2018考研英語二模擬試卷2與答案

英語(二)模擬試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Facebookhasbeen1withfireandhasgotitsfingersburned,again.OnNovember29thAmerica'sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)announcedthatithadreacheda2settlementwiththegiantsocialnetworkover3thatithadmisledpeopleaboutitsuseoftheirpersonaldata.ThedetailsofthesettlementmakeclearthatFacebook,which4over800musers,betrayeditsusers'trust.Itisalsonotablebecauseitappearstobepartofabroader5bytheFTCtocraftanewprivacyframeworktodealwiththerapid6ofsocialnetworksinAmerica.Theregulator'sfindingscomeata7momentforFacebook,whichissaidtobepreparingforaninitialpublicofferingnextyearthatcouldvalueitataround$100billion.To8thewayforitslisting,thefirmfirstneedstoresolveitsprivacy9withregulatorsinAmericaandEurope.10itswillingnesstonegotiatethesettlement11thisweek.Announcingtheagreement,theFTCsaidithadfoundanumberofcaseswhereFacebookhadmadeclaimsthatwere“unfairanddeceptive,and12federallaw”.Forinstance,it13personallyidentifiableinformationtoadvertisers,anditfailedtokeepapromisetomakephotosandvideosondeletedaccounts14.Thesettlementdoesnot15anadmissionbyFacebookthatithasbrokenthelaw,butitdeeply16thecompanynonetheless.Inablogpostpublishedthesameday,MarkZuckerberg,Facebook'sboss,triedto17theimpactofthedeal.Firstheclaimedthat“asmallnumberofhigh-profilemistakes”were18thesocialnetwork's“goodhistory”onprivacy.TheFTCisnotrelyingonFacebooktopoliceitself.Amongotherthings,thecompanywillnowhavetoseekconsumers'approvalbeforeitchangesthewayitsharestheirdata.Andithasagreedtoanindependentprivacyauditeverytwoyearsforthenext20years.Thereisaclearpatternhere.InseparatecasesoverthepastcoupleofyearstheFTChasinsistedthatTwitterandGoogleacceptregular19audits,too,aftereachfirmwasaccusedofviolatingitscustomers'privacy.Theintentseemstobetocreatearegulatoryregimethatistighterthanthestatusquo,

20onethatstillgivessocialnetworksplentyofroomtoinnovate.remove[A]controversydispute[A]despitealthough[B]competition[A]unveiled[D][A]violatedremove[A]controversydispute[A]despitealthough[B]competition[A]unveiled[D][A]violated[D]betrayed[A]informed[D]confided[A]available[D]compromise[D]hence[B]revealed[B]givendiscovered[B]assaulted[B]entrust[B]retrievable[C][C][C]exposed[C]resisted[C]imparted[C]1.[A]setting[B]playing[C]lighting[D]turning2.[A]craft[B]documentary[C]trade[D]draft3.[A]verdicts[B]allegations[C]rumors[D]affirmation4.[A]boasts[B]exaggerates[C]estimates[D]assesses5.[A]impulse[B]initiative[C]innovation[D]motion6.[A]increase[B]elevation[C]rise[D]appearance[A]indispensable[B]essential[C]critical[D]fundamental[A]steer[B]clear[C]lay[D]reversible[D]inaccessible[A]constitute[B]correspond[C]confirm[D]conceive[A]involves[B]strikes[C]embarrasses[D]attacks[A]turndown[B]cutdown[C]playdown[D]bringdown[A]overshadowing[B]overlooking[C]overtaking[D]overthrowing[A]expert[B]external[C]formal[D]automatic[A]and[B]but[C]thus[D]despiteSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1MostAmericanmoviesareproducedinHollywood,California.Hollywood,whichisactuallynotaseparatecitybutapartofLosAngeles,isanidealspotforthemovieindustry.Thesunshinesmostofthetime,andtheclimateismild.Almosteverykindofnaturalsceneryiswithinafewhours'drive.Hollywoodbecomesthecenterofnationalattentiononeeveningayear－AcademyAwardnight.AttheAcademyAwardpresentationheldeachspring,statuettescalledOscarsaregiventofilmindustrywinnersindozensofcategories,includingbestactor,bestactress,andbestpicture.Thewinnersarechosenbymembersoftheindustrybeforetheceremony,buttheirnamesarekeptsecretuntilpresentationnight,whentheyareannouncedinalong,nationallytelevisedprogram.MotionpictureswereextremelypopularintheUnitedStatesafterWorldWarII,whentelevisioncapturedmuchofthemovieaudience.Gearedtothemasses,Hollywoodmoviesofferedmuchthesametypeofentertainmentastelevisiondoes.Withfreeentertainmentintheirhomes,manyAmericanssimplystoppedgoingtomovies.Between1946and1956,movieattendancewascutinhalf.Atthesametime,productioncostszoomed.Themovieindustrywasintrouble.Theindustryadjusteditselfinanumberofways.MoviecompaniesrentedsoundstagestoTVcompaniesandsoldoldmoviestoTV.Tocutcosts,Hollywoodproducedfewermoviesandfilmedmanyofthemoverseas.Tolureaudiences,theindustryinvestedinnewlenses,widerscreens,andstereophonicsound.StudiosalsobeganproducingkindsofentertainmentthatcouldnotbeofferedbyTV-filmswithcontroversialorshockingthemes,filmswithhugecastsandlavishsettings.Asaresultofthesechanges,todaytheAmericanmotionpictureindustryisthriving.WhatmakesHollywoodagreatplaceforAmericanmovieindustryaccordingtothepassage?AfamouspartofLosAngelesFavorablenaturalandtrafficconditionsNaturalscenerywithmildclimateandtheshiningsun[D]AgreatindustrialbaseofAmericanWhichoneaboutOscarsiscorrectaccordingtothepassage?ItisthenameofagreatfilmfigureItisgiventoWorldAcademyAwardinAmericaeachyearItisayearlyhonortowinnersinmovieindustry[D]Itdoesn'tproduceuntilAcademyAwardnightineachspringWhydidmanyAmericanslikeentertaininginhomesinsteadofgoingtocinemaafterWorldWarII?BecausethequalityoffilmwasbecomingworseandworseBecauseHollywoodmoviescouldn'tofferentertainmentsimilartotelevisionBecausethemovieindustrywasintroubleforexpensiveproductioncost[D]BecauseTV'spopularitymadethemenjoywithoutpayingWhatdoestheword“zoomed”(inthelastsentenceofthethirdparagraph)mean?MovedalongveryquicklyRoseupwardintotheairIncreasedhighinpriceMovedwithalowhummingnoiseThemovieindustrytriedmanymethodstolureaudiencesexcept.buildingcommercialrelationshipwithTVcompaniesimprovingitsbasicequipmentproducingfilmswithfamousstarsinlowcostofferingtypesofentertainmentdifferentfromTVText2TheArcticOceanhasgivenuptensofthousandsmoresquarekilometersoficeinarelentlesssummerofmelt,withscientistswatchingthroughsatelliteeyesforapossiblerecordlowpolaricecap.FromthebarrenArcticshoreofavillageinCanada'sfarnorthwest,veteranobserverEddieGrubenhasseenthesummericeretreatingmoreeachdecadeastheworldhaswarmed.Bythisweekendtheiceedgelay128kilometersatsea,butfortyyearsago,itwas64kilometersout.Globalaveragetemperaturesrose1degreeFahrenheitinthepastcentury,butArctictemperaturesrosetwiceasmuchorevenfaster,almostcertainlyinlargepartbecauseofmanmadegreenhousegases,researcherssay.InlateJulythemercurysoaredtoalmost86degreesFahrenheitinthissettlementof900ArcticEskimos.AsofThursday,theU.S.NationalSnowandIceDateCenterreported,thepolaricecapextendedover6.75millionsquarekilometersafterhavingshrunkanaverage106,000squarekilometersadayinJuly—equivalenttooneIndianaorthreeBelgiumsdaily.TherateofmeltwassimilartothatofJuly2007,theyearwhentheicecapdwindledtoarecordminimumextentof4.3millionsquarekilometersinSeptember.Initslatestanalysis,NSIDCsaidArcticatmosphericconditionsthissummerhavebeensimilartothoseofthesummerof2007,includingahigh-pressureridgethatproducedclearskiesandstrongmeltintheBeaufortSea,thearmoftheArcticOceanoffnorthernAlaskaandnorthwesternCanada.Scientistssaythemakeupofthefrozenpolarseahasshiftedsignificantlythepastfewyears,asthickmultiyearicehasgivenwayastheArctic'sdominantformtothinicethatcomesandgoeswitheachwinterandsummer.Thepastfewyearshave“signaledafundamentalchangeinthecharacteroftheiceandtheArcticclimate,”Meiersaid.Ironically,thesummermeltssince2007appeartohavealloweddisintegratingbutstillthickmultiyearicetodriftthisyearintotherelativelynarrowchannelsoftheNorthwestPassage.Usually,impassablechannelshadbeenrelativelyice-freethepasttwosummers.Observationsatellites'remotesensorswilltellresearchersinSeptemberwhetherthepolarcapdiminishedthissummertoitssmallestsizeonrecord.Thenthesunwillbegintoslipbelowthehorizonforseveralmonths,andtemperaturesplunginginthepolardarknesswillfreezethesurfaceoftheseaagain,leavingthisandotherArcticcoastlinesinthegripofice.Mostoftheseaicewillbenew,thinnerandweakerannualformations,however.AtaglobalconferencelastMarchinCopenhagen,scientistsdeclaredthatclimatechangeisoccurringfasterthanhadbeenanticipated,citingthefast-dyingArcticcapasoneexample.Amonthlater,theU.S.NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationpredictedArcticsummerscouldbealmostice-freewithin30years,notatthecentury'sendearlierpredicted.Theword“retreating”(Line2,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.withdrawing[B]movingbacktreatingagainWemayinferfromParagraph2and3that.risingArctictemperaturesresultcompletelyfrommanmadegreenhousegasesthesummericeedgewas192kilometersatsea40yearsagothepolaricecapwasover6.87millionsquarekilometersinJulytheicecapreducedtoarecordlowminimumextentinJulyWemayknowthatsummermeltsmade.someimpassablechannelscoveredbyicenocontributiontothemakeupchangeofpolaricethinicebecomemultiyearicetheworldclimatechangeitscharacterWelearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat.scientistspredictedfutureclimatechangesaccuratelythepolarcapdiminishedthissummertoitssmallestsizeonrecordthefutureicemaybeannuallyformedthinnessArcticsummerscouldn'tbeice-freeuntilnextcenturyWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?ArcticicelowerstoitssmallestsizeArcticicedisappearsundersummersunWhyArcticicedisappearssoonArcticicecloselyrelatestoclimatechangesText3TheclassicAmericanidentitytheftscamworkslikethis:thethiefconvincessomebankorcreditcardcompanyhe'sactuallyyouandborrowsGodknowshowmanydollarsinyourname.Onceyoudiscoverandreportthis,you'renotliableformoneythebanklost,butneitherareyouentitledtocompensationforthetimeandeffortyouspendstraighteningthematterout.BearinmindthatwhenIsay“thethiefconvincesthebankhe'syou”,I'mnottalkingaboutabrilliantactorandmasterofdisguisewhoimitatesyourvoiceandmannerismswellenoughtofoolyourownmother.No,allthat'snecessarytofoolabankisyourbirthdateandUSsocialsecuritynumber,orjustdiscardedcreditcardoffertakenfromyourbin.Whyarelenderssocarelesswiththeirmoney?Thesnarkyansweris:becausetheyknowtaxpayerswillbailthemout.ButidentitytheftwasaprobleminAmericalongbeforephraseslike“toobigtofail”enteredourvocabulary.Ibecameanidentity-theftstatisticnineyearsago,whenIopenedmymailtofindabillforamaxed-outcreditcardIneverknewIhad.Ispentovertwoweekscleaningthemess:filingpolicereports,callingthecompany,sittingonhold,gettingdisconnectedandcallingbacktositonholdagain.Consideringmysalarybackthen,Ispentoverathousanddollars'worthofmytimeandwasn'tentitledtoapennyindamages.Itallcouldeasilyhavebeenavoided,hadthecompanymadeaminimalefforttoensuretheywereloaningmoneytomeratherthanmydishonestdoppelganger.Sowhydidn'tthey?Becausethatwouldtaketime-atleastadayortwo.Andifpeoplehadtowaitadaybetweenapplyingforandreceivingcredit,on-the-spotloanswouldbeimpossible.EverymajorretailchaininAmericapushestheseoffers:“Applyforastorecreditcardandreceive15%offyourfirstpurchase!”Fromthelenders'perspective,writingoffafewbadID-theftdebtsischeaperthanlosingthelucrative“impulsebuyer”market.Butthatwouldchangeifcompanieshadtopaydamagestoidentitytheftvictims.Shouldtheyhaveto?ThesupremecourtofthestateofMaineiscurrentlyponderingthatquestion.InMarch2008theHannafordsupermarketchainannouncedthathackersbrokeintotheirdatabaseandstolethecreditcardinformationofover4millioncustomers,someofwhomsuedHannafordfordamages.Noneofthecustomerslostmoney,ofcourse,buttheyfelt-asIdid-thattheirtimeandeffortareworthsomethingtoo.It'stooearlytoknowhowthecourtwillrule,butI'llmakeapredictionanyway:nothingwillchangefromtheconsumers'perspective,andprotectinglendersfromtheirownbadhabitswillcontinuetobeourunpaidjob.Whentheworldwideeconomicmeltdownstarted,Inaivelythoughtthesubsequenttighteningofcreditlineswouldatleastmakeidentitytheftlessofaproblemthanbefore.ButIwasjustbeingsilly.Aftersufferingfromidentitytheft,you.shouldpayformoneythebanklostarerequiredtoreporttoyourbankimmediatelyhavetoassumethecostofgettingyouridentitybackwon'thavetotakeanylosscausedbyitWhat'stherealmeaningof“toobigtofail”inpara.2?Leadersaresobigthattheycouldn'tfailatall.Leaderswon'tpayfortheirloaningcarelessness.Leadersarebigenoughtopayforanylargeloans.Americaisbigenoughtosolveanyproblems.The3rdparagraphmainlytalksabout.WhycompaniestakeeffortstoavoididentitytheftThereasonofcompanies'effortlessnesstohelpavoididentitytheftThereasonoftakingtimetosolvetheproblemofidentitytheftThecauseofcompaniesofferingon-the-spotloansTheexampleinthe4thparagraphiscitedtoshowthat.CompanieshavepaidfordamagestoidentitytheftvictimsCustomersoftensufferfromidentitytheftinAmericaCompaniesshouldberesponsibleforidentitytheftCompaniesoftensufferfromidentitytheftinAmericaWhat'stheauthor'sattitudetocurrentsolutionstoidentitytheft?Disappointed[B]Confident[C]Complicated[D]OptimisticText4Deathisadifficultsubjectforanyone,butAmericanswanttotalkaboutitlessthanmost.Theyhaveaculturalexpectationthatwhatevermaybewrongwiththem,itcanbefixedwiththerighttreatment,andifthefirstdoctordoesnotofferittheymayseekasecond,thirdorfourthopinion.Legalactionisaconstantthreat,soevenifapatientisveryillandlikelytodie,doctorsandhospitalswillstillpersistwithaggressivetreatment,paidforbytheinsureror,fortheelderly,byMedicare.ThatisonereasonwhyAmericaspends18%ofitsGDPonhealthcare,thehighestproportionintheworld.ThatdoesnotmeanthatAmericansaregettingtheworld'sbesthealthcare.Forthepast20yearsdoctorsattheDartmouthInstituteforHealthPolicyandClinicalPracticehavebeencompilingthe“DartmouthAtlasofHealthCare”,usingMedicaredatatocomparehealth-spendingpatternsindifferentregionsandinstitutions.Theyfindthataveragecostsperpatientduringthelasttwoyearsoflifeinsomeregionscanbealmosttwiceashighasinothers,yetpatientsinthehigh-spendingareasdonotsurviveanylongerorenjoybetterhealthasaresult.IraByockisthedirectorofpalliativemedicineatDartmouth-HitchcockMedicalCenter.Hisbookisapleaforthoseneartheendoftheirlifetobetreatedmorelikeindividualsandlesslikemedicalcasesonwhichallavailabletechnologymustbeletloose.Withtwodecades'experienceinthefield,hemakesagoodcaseforsometimesleavingwellaloneandhelpingpeopletodiegentlyifthatiswhattheywant.Thatdoesnotincludeassistedsuicide,whichheopposes.Butitdoesincludeprovidingenoughpainrelieftomakepatientscomfortable,co-coordinatingtheirtreatmentamongthedifferentspecialists,keepingtheminformed,havingenoughstaffonhandtoseetotheirneeds,makingarrangementsforthemtobecaredforathomewherepossible—andnotofficiouslykeepingthemalivewhenthereisnohope.Butitisnoteasytodecidewhentostopmakingeveryefforttosavesomeone'slifeandallowthemtodiegently.ThebookquotesthecaseofoneHIV-positiveyoungmanwhowasacutelyillwithmultipleinfections.Hespentoverfourmonthsinhospital,muchofthetimeonaventilator,andhadcountlesstests,scansandotherinterventions.Thetotalbillcametoover$1m.Hecameclosetodeathmanytimes,buteventuallypulledthroughandhasnowreturnedtoanormallife.Itisanupliftingstory,butsuchanoutcomeisveryrare.DrByock'swritingstyleisnoteverybody'scupoftea,butheissurelyrighttosuggestbettermanagementofaproblemthatcanonlygetworse.Aslifeexpectancykeepsonrising,sowilltheproportionofoldpeopleinthepopulation.Andwith75mAmericanbaby-boomersnowonthethresholdofretirement,thereisalimittowhatthecountrycanaffordtospendtokeepthemgoingonandon.AccordingtoParagraph1,thedisproportionallargespendinginhealthcarestemsfromAmericans'failuretoadmitdeathaspartoftheirlifedoctors'inclinationtoovertreatthepatientaculturethatisobsessedwithyouthandhealthalegalsystemwhichhasabiasinfavorofpatientsTheauthorcitedthefindingsofDartmouthInstituteforHealthPolicyandClinicalpracticetoillustratethatthemedicalcarequalitydifferswidelyfromregiontoregionthereislittlethathospitalscandoinsavingpeople'slivesalotofmedicalresourcesarewastedtheAmericanmedicalsystemisnotoriousforitslowcost-effectivenessThecentralideaofIraByock'sbookistoappealtothehospitaltosaveeverylifewitheverypossiblemeanshelppeopletodieifthatishis/herwillmakepeoplefeelcomfortableintheirremaininghoursconsiderwhetherthecureisworthwhilebeforeconductingitIntheauthor'sopiniontheexampleoftheHIV-positiveyoungmaninParagraph5eliminatesthepossibilityofapplyinggentledyingprocessinmedicareismerelyanextremecasethatshouldnotbetakenasastandardemphasizestheimportanceofaggressivetreatmentevenwithslimhopeisusedasanironyofthecurrentstateofAmericanmedicalsystemAccordingtotheauthor,theAmericangovernmentwilltheproposalofgentledying[A]disapproveof[B]divideat[C]hesitateat[D]sidewithPartBDirections:Readingthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindingasubtitleforeachofthemarkedpartsorparagraphs.Therearetwoextraitemsinthesubtitles.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Convincingevidence:USislosingitsappealintheeyesofmultinationalsBiggesthindrance:USdividedpoliticalsystemAmericanfuture:stuckinthemiddle[D]Overstatedstatement:USoverallcompetitivenessisdecliningVoiceofexperts:pessimismpervadesacademicworldEconomicoutlook:badbutnotdesperateUndisputedfact:USislosingitseconomicedge41.IsAmericafading?Americahasbeengrippedbyworriesaboutdeclinebefore,notablyinthe1970s,onlytoroarback.Butthistimeitmaybeserious.Thereislittledoubtthatothercountriesarecatchingup.Between1999and2009America'sshareofworldexportsfellinalmosteveryindustry:by36percentagepointsinaerospace,nineininformationtechnology,eightincommunicationsequipmentandthreeincars.Private-sectorjobgrowthhassloweddramatically,andcometoahaltinindustriesthatareexposedtoglobalcompetition.Medianannualincomegrewbyananemic2%between1990and2010.42.TheMarchissueoftheHarvardBusinessReviewisdevotedto“Americancompetitiveness”.TheReviewreportsthatdeclinismisprevalentamongHBSalumni:inasurvey,71%saidthatAmericancompetitivenesswoulddeclineinthecomingyears.43.Americaislosingoutintheracetoattractgoodjobs.MatthewSlaughterofDartmouth'sTuckSchoolofBusinesspointsoutthatmultinationalfirmsincreasedemploymentinAmericaby24%inthe1990s.ButsincethentheyhavebeencuttingbackonjobsinAmerica.Theyhavemoveddullrepetitivetasksabroad,andevensomesophisticatedones,too.TheproportionoftheemployeesofAmericanmultinationalswhoworkforsubsidiariesabroadrosefrom21.4%in1989to32.3%in2009.Theshareofresearch-and-developmentspendinggoingtoforeignsubsidiariesrosefrom9%in1989to15.6%in2009;thatofcapitalinvestmentrosefrom21.8%in1999to29.6%in2009.44.America'spoliticalsystemcomesinforparticularlyharshcriticism:60%ofHBSalumnisaidthatitwasworsethanthoseinotheradvancedcountries.DavidMossofHBSarguesthatsuchcomplaintsarenothingnew:AmericanpoliticianshavebeensquabblingabouttheroleofgovernmenteversinceThomasJeffersonbuttedheadswithAlexanderHamilton.Butinthepastthisoftenledtofruitfulcompromises.Butsuchcompromisesarerarerthesedays.RepublicansandDemocratsaremoreideologicallydivided,andlessinclinedtomakepragmaticconcessions.45.Forallthisgloom,theReview'sgurusarguethat,asBillClintonsaidinhisfirstinauguraladdress,thereisnothingwrongwithAmericathatcannotbecuredbywhatisrightwithAmerica.Thecountryhashugestrengths,fromitsworld-beatinguniversitiestoitstoleranceofrisk-taking.Ithasahighlydiversemarket:firmsthatseekcheaplabourcanmovetoMississippi,wherewagesareathirdlowerthanthoseinMassachusetts.RosabethMossKanterofHBSpointstotheextraordinaryamountofinnovationthatisgoingonnotjustinSiliconValleybutacrossthecountry.Yetitisdifficulttoreadthiscollectionofessayswithoutasenseofforeboding.TheonethingthatworriestheHBSalumnimorethananythingelse—thestateofAmericanpolitics—isthemostdifficulttofix.Thepoliticalpendulumswingsunpredicta