1999考研英語(yǔ)一真題專業(yè)客

1999年入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試Section StructureandPartABeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecovery justaroundthecornerwasuntrue.wouldtoSmokingissoharmfultoalhealththatitkills peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.sevenmoreseventimesoversevensevenIt’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonvague placeinourever-changingtoThisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andone whichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscoveredalmostdaily. canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.IIwasunabletoAlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningsuchshortCaliforniahasmorelightthanitknows todowithbuteverythingelseisThesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallandget tospendmostoftheirtimesotoowellwellMarlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabout tohispoliticalleaders.havingtotohaveTheseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan intraditionalmedia.toPartEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)YourmathinstructorwouldhaveA

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driverscanfillthemupatthegasPartCBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto furtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.Althougharchitecturehasartisticqualities,itmustalsosatisfyanumberofimportant Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss bread-winner’sdeath.atthecostonthevergeasaresultforthesakeIneducationthereshouldbeagood amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.TheAmericandreamismost duringtheperiodsofproductivityandwealthgeneratedbyAmericancapitalism.Povertyisnot inmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsincertainareas,itismorevisiblethere.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthoselivinginpopulatedareas.Asawayof swhiletheywereaway,theJohnsonsaskedthecleaningladytosendlittleprintedslipsaskingthesenderstowriteagainlater.pickingcopassingfromhisfromhisintentiontoinvestTom’smothertriedhardtopersuadehimtosavingsinstockmarket.pullgivedrawbackAnincreasingproportionofourpopulation,unabletolivewithoutadvanced, eprogressivelymorereliantonexpensiveThesecausesproducedthegreatchangeinthecountrythatmodernizedthe highereducationfromthemid-1860’stothemid-1880’hefinancialinthefinancialsystem[D]Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslydragdownthe Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribe inmanyanimalThecityisanimportant andindustrialandconventionProf.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.Researchersdiscoveredthatplantsinfectedwitha giveoffagasthat inneighboringplants.Corporationsandlaborunionshave greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponteralpublic.Themovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,whichwasfromonenewmoontothenext.Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas theissueathand.Fuelscarcitiesandprice automobiledesignerstoscaledownlargestmodelsandtodevelopcompleynewlinesofsmallcarsand ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataSuccessfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety48.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B]vivid[C]mobile[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]constituting[B]aggravating[C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]comes [B]turns [C]pays [D]holds[A] [B] [C]declarations[D][A]anadvantage[B]a [C]an [D]aSectionIIIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegsliponyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheirsmrs’misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.ThelabelonahidsBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“dsnotenableusertofl.”Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Asalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,courtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywun’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,ofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“Werereallysorryhehas arentthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonforthee’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhosemendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.mprninformationcangetburiedinaseaofrat,”saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallyprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalWhatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentsCustomersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughInjuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalCompanieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewJuriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniesManufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetend satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirmakethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalfeelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyastheirThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstrated someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbyhelmetswerenotdesignedtoprevent[D]somesportsgamesmightlose[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithTheauthor’sattitudetowardstheissueseemstoText.InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproducthey’elookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Busnssneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthe,”saysseniorystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothemaysprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto”smrsintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopuh”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlyto edcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoamny’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards, ,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWeb hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsintendedtofollowafancifultriedbutinvaintocontrolthehasbeenboomingforoneyearorSpeakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimplies.thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebbusinesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinethereisaradicalchangeinitisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedIntheviewofNet thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlinemoneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoonthetheWebshouldbeabletofunctionastheevisionthereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutWelearnfromthelastparagraph pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetinteractivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlineleadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadessettingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingTextAninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththentoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois pleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalTherearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalBut,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtoeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessaryto inganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroom dubiouslyself-radicallyThebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoall isindicativeofapessimismincameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofisdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredItcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor’scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis dependentuponthestartingageofworthtryinginvarioussocialoflittlepracticalattractivetoeverykindofAccordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshould includedasanauxiliarycourseinhighlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalequallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorTextWhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,Clintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment--althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswith mendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheir NBACwillaskthatn’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefiniy,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordthe mendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whetherto mendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetothe mendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranroslife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoNBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivayfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“pintheai.”Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraph federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonetheWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofNBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtheWhiteHousehasgotthes mendationsonThepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexcept thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadeathecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermoreitiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumanitwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanNBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussed embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofthehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoanembryo’slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryotheissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledintheItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloning alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnoprivayfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’stheissueofhumancloningwillsoonbeTextScience,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudonthaveunpredictablethings,youdonthaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthescentfcmthd”asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’eattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid“hedataarestillinconclusive.“Weknow”menfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,btwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightxpe?”Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthas ethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeeoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainsttheddals”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswhowrwellwiththeeam.”TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewton inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificscienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareunpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificTheauthorassertsthat shun’treplace“sfcmethd”withimaginativeshun’tneglecttospeculateonunpredictableshouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicalshouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchItseemsthatsomeyoung haveakeeninterestinoftenspeculateonthestickto“fc”.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientific.maynotbeasprofitableastheyarecanbemeasuredindollarsandrelyonconformitytoastandardSectionIVEnglish-ChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistorian