不定式分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法之區(qū)別

不定式分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法之區(qū)別不定式分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法之區(qū)別不定式分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法之區(qū)別xxx公司不定式分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法之區(qū)別文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計，管理制度不定式、動名詞、分詞、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法之區(qū)別總述：分詞短語作定語時,相當(dāng)一個定語從句;單個現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,常前置;單個過去分詞常后置,表一次具體動作;而前置表通常狀況。非謂語的否定式是把not置于非謂語動詞前。分詞短語作狀語時,相當(dāng)于各種狀語從句,即各種狀語從句的主語與主句主語相同,去掉連詞和從句主語,把謂語動詞改為非謂語形式;當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語不同時,則主語不能去掉,即變成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),但不能作定語和補語。不定式表示(過去或?qū)?具體某一次動作,強調(diào)全過程;或表示將要發(fā)生的動作。不定式表示一般狀況與動名詞用法相同。不定式還可做目的狀語和結(jié)果狀語。單個動名詞做主語,謂語用單數(shù);做表語時,表示主語的性質(zhì)或具體內(nèi)容。一、不定式1、to+動原,叫做不定式,與動名詞、分詞一起叫做非謂語形式。其復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也一樣;作使役、感觀V賓補時,不帶to;而當(dāng)這些動詞變成被動語態(tài)時要加上to。省to:(1)helpsb/sth(to)動原、don’tdare(to)+動原、preferto+動原+ratherthan+(to)動原、dosthbut/except(to)+動原,(2)what引導(dǎo)主語從句,everything/all/thebest所帶定語從句關(guān)系代詞作do的賓語,.則作表語的不定式to可省;(3)and并列多個不定式,第一個以后to可省?！鵷oo+adj/adv+to動原；adj/adv+enoughto+動原；manage/failtodoappealtosb/sthtodoapproveofsb/sthtodoonlytodo不表將要做某事arrangeforsb/sthtododemandofsb/sthtodo感觀動詞+sb/sthdoeq\o\ac(○,1)Isawherwalkacrossthesquareandgointoalane...eq\o\ac(○,2)Setathieftocatchathief.→Shewasseentowalkacrossthesquareandgointoalane......eq\o\ac(○,3)Sheistooyoungtogotoschool.eq\o\ac(○,4)Ioftenheardhimsinginthenextroom..eq\o\ac(○,5)It’sapleasuretomanaagetogethere.eq\o\ac(○,6)What/AllIwanttodois(to)helpyouwithyourstudy..eq\o\ac(○,7)Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy.eq\o\ac(○,8)WouldyoubesokindastohelpmewithmyEnglishstudyeq\o\ac(○,9)Toseeistobelieve.orSeeingisbelieving.eq\o\ac(○,10)It’s(of)nouseregretting/toregretwhathasbeendone.....eq\o\ac(○,11)It’sworthwhilewriting/towriteitalloutagain.eq\o\ac(○,12)Toerrishuman,toforgiveisdivine.犯錯是凡人,寬恕是圣人.eq\o\ac(○,13)Simonhadnochoicebuttoworkhardthen.eq\o\ac(○,14)Despiteaheavysnow,thechildrenarestilllookingforwardto(notcancel)theoutdooractivityattheweekend.eq\o\ac(○,15)Myjobis(water)alltheflowersinthegarden.eq\o\ac(○,16)I’mpleasedtoseeyouhere.eq\o\ac(○,17)Thebestthatyoucandois(manage)thestressinthedaytominimizeitsimpactonyourhealth.2、(un)important,dangerous,terrible,(un)fit,surprising,(im)possible,easy,hard/difficult,light/heavy,nice/beautiful,interesting,pleasant,expensive,weak等作表語時,不定式作條件、結(jié)果狀語,用主動表示被動,表明說話人對不定式動作看法或建議。eq\o\ac(○,1)Whydopeoplecometohislecturesinceitishardtounderstandeq\o\ac(○,2)ThecountryofAndorra(安道爾)ishardtofindontheworld’smap.eq\o\ac(○,3)Thebookisveryinterestingtoread.(條件狀語).eq\o\ac(○,4)Theplaceistoodifficulttogetto.（結(jié)果狀語）eq\o\ac(○,5)Thistypeofmusicisgoodtodanceto.(條件狀語)eq\o\ac(○,6)Thesupermarketisexpensivetorun.eq\o\ac(○,7)Thesegoodsareheavytocarry.(條件狀語)→Thesegoodsaretooheavytocarry.(結(jié)果狀語)eq\o\ac(○,8)Thefirewas(toobig)hard(control)3、不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)for/ofsb(sth)todo：1)不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語,表語是(im)possible,(un)necessary,(un)easy,(un)likely,(un)usual,(un)important等表示對不定式動作的客觀陳述時,用for;而表語是good,nice,kind,friendly,brave,(im)polite,(dis)honest,cruel,stupid/clever,foolish/wise,silly/bright,careless(ful),childish,lucky表說話人對不定式動作及執(zhí)行者性格特征、能力特征的主觀感受或評價(贊揚、賞識或責(zé)備,貶低)時,用of..2)作其它成份都用for.eq\o\ac(○,1)Onesuggestedanswerisforfarmerstolimitthenumbersoftheircattle.(SB2AL34)eq\o\ac(○,2)Thisisforyoutodecide.eq\o\ac(○,3)Hegaveordersfortheworktobedoneatonce.eq\o\ac(○,4)It’sverykindofyoutosendmeoff.eq\o\ac(○,5)It’simportantforustoarrivethereontime.4、1)only+不定式作結(jié)果狀語,.表示出乎意料的結(jié)果;.句子主語與不定式動作是主謂關(guān)系,.不定式用主動式;若是動賓語關(guān)系,.用被動式,.表謂語動作后發(fā)生的又一動作,可改為and/but連接,與修飾的謂語動作并列。to+動原作結(jié)果狀語時，常與否定詞連用，表結(jié)果未產(chǎn)生。2)only+v-ing作結(jié)果狀語,強調(diào)謂語動作所造成的結(jié)果,是順理成章的必然結(jié)果,謂語與分詞是因果關(guān)系,不能改成and或but連接,但可用andso連接;句子謂語動詞多是終極結(jié)果的動詞,leave,arrive,die,end,return,breakup等;v-ing表結(jié)果時,強調(diào)謂語動作引起該結(jié)果這個客觀事實,但不是意料中必然結(jié)果。eq\o\ac(○,1)Theyliftedtherocksonly(have)themdropontheirownfeet.eq\o\ac(○,2)Ihurriedtothestationonly(tell)thetrainhadleftalready.eq\o\ac(○,3)Hedroppedthechinaplateonthecementground,only(break)itintopieces.eq\o\ac(○,4)Hewenttotheseasideonlytobedrowned..eq\o\ac(○,5)Tomwaslateforclass,(criticize)bytheheadteacher.eq\o\ac(○,6)Lily’smobilephonewasleftinataxiaccidentally,never(find)again.eq\o\ac(○,7)Itrainedhardalldayyesterday,only(cause)abigfloodinthisarea,forthereisn’tnoriveratall.eq\o\ac(○,8)MorehighwayshavebeenbuiltinChina,(make)itmucheasierforpeopletotravelfromoneplace.toanother.(NMET11陜西.20)5、不定式動詞是及物V,與被修飾的n、pron是動賓關(guān)系,.且謂語動詞是have,need,win等或with+n、pron,不定式用主動或被動,含義不同。若句子主語是不定式動作執(zhí)行者,不定式多用主動式;當(dāng)不定式邏輯主語不是句子主語用被動式.therebe+n/pron+不定式(主動或被動),.其余情況該用主動式就用主動式,該用被動式就用被動式。序數(shù)詞(thefirst,thesecond,thenext,thelast等)或形容詞最高級及其修飾之名詞被非謂語形式修飾時,用不定式。eq\o\ac(○,1)Ihavealotofwork(do)tonight.eq\o\ac(○,2)Haveyougotsomething(eat)eq\o\ac(○,3)I’mgoingtoTibet.Doyouhaveanything(take)toyoursonthereeq\o\ac(○,4)Hegaveordersforthework(do).eq\o\ac(○,5)Therearetoomanycakes(choose)from..eq\o\ac(○,6)Onedaythemantookapairofshoes(mend).EQ\o\ac(○,7)Heisalwaysthefirst(come)andthelast(leave).EQ\o\ac(○,8)TuYouyoubecamethefirstChinesescientist(win)theNobelPrizeinMedicine.6、betoblame(for)與betorent/let用主動表被動意義。.eq\o\ac(○,1)Youare(blame)(shouldbeblamed)foryourfaultinthejobthoughitwassmall..eq\o\ac(○,2)Whois(blame)(shouldberesponsible)fortheserioustrafficaccident.eq\o\ac(○,3)Thishouseis(rent)(willberented)..7、1）doany/every/no+thingbut/except/besides+(to)動原,凡謂語不是do,but等后必帶to+動原。2）cannothelp/choosebut+動原,“只好”。3）cannotbut+.動原,實質(zhì)上是2）的省略式。eq\o\ac(○,1)Hecandonothingbuttelllies.eq\o\ac(○,2)Hecandoeverythingbutsteal.eq\o\ac(○,3)Whatdoyoulikebesidestocollectstampseq\o\ac(○,4)Intwelveyearsshealmostneverspoketomeexcepttosay“Goodmorning”.eq\o\ac(○,5)Iwantnothingfromyoubut(get)yourtruefeelings.eq\o\ac(○,6)Ihavenochoicebut/except(listen)toyou..8、非謂語形式在特定句型中的運用：1).what(ever)sbcan+to動原(目的狀語).謂語+.everything/allsbcan+to動原(目的狀語)asmuchassbcan+to動原(目的狀語)..2)spendasmuch(time/money)assbcan/could+v-ing(賓語).eq\o\ac(○,1)Thedoctorsdidwhatevertheycould(save)theinjuredboy..eq\o\ac(○,2)Thegovernmentshoulddoasmuchastheycould(protect)thenaturalenvironment..eq\o\ac(○,3)Thetheorythemanstuckto(prove)right.二、動名詞v-ing既具有動詞的特點,可帶自己的賓語和狀語;又具有名詞的特點,做句子的主語、賓語、定語、.表語,表一般性或習(xí)慣性動作。動名詞做定語時,說明中心詞的類別或用途;做表語時,說明主語.的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)。動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：one’sdoing做主語、賓語、定語、表語,陳述事件內(nèi)容;做賓語、表語時,名詞用普通格,代詞用賓格。eq\o\ac(○,1)Hisfather’s(come)madethefamilyveryhappy..eq\o\ac(○,2)TeachingEnglishismyjob.→MyjobisteachingEnglisheq\o\ac(○,3)Thereisa(swim)poolatthebackofthegarden.eq\o\ac(○,4)Thenextthinghesawwassmoke(rise)frombehindthehouse.(NMET11新課標(biāo).27)1.只接v-ing做賓語的動詞有:suggest,consider(考慮),practise,finish,mind,enjoy,avoid,escape,delay,imagine,risk,admit,advise,tolerate(忍受),deny(否定,拒絕),miss(未做成),keep,resist(抵制),report,oppose,quit.eq\o\ac(○,1)Sheavoidedansweringsuchquestions.eq\o\ac(○,2)Hecouldn’tresistlaughing.eq\o\ac(○,3)Wouldyoumindwaitingafewmoreminuteseq\o\ac(○,4)Ifinishedreadingthisnovellastnight.eq\o\ac(○,5)Ithasstoppedraining..eq\o\ac(○,6)Shesuggestedbringingthemeetingtoanend.eq\o\ac(○,7)Thesquirrelwasluckythatitnarrowlyescaped(catch).2.remember/forget;goon/stop;mean,regret,try,want等接動名詞和接不定式，其含義不同。eq\o\ac(○,1)Ipostedthecard,butIforgot(do)that.eq\o\ac(○,2)—Thelightintheofficeisstillon.—Oh,Iforgot(turn)itoff.eq\o\ac(○,3)—Youshouldsaysorrytoyourbrother.—Yes,Iregret(quarrel)withhim.eq\o\ac(○,4)—TobuytheIMBPC686means(waste)alotofmoney.—ReallyIdon’tmean(waste)muchmoney.eq\o\ac(○,5)Iregret(tell)youthat(遺憾地).3.deserve,need,want,require加不定式被動式或動名詞主動式。eq\o\ac(○,1)Thedoorwants(repair).eq\o\ac(○,2)Hefeltthathedidn’tdeserve(give)suchagreathonor.eq\o\ac(○,3)Ineed(go)therebybike,butsomethingiswrongwithit.Itneeds(repair)..4.只接todo做賓語的動詞有:hope,wish,expect,attempt,desire,claim,(dis)agree,promise,refuse,afford,undertake(同意),prepare,plan,decide,determine,offer,beg,pretend;manage,fail.三、分詞..分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞..現(xiàn)在分詞表主動和正在進行..過去分詞表被動和已經(jīng)完成。分詞可作定語、賓補;作時間、條件、讓步狀語時可保留原從句連詞;作方式狀語要保留連詞;作原因、結(jié)果、目的狀語不保留連詞;還可作伴隨狀語。having(been)done通常不作后置定語、賓補和伴隨狀語(三不)。judgingfrom;generally/strictly/franklyspeaking;takingeverythingintoconsideration如全部考慮★everythingtakenintoconsideration/account;remaining作前置定語(不及物),而left及物作后置定語。一)定語：作定語相當(dāng)于定語從句。..eq\o\ac(○,1)Thisisadistressinglygrievous(慘痛的)lesson(pay)forwithblood...eq\o\ac(○,2)Thelecture,(start)at7:00pmlastnight,wasfollowedbyanobservationofthemoonwithpleasure.(NMET12湖南.31)二)狀語:作狀語相當(dāng)于狀語從句。1、時間狀語：相當(dāng)于before,after,since,until,when,while,as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。eq\o\ac(○,1)(When)Hearingthegoodnews,wewereallexcited.eq\o\ac(○,2)(When)Releasedfromthejail,hehadbeenseparatedfromhisfolksfornearly20years.eq\o\ac(○,3)Children,when(accompany)bytheirparents,areallowedtoenterthestadium..(NMET14湖南.21)2、條件狀語：相當(dāng)于if,unless,once引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句；祈使句+and(肯定)/or(否定)sbwill+動原;有時可用n(短語)+and(肯定)/or(否定)sbwill+動原。eq\o\ac(○,1)Givenanotherchance,we’lldoitmuchbetter.→Ifwe’regivenanotherchance,we’lldoitmuchbetter.eq\o\ac(○,2)Workingstillharder,you’llmakegreaterprogress.eq\o\ac(○,3)Once(itis)lost,itwillneverbefoundagain.eq\o\ac(○,5)Onefulcrum(支點)tome,andIwillliftupthewholeearth.eq\o\ac(○,4)Workhard,oryouwon’tsucceed..eq\o\ac(○,6)Morecourageoflovetome,andIwillpayitbackallmylife.給我愛的的勇氣,我將一輩子償還于你。eq\o\ac(○,7)Time,(use)correctly,ismoneyinthebank.(NMET12湖南.23)...eq\o\ac(○,8)(base)animportantdecisionmoreonemotionthanonreason,youwillregretitsoonerorlater.(NMET12江蘇.31)3、讓步狀語：相當(dāng)于(al)though,eventhough(if),引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。eq\o\ac(○,1)(Although)Admittingwhathehassaidisright,westillthinkhe’sdishonest.eq\o\ac(○,2)(Though)Seriouslywounded,thesoldierwentonfighting.4、方式狀語：相當(dāng)asif,asthough,than,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，連詞不省；當(dāng)從句中有itis(was)或thereis/was(were),也可省略。eq\o\ac(○,1)Theactorthrewhimselffromthehorseasif(shoot).eq\o\ac(○,2)Heopenedhismouthasif(speak).eq\o\ac(○,3)Infact,thesituationismuchbetterthan(itwas)(expect).5、原因狀語：相當(dāng)于because,since,as等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。eq\o\ac(○,1)Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.→Becausewedidn’tknowheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.eq\o\ac(○,2)(Becausehewas)Bornandbroughtupintheremotevillage,heknowsnothingabouttheoutsideworld.6、結(jié)果狀語：相當(dāng)andthus(hence)并列謂語,或sothat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句或表順承關(guān)系,即分詞動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之后。主謂.+so+adj(表)/adv(狀語)+that結(jié)果狀語從句.such+adj+n(不/可數(shù))+that+結(jié)果狀語從句→主謂.+so+adj/adv+asto+動原such+adj+n+asto+動原eq\o\ac(○,1)Mycarwascaughtinatrafficjam,thuscausingthedelay.→Mycarwascaughtinatrafficjam,andthuscausedthedelay.eq\o\ac(○,2)Heopenedthedoor,greetingtheguests.→Heopenedthedoorandgreetedtheguests.(順承關(guān)系)eq\o\ac(○,3)Heturnedoffthelamp,henceseeingnothing...→Heturnedoffthelamp,andhencesawnothing.eq\o\ac(○,4)Hewaslateforclass,thuscriticizedbyhisboss..eq\o\ac(○,5)Hegotupearlysothathecaughtthefirstbus..→Hegotupsoearlyastocatchthefirstbus..eq\o\ac(○,6)Hegotupsoearlyastocatchthefirstbus.eq\o\ac(○,7)Hegotuplateandhurriedtohisoffice,(leave)thebreakfastuntouched.(NMET12天津.11)7、目的狀語:主謂+.sothat+sbcan/may/will+動原→主謂+..(soas)to+動原inorderthat(inorder)to+動原eq\o\ac(○,1)Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.→Hegotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus..eq\o\ac(○,2)Tomdidsuchabadthingthathecouldbepaidmoreattentionto.→Tomdidsuchabadthingastobepaidmoreattentionto..eq\o\ac(○,3)ThechildrentalkedsoloudlyatthedinnertablethatIhadtostruggle(hear).8、伴隨狀語：表示與句子謂語動作伴隨的情況或狀態(tài),非并列關(guān)系,不可改為相應(yīng)狀語從句。eq\o\ac(○,1)Theblindmenstoodbytheroadsideallday,begging.eq\o\ac(○,2)Theyreturnedhome,thirstyandexhausted.eq\o\ac(○,3)Thestrangeraskedmetohandthelettertothepolice,(say)itwasveryimportant.eq\o\ac(○,4)Tomenjoyedhimself,(listen)towonderfullightmusic,andfeltrelaxedintheopenair.注1、無須考慮分詞與句子主語邏輯關(guān)系：1)provided/providing(that)如果,假使;given,assuming,supposing(that)如果;considering(that)鑒于。eq\o\ac(○,1)(suppose)(that)shedoesn’tcome,whatshallwedoeq\o\ac(○,2)(provide)(that)youfinishthehome-workfirst,youcangooutforaplay.eq\o\ac(○,3)(consider)everythingintoaccount,thethingisgettingwellalong.2)judgingby/fromeq\o\ac(○,1)Judgingbyhisaccent,hemaybefromthesouth.注2、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補,分詞所表示的動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生,且處于持續(xù)狀態(tài),而過去分詞作賓補,賓語與分詞是動賓關(guān)系。以下動詞,變成被動語態(tài),賓補變成主補?，F(xiàn)在分詞和不定式主動式作賓補,說明賓語是非謂語動作的執(zhí)行者。帶賓補的動詞：1）感觀V：see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,catch;hear,listento;feel.其它感觀V：find,note.2）使役V：let,make,have;set,get,leave,force,order,allow,permit,forbid;其它V：tell,inform,ask,beg.3）思維V：want,wish,expect,warn,like,advise,prefer,remind.eq\o\ac(○,1)Acookwillbeimmediatelyfirediffound(smoke)inthekitchen.(主補)eq\o\ac(○,2)“Sowhat”saidJackwithhisarms(cross),lookingangrilyathisboss.eq\o\ac(○,3)Icaughtathief(steal)fromasupermarketyesterdayevening.eq\o\ac(○,4)Theteacherdoesn’twishsuchquestions(discuss)inclass..eq\o\ac(○,5)Wheredidyouwatchthenationalflag(raise)at8:08August8...eq\o\ac(○,6)Believeitornot,IhearDavidHerbert(clean)thestreetinasmalltownnotfarawayfromhere.注3、surprised,worried,disappointed,embarrassed(尷尬),prepared,excited,pleased,astonished,delighted,satisfied,devoted(熱心的),discouraged,intended等心理V分詞以及drunk,lost,known,married,gone,separated作表語,已失去被動意義,只表狀態(tài)。eq\o\ac(○,1)IfoundthatIwaslost.eq\o\ac(○,2)Thedamageisdone.木已成舟./.生米做成熟飯。.eq\o\ac(○,3)Helooked(embarrass)(尷尬)whenquestioned.eq\o\ac(○,4)Thoseharddaysare(go)forever.注4、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補,強調(diào)與謂語動作同時發(fā)生;過去分詞作賓補,強調(diào)與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系上為被動(已發(fā)生或?qū)⒁l(fā)生)或完成;不定式作賓補強調(diào)動作全過程或?qū)⒁l(fā)生。seesthdone(已發(fā)生)/(將要發(fā)生done)eq\o\ac(○,1)Myunclesawmegrowupinthecountryside.(全過程)eq\o\ac(○,2)Ifoundmyselfcompletely(change).eq\o\ac(○,3)Somechildrenarestillinthehabitofleavingthetapwater(run)aftertheyuseit.eq\o\ac(○,4)I’llhaveittyped(被動)andgetsomeone(send)ittoyoutomorrow.eq\o\ac(○,5)Thecitizensexpecttoseetheenvironmentprotection(strengthen)throughthemeasures.注5、分詞作狀語,可置句首,句中或句末;有時表解釋說明,均以逗號與句子主干分開;但伴隨狀語多置句末。eq\o\ac(○,1)Followedbyhisassistants,theprofessorwalkedoutofthehall..→Theprofessor,followedbyhisassistants,walkedoutofthehall.eq\o\ac(○,2)“Welldone!”theteacherpattedtheshoulderofthestudent,satisfied(伴隨狀語)withasmileonhisface.eq\o\ac(○,3)Therescueworkersareworkingaroundtheclock,sendingthesuppliestotheareaofearthquake.(解釋)注6、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞相當(dāng)于狀語從句，主句中不再出現(xiàn)連詞；n套主謂，要用(n-1)個連詞;.若是并列謂語V,則強調(diào)各謂語動作的先后順序;若非并列謂語,則強調(diào)同時進行,且表伴隨。eq\o\ac(○,1)Thoughinvited,buttheydidn’tattendthedinnerparty.[×]→(Though)invited,theydidn’tattendthedinnerparty...[√]eq\o\ac(○,2)Wellknownforhisexpertadvice,sohewasabletohelpmanypeoplewithpersonalproblems.[×]..]→Wellknownforhisexpertadvice,hewasabletohelpmanypeoplewithpersonalproblems...[√]eq\o\ac(○,3)Heopenedthedoor,enteredtheroom,andturnedontheelectriclight.eq\o\ac(○,4)Crusoehurriedhome,(look)backconstantly..eq\o\ac(○,5)(observe)carefullyifanychangeoccurswhendoingexperimentsinlab.(NMET14北京.24)注7、beusedto+doing習(xí)慣于做beusedto+do被用來做usedto+do過去常常做注意前二者的非謂語形式和用法：usedto+doing/usedto+doeq\o\ac(○,1)Theoldmanusedto(get)upearlyusedto(like)totakeawalkalonebytheriverearlyinthemorning.注8、agree,refuse,love,like,hate,try,mean,hope,wish;wouldlike,beable/glad/happy不定式動詞與前面動詞相同,為避免重復(fù),.省略不定式后動詞,保留to;注意to(do),tobe(done);tohave(done),tohavebeen(done)之別。.eq\o\ac(○,1)—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft...—Imeant(thank),butwhenIwasleaving,Icouldn’tfindheranywhere.eq\o\ac(○,2)Somepeoplesuggestedshereconsiderthematter,butshe.(refuse)to.四、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：一個獨立主格名詞或代詞(邏輯主語)加上一個分詞或不定式(含動作意義),adj/adv或介詞短語（表狀態(tài)）。語法功能：相當(dāng)一個狀語從句,表示行為方式或伴隨情況,也可以表示時間、條件、讓步、原因、對比和順承關(guān)系等,但不做定語。1、表時間eq\o\ac(○,1)Springcoming,alltreeswillturngreen.....eq\o\ac(○,2)Themeetingover,theyleftthemeetingroom.eq\o\ac(○,3)Ourwork(do),wewenthomehurriedly.……..eq\o\ac(○,4)Waterchangingintoice,wecallitice.eq\o\ac(○,5)Thesignal(give),theplayersranasfastaspossible.2、表示條件eq\o\ac(○,1)Timepermitting,we’llvisittheImperialPalace.eq\o\ac(○,2)Weather(be)fine,we’llstartat6o’clock.eq\o\ac(○,3)Thepartywillbeheldinthegarden,weather(permit).(NMET12全國卷I28)EQ\o\ac(○,4)Winter(come),isspringfarbehind3、表示讓步EQ\o\ac(○,1)Lossesheavy(Althoughlosseswereheavy),werecoveredproductionsoonwiththeirhelp.EQ\o\ac(○,2)It(be)emergentfortime,wemusttryourbesttosolvethisproblem.EQ\o\ac(○,3)Badweather(cause)greatdamagetotheircrops,theoutputdidn’tfall.EQ\o\ac(○,4)Tom(work)hardallthetime,theresultsofallhissubjectsaren’tsatisfactory.4表示原因eq\o\ac(○,1)ItbeingSunday,thelibrarywasclosed.eq\o\ac(○,2)Therebeingnobuses,wehadtowalkhome.eq\o\ac(○,3)Thekey(lose),shecouldnotentertheroom.eq\o\ac(○,4)SuchgoodcadrestocarryouttheParty’spolicies,we’llbeatease(放心).eq\o\ac(○,5)She(notdo)herhomework,theteachergotangry.5、表示伴隨情況或補充說明。eq\o\ac(○,1)LastnightIfollowedhimandcamein,swordinhand(伴隨).※MotherTeresadiedavirgineq\o\ac(○,2)Theteachercameintotheclassroom,booksunderarm(伴隨).eq\o\ac(○,3)Infrontofthehousewasatalltree,itstopwellabovethetopsoftheothers(補充說明).eq\o\ac(○,4)Helayonhisback,histeeth(set),hisrighthand(clench)(緊握)onhisbreast,andhisglaringeyes(look)straightupward(伴隨).eq\o\ac(○,5)Ihaveboughtanewcoat,theoldone(wear)out(補充說明).eq\o\ac(○,6)Theplanecrashed,itsbombsexplodingasithittheground(補充說明).eq\o\ac(○,7)Shewalkedalongthepath,herson(follow)closebehind.eq\o\ac(○,8)Batsaresurprisinglylong-livedcreatures,some(have)alifespanofaround20years.(NMET11浙江.3)6、表示對比eq\o\ac(○,1)Tomisfat,hiswife(be)veryslim.→Tomisfatwhilehiswifeisveryslim.eq\o\ac(○,2)Silveristheconductor(導(dǎo)體)ofelectricity,copper(follow)itclosely.eq\o\ac(○,3)Wewentswimming,he(read)athome.→Wewentswimmingwhilehewasreadingathome..eq\o\ac(○,4)Histemperaturewasveryhigh,thebreathing(be)shallow.7、表示順承關(guān)系eq\o\ac(○,1)Today,Isendyouthreequartersofthesum(數(shù)目),therestofit(follow)withinamonth.eq\o\ac(○,2)NowIgiveyousomuch,therest(follow)soon.非謂語動詞種類及句法功能概述:在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式（theInfinitive）；動名詞（theGerund）；現(xiàn)在分詞（thePresentParticiple）；過去分詞(thePastParticiple)。1．非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有：（1）如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用，如：Theybuiltagarden.Theysuggestedbuildingagarden.（2）都可以被狀語修飾：Thesuitfitshimverywell.Thesuitusedtofithimverywell.（3）都有主動與被動,“體”式（一般式；進行式；完成式）的變化。如：Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.（謂語動詞被動語態(tài)）Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents.（動名詞的被動式）Wehavewrittenthecomposition.（謂語動詞的完成時）Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）（4）都可以有邏輯主語Theystartedtheworkatonce.（謂語動詞的邏輯主語）Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語）WeareLeaguemembers.（謂語動詞的主語）WebeingLeaguemember,theworkwaswelldone.（現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語）2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有：（1）非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。（2）非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。（3）非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。非謂語動詞用法：（一）動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。不定式的形式：（以動詞write為例）否定式：not+(to)do（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后,如：I’mgladtomeetyou.Heseemstoknowalot.Weplan(pay)avisit.Hewantstobeanartist.Thepatientasked(operate)onatonce.Theteacherorderedthework(do).（2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，如：Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.Heseems(play)computergamesinhisroom.（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：Iregrettedtohavetoldalie.Ihappened(see)thefilm.Heispleased(meet)hisfriend.2．不定式的句法功能：（1）作主語：Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.（2）作表語：Herjobistocleanthehall..Heappearstohavecaughtacold.（3）作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面，例如：Marxfounditimportant(study)thesituationinRussia.動詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如：Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.HedidnothinglastSundaybut(to)repairhisbike.動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如：HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.（4）作賓語補足語：在復(fù)合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.此外，介詞有時也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用，如：Withalotofworktodo,hedidn'tgotothecinema．有些動詞如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態(tài)時，不定式要加to,如：Isawhimcrosstheroad.→Hewasseentocrosstheroad.（5）作定語：動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：①動賓關(guān)系：Ihaveameetingtoattend.注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.Whatdidyouopenitwith如果不定式修飾time,place,way，可以省略介詞：Hehasnoplacetolive.Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：HaveyougotanythingtosendHaveyougotanything(send)②說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：Heisthefirsttogethere.（6）作狀語：①表目的：Heworkeddayandnight(get)themoney.Shesoldherhair(buy)thewatchchain.注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong：Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.right：Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.wrong：TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.right：TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.②表結(jié)果：Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.常用only放在不定式前表示強調(diào)：Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.③表原因：Theywereverysadtohearthenews.④表程度：It'stoodarkforustoseeanything.Thequestionissimpleforhimtoanswer.（7）作獨立成分：Totellyouthetruth,Idon'tlikethewayhetalked.（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。Ifyoudon'twanttodoit,youdon'tneedto.（9）不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略to。Hewished(study)medicineandbecomeadoctor.（二）動名詞：動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。1．動名詞的形式：否定式：not+動名詞（1）一般式：Seeingisbelieving.眼見為實。（2）被動式：Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited．他未被邀請就來到了晚會。（3）完成式：Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.我們記得看過這部電影。（4）完成被動式：Heforgot(take)toGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。（5）否定式：not+動名詞Iregretnotfollowinghisadvice.我后悔沒聽他的勸告。（6）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+動名詞Hesuggestedour(try)itonceagain.他建議我們再試一次。HisnotknowingEnglishtroubledhimalot.他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。2．動名詞的句法功能：（1）作主語：Readingaloudisveryhelpful.朗讀是很有好處的。Collectingstampsisinteresting.集郵很有趣。當(dāng)動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。It'snouse(quarrel).爭吵是沒用的。（2）作表語：Intheantcity,thequeen'sjobis(lay)eggs.在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。（3）作賓語Theyhaven'tfinished(build)thedam.他們還沒有建好大壩。Wehavetopreventtheairfrom(pollute).我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid（避免）,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit（承認），deny（否認）,mind,permit,fo