthemeetingatonce?〔我們立即開會(huì)好嗎？〕Willyougetmesomechalk?〔你拿些粉筆給我好嗎？〕Wouldyoulikesomebananas?〔來點(diǎn)香蕉好嗎？〕拓展訓(xùn)練一、單項(xiàng)選擇1.Ifyoudon'tknowthisword,＿＿＿inthedictionary.A.lookforitB.lookatitC.lookafteritD.lookitup2.Myfathertoldme＿＿＿playonthestreet.A.notB.tonotC.nottoD.didnot3.Thereisgoingto＿＿＿anEnglishpartythisevening.A.beB.hasC.haveD.is4.There＿＿＿nobusstopherelastyear.A.isB.wasC.areD.were5.Ourschoolwillholdasportsmeetingifit＿＿＿tomorrow.A.isn'trainB.rainsC.won'trainD.doesn'train6.Bikesmustn't＿＿＿everywhere.A.beputB.beputtedC.putD.putting7.NeitherLiLeinorHanMeimei＿＿＿Harbin.A.havebeentoB.hasbeentoC.havegonetoD.hasgoneto8.It'scoldtodayyou'dbetter＿＿＿morecoats.A.putonB.takeoffC.toputonD.totakeoff9.Henry＿＿＿abirthdaycardforSamyesterday.A.hasboughtB.buysC.boughtD.willbuy10.WhenIgottothefactory,theworkers＿＿＿aboutthefilim.A.aretalkingB.talkedC.weretalkingD.havetalked11.Nohurry,please＿＿＿yourtime.A.takeB.bringC.carryD.catch12.Ienjoy＿＿＿thelightmusic.A.tolistentoB.listeningtoC.hearingD.tohear13.Please＿＿＿assoonasyougetthere.A.ringmeupB.ringupmeC.wakemeupD.wakeupme14.WhenI＿＿＿,Iwanttobeateacher.A.growsupB.growupC.shallgrowD.grewup15.Icalledhimandhe＿＿＿tohaveatalkwithme.A.stopB.stopsC.stopedD.stopped新二第8課新二第8課ThebestandtheworstJoeSandershasthemostbeautifulgardeninourtown.NearlyeverybodyJoeSandershasthemostbeautifulgardeninourtown.Nearlyeverybodyentersfor'TheNicestGardenCompetition'eachyear,butJoewinseverytime.BillFrith'sgardenislargerthanJoe's.BillworksharderthanJoeandgrowsmoreflowersandvegetables,butJoe'sgardenismoreinteresting.Hehasmadeneatpathsandhasbuiltawoodenbridgeoverapool.Ilikegardenstoo,butIdonotlikehardwork.EveryyearIenterforthegardencompetitiontoo,andIalwayswinalittleprizefortheworstgardeninthetown!NewwordsandNewwordsandexpressions★1.competitionn.比賽，競(jìng)賽，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)competition=com(一起)+pet(追求)+i+tion(名詞后綴)competition/compete/competitive/competitorenteracompetition報(bào)名參加winacompetition贏得比賽competeagainst/with與….競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Areyoucompetinginthe800meters?你參加了800米的賽跑嗎？Itisnoteasyforasmallcompanytocompeteagainst/withabigone.對(duì)于小公司來說，與大公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是件不容易的事。Hehasjustenteredachesscompetitionandwonasecondprize.他剛剛參加了一個(gè)象棋比賽，獲得了二等獎(jiǎng)。★2.winv.(獲)勝,贏得,取得勝利Iwanttoknowwhohaswonthegame.我想知道誰贏了比賽？Iagreewithyourwin-winpolicy.我同意你的雙贏策略。Winnerskeepers;losersweepers.成者王，敗者寇?！?.neata.整齊的，整潔的，很棒的，好極了aneatplace不錯(cuò)的地方Thereisonethingaboutbaldness—itisneat.禿頂有一個(gè)好處，就是干凈！Hisclothesarealwaysneatandclean.他的衣服總是干凈整潔。4.pathn.小路，小道，小徑聯(lián)想記憶：pass經(jīng)過〔經(jīng)過一條小路〕→pathHardworkisthepathtosuccess.努力工作是成功之路。Therewasanarrowpaththroughtheforest.有一條穿過森林的小路?！?.pooln.池塘，水池，游泳池聯(lián)想記憶：pool→瀑布→瀑布下有水池swimmingpool游泳池carpool搭伴車Therewerepoolsofwaterintheholesintheroad.馬路上有許多水坑。★【本課語法】形容詞和副詞的比擬級(jí)和最高級(jí)比擬級(jí)相當(dāng)于漢語中“比……更……〞這種句型，最高級(jí)那么表示在某個(gè)范圍“最……〞的概念。最高級(jí)在使用時(shí)前面通常要加定冠詞the，并有一個(gè)短語或從句限定其范圍。1、比擬級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成：①單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在詞尾加-er，-est，以輔音加-y結(jié)尾的詞變-y為-i，再加-er，-est②以-e結(jié)尾的詞加-r，-st③以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞要雙寫最后一個(gè)字母，再加-er，-est④三個(gè)或者是三個(gè)音節(jié)以上〔多音節(jié)〕比擬級(jí)的構(gòu)成:more+原級(jí)最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成:themost+原級(jí)有一些雙音節(jié)詞既可在單詞結(jié)尾加-er，-est，也可與more/less和most/least連用，如narrow，clever，common，pleasant等。clever—cleverer—morecleverfunadj.快樂morefun〔美國(guó)人用〕⑤有些構(gòu)成是不規(guī)那么的：good/well(betterbest)；bad/ill(worseworst)；many/much(moremost)；little(lessleast)；far(fartherfurther,farthestfurthest)〔farther:距離上的遠(yuǎn)和更遠(yuǎn)，further:程度上的更進(jìn)一步〕furthermore(更有甚者)old(olderelder,oldesteldest)older比……大Sheisolderthansomebodyelder做定語修飾其他名詞eldersister(年長(zhǎng)的)姐姐2、比擬級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法在使用比擬級(jí)時(shí)，如果需要把所比擬的兩項(xiàng)都提到，那么就必須比擬級(jí)后用than：Myroomiscleanerthantheonenextdoor.如果比擬級(jí)之所指很清楚，它可獨(dú)立存在：Whichhousedoyouprefer?Iprefertheolderone.最高級(jí)的限定范圍一般用of，among，in等介詞短語；限定范圍也可以是從句；如果范圍很清楚，那么可以省略。Johnisthetallestofthethreebrother.Thisisthecoldestdayintenyears.MaryisthemostintelligentpersonI’veevermet. 目標(biāo)小升初目標(biāo)小升初課文跟蹤講解課文跟蹤講解Theplanewaslateanddetectiveswerewaitingattheairportallmorning.本句摘自課文七中的句子，句子用的是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的是過去的某一時(shí)刻或過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語then,atthattime,thistimeyesterday,attenyesterday等連用，或用另一動(dòng)作來表示過去的時(shí)間。Whatwereyoudoingatthattimelastnight?昨天晚上九點(diǎn)你正在干什么？過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常和always等時(shí)間副詞連用，表示過去頻繁發(fā)生的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，此時(shí)的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)帶有感情色彩。Alicewasalwayschanginghermind.艾麗絲總是在改變主意。注意在含有when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用。主句中的動(dòng)作先于從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生，且進(jìn)行的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，主句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)〔從句常用一般過去時(shí)〕。從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生，且進(jìn)行時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，從句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)〔主句用一般過去時(shí)〕。假設(shè)主，從句動(dòng)作開始的時(shí)間不存在先后關(guān)系時(shí)〔同時(shí)發(fā)生〕或無所謂先后時(shí)，主從句可同時(shí)使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，此時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句一般由while來引導(dǎo)。Luckily,whenIwenttoseehim,hewasathome.JoeSanderhasthemostbeautifulgardeninourtown.本句摘自課文八，主要涉及形容詞和副詞的用法：形容詞的比擬級(jí)和最高級(jí)。形容詞的比擬級(jí)和最高級(jí)用法需要注意的幾點(diǎn)：1表示兩者進(jìn)行比擬時(shí)用形容詞比擬級(jí)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“A…+比擬級(jí)+than+B〞2有表示程度的副詞alittle,abit,afew,alot,much,even,still,far,rather,any等詞修飾時(shí)用比擬級(jí)。3表示越…就越…時(shí)，用the+比擬級(jí)，the+比擬級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)4最高級(jí)前面可以加序數(shù)詞，表示第幾最…實(shí)例演練實(shí)例演練1Shethingsforotherpeople.Ahadalwaysbeendoing BhadalwaysdoneCwasalwaysdoing Dwasalwaysdone2—DoyouknowJane?—Yes,Ifirstmetherthreeyearsago.Sheatafruitshopatthetime.Ahadworked Bworked Cwasworking Dhasworking3Whichisbeautiful,thisoneorthatone?Amore Bthemore Cmost Dthemost4Theboyisgetting.Atallerandtaller BmoreandmoretallCtallandtaller Dmoretallerandtaller要點(diǎn)拓展：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的特定用法：1表示從過去某一時(shí)間的角度看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常表示過去“漸漸〞，“快要〞，“越來越〞，“馬上〞，常見的此類動(dòng)詞有come,go,start,begin,leave,arrive,get,become,turn等非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，偶爾有些持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞〔如do,stay,take〕,常表示過去“將要〞。WhenIarrivedatthetheater,theplaywasjustbeginning.我到達(dá)劇場(chǎng)時(shí)，戲劇剛要開演。2was/weregoingto的用法〔1〕表示過去已經(jīng)決定或安排要做的事情，或根據(jù)跡象預(yù)測(cè)某事可能發(fā)生。Thesunwasgoingtoshinewhenwestart.我們動(dòng)身的時(shí)候太陽就要出來了。(2)表達(dá)過去決定或安排要做的事，但未能成為事實(shí)。Iwasgoingtocallonyoulastnight,butmyfatherphonedtocome.我昨天打算去看望你，但爸爸打說要來。比擬級(jí)和最高級(jí)常用的句型〔1〕比擬級(jí)+and+比擬級(jí)表示事物本身程度的逐漸增長(zhǎng)，意為“越來越….〞MyEnglishisimproving.Itisgettingbetterandbetter.我的英語日見長(zhǎng)進(jìn)，越來越好?！?〕the+比擬級(jí)….，the+比擬級(jí)…..表示一方的程度隨著另一方的程度平行增長(zhǎng)，意為“越…〔就〕越..〞Theolderyougrow,thewiseryou’llbecome.年齡越大，你就越聰明。〔3〕“not+比擬級(jí)+than〞表示“一方不如一方〞，“no+比擬級(jí)+than〞表示〞前者和后者一樣都不….〞,“僅僅〞Thefirstprizewinnerisnotmorethan10yearsold.這個(gè)一等獎(jiǎng)獲得者不到十歲。Thefirstprizewinnerisnomorethan10yearsold.這個(gè)一等獎(jiǎng)獲得者年僅十歲。most前如假設(shè)沒有the,就沒有比擬的意思，只是加強(qiáng)語氣，有“很，非常〞之意。Thisisamostinterestingstory.這是一個(gè)很有趣的故事。小升初小升初真題展示1—Ischemistrymoredifficultthanphysics?—No,chemistryisn’tasasphysics.Aeasy Bdifficult Ceasier Dmoredifficult2—Didyouseethetrafficaccidentyesterday? —Yes,IthappenedwhenIpastmuseum.Awalk Bamwalking Cwillwalk Dwaswalking3Thebusierheis,thehefeels.Ahappily Bhappy Chappier Dmorehappy練習(xí)練習(xí)11Iammuchbusierthanyouor__________. Ashe BthanherCasshe D/2Thisis_________ofthetworooms.Athelargest Bthelarger Clarge Dlarger3That_________pencilismine,theotherisMary’s.Amostshort Bshortest Cshorter Dmoreshorter4Wehad__________rainlastyearthanthisyear.Amanymore Bthemost Cmost Dmuchmore5Thismountainis__________thanthatone.Aeverhigher Bmorehigher Cmuchhigher Dveryhigher6Ofthetwins,Jackis__________.Athestronger Bstronger Cstrongest Dthestrongest隨堂穩(wěn)固隨堂穩(wěn)固一、單項(xiàng)選擇1-Wouldyouplease＿＿＿meaneraser,Lucy?-Certainly.Hereyouare.A.borrowB.lendC.borrowedD.lent2.Trees＿＿＿inspring.A.plantB.wereplantedC.shouldbeplantedD.shouldplant3.-Where'syourfather?-He＿＿＿toParis.A.goB.goesC.wentD.hasgone4.-MustIfinishmyhomeworkinclassnow?-No,you＿＿＿.Youcandoitathome.A.mustn'tB.maynotC.needn'tD.can5.Thankyouverymuchfor＿＿＿yourbook＿＿＿me.A.lending,toB.lent,toC.borrow,fromD.borrowing,from6.TheGreatGreenWallwillstopthewindfrom＿＿＿theearthaway.A.blowingB.blowC.blowsD.toblow7.ThestudentswillgototheWestHillFarmbybike,ifit＿＿＿finetomorrow.A.willbeB.isC.shallbeD.was8.Ourteacheralwaystellsus＿＿＿inthestreet.It'stoodangerous.A.don'tplayB.nottoplayC.toplayD.notplay9.Englishisausefullanguage.It＿＿＿widelyintheworld.A.isspokenB.wasspokenC.canspeakD.willspeak10.Thekiteisflyinghighinthesky.It＿＿＿abird.A.looksatB.lookslikeC.looksforD.looksafter11.-Look!What'sWangPingdoingoverthere?-She＿＿＿underabigtree.A.singsB.sangC.hassungD.issinging二、完形填空DearLinda,Isawyournameinanewspaper.You___1__forpenfriendsin__2___.Iamfifteen,andI__3___atNo.1MiddleSchoolinNanjing.__4___canseemyphotographthatIhaveabigsmile__5___longblackhair.Myfatherisafactoryworker.My__6___isacook.sheworkedinahospital.Ilikestamps,watchingfilmsandreading.I__7___dancingandhelpingmyuncle__8___thefarm,too.Iam__9___veryinterestedinyourcountry.Please__10___soon.Yours,LiuZhong1.A.askB.askedC.areaskingD.haveasked2.A.JapanB.EnglandC.AustraliaD.China3.A.liveB.stayC.ambornD.amglad4.A.TheyB.HeC.WeD.You5.A.andB.orC.butD.nor6.A.uncleB.friendC.brotherD.mother7.A.stopB.enjoyC.finishD.need8.A.inB.withC.onD.to9.A.alsoB.tooC.eitherD.really10.A.comeB.goC.writeD.help三、閱讀理解A"You'rejustintime，Joe.We'regoingtoplaycowboys(牛仔)andIndians，andyoucanbetheIndians，"oneofmycousins(堂兄弟)said"HowmanyIndians?"Iasked"Oh，aboutathousand，"heanswered，andbeforeIcouldsayno，IwaspushedoutintothenightandbecameathousandIndians.TwominuteslaterIwasrunninginthefieldswithagroupofcowboysbehind.Theshoutsof"AfterthemLet'scatchthekillers!"andothersuchTVplaylanguagecameintomyearsasIranroundacornerandhurriedintomyGrandpa'scar."We'vegothim,boysLet'sgoandcatchhim!"Butnoonewantedtocometogetme.Allofmycousinsexceptonewerealwaysveryfriendlywithme.Itwasquietoutside.AndIwentoutofthecartohavealook.JustthenIheardashout，"Bringtherope(繩子)，andwecanburnhim""OnlyIndiansburnpeople.Cowboys…，"IstoppedjustintimeIhadalmostsaid，"Cowboyshang(絞死)people"Iwastiedtoatree，andthecowboyswerelookingforsomewoodwhenmydearmothercalled，"We'releavingnow""Untieme，"Ishouted"We'regoing""WhydidBobbywantmatches(火柴)?"Mumaskedwhenwewereinthecar."HewasaskingDadwhetherhehadany""Oh，hewasjustgoingtomatches?MATCHES?Areyousurehewantedmatches?"Motherwasquitesure，andIdidn'tsayanymore.1.HowmanychildrenplayedtheIndians?A.Onethousand.B.Onehundred.C.Onegroup.D.One.2.WhydidJoe'scousinsaythatJoewasjustintime?Because______A.therewerenotenoughchildrenforthegameB.thegamewasjustgoingtostartC.noneofhiscousinswantedtobetheIndiansD.theywerewaitingforJoe3.Joedidn'tsay"Cowboyshangpeople"outbecause______A.hewastiedtoatreeB.thatwouldmakethingsworseC.hewascaughtbythecowboysD.thatwouldmakethecowboysangry4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.OneofJoe'scousinswaslookingformatches.B.Daddidn'twanttogivethechildrenanymatches.C.Bobbywantedtogetsomematchesfromhisfather.D.Mumdidn'tthinkchildrenshouldplaywithmatches.5.Thenameofthestoryshouldbe"______"A.JoeandhiscousinsB.WhoknowswhatdangeriswaitingthereC.CowboysandIndiansisafavoritechildren'sgameD.HowcowboysandIndiansfoughtinthepastBMusicInAmericaMusicisaninternationallanguage.Thesongsthataresungorplayedbyinstrumentsarebeautifultoallpeopleeverywhere.PopularmusicinAmericaiswhateverystudentlikes.Studentscarrysmallradioswithearphonesandlistentomusicbeforeclass,afterclassandatlunch.Studentswithcarsbuylargespeakersandplaythemusicloudlyastheydriveonthestreet.Adultdriverslistentomusiconthecarradioastheydrivetowork.Theyalsolistentothenewsaboutsports,theweather,politics,andactivitiesoftheAmericanpeople.Mostoftheradiobroadcastismusic.Poporpopularmusicsingersmakemuchmoney.TheymakeaCDortapewhichradiostationsuseineverystate.Oncethepopularsingerisheardthroughoutthecountry,youngpeoplebuyhisorhertapes.Someoftheirmoneyfromthesetapescomestothesinger.Whereverthesingergoes,alltheyoungpeoplewanttomeethimorher.Nowthesingerhasbecomeanationalstar.ThereareotherkindsofmusicthatisimportanttoAmericans.Oneiscalledfolkmusic.IttellsstoriesaboutthecommonlifeofAmericans.Anotheriscalledwesternorcountrymusic.Thiswasstartedbycowboyswhowouldsingatnighttothecowstheywerewatching.Today,anymusicaboutcountrylifeandthelovebetweenacountryboyandhisgirliscalledwesternorcountrymusic.1.Howmanykindsofmusicarementionedinthepassage?A.Four B.Three C.Five D.Six2.Howcanasingerbecomeanationalstaraccordingtothepassage?A.WhenhehasmademuchmoneyB.AfterhemakesaCDortapeC.OncethesingerisheardthroughoutthecountryD.Afteryoungpeoplemeethimofher3.Thewriterofthepassagethinks_______.A.popularmusiciswhateveryoneenjoysB.whenmusicisplayed,itseemsasifitwerespeakingtousC.musicissopopularthroughouttheworldthateveryonespendsmu