有效銀行監(jiān)管的核心原則課件

CorePrinciplesforEffectiveBankingSupervision

有效銀行監(jiān)管的核心原則CorePrinciplesforEffectiveWhataretheCorePrinciples?

什么是核心原則？TheCorePrinciplesareasetofsupervisoryguidelinesorprinciplesaimedatprovidingageneralframeworkforeffectivebankingsupervision.TheyareintendedforG-10aswellasnon-G-10countries

核心原則是旨在提供有效銀行監(jiān)管總體框架的一套監(jiān)管指引或原則，該原則主要為十國集團(tuán)設(shè)計(jì)，對(duì)其他國家也適用Tobeusedasareferencedocumentbynationalsupervisorsandinternationalinstitutions

可供銀行監(jiān)管當(dāng)局和國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)參考ContributionoftheBaselCommitteetotheobjectiveof“strengtheningsupervisorystandardsinemerginganddevelopingcountries”

是巴塞爾委員會(huì)為實(shí)現(xiàn)“強(qiáng)化新興國家和發(fā)展中國家監(jiān)管標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”目標(biāo)而設(shè)計(jì)的2WhataretheCorePrinciples?

WhattheCorePrinciplesarenot

核心原則不是Aremedyforeconomicmismanagement

經(jīng)濟(jì)管理不善的補(bǔ)救措施Aguaranteethatnobankwillfail

銀行不會(huì)倒閉的保證Arigidsetofstandards一套僵化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)A“quickfix”一套能立竿見影的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)3WhattheCorePrinciplesarenTheCorePrinciplescoverabroadrangeoftopics

核心原則涉及一系列問題Preconditionsforeffectivebankingsupervision

有效銀行監(jiān)管的先決條件Licensingprocessandapprovalforchangesinstructure

發(fā)照程序和結(jié)構(gòu)變化的審批Arrangementsforongoingbankingsupervision

對(duì)銀行實(shí)施持續(xù)監(jiān)管的安排Formalpowersofsupervisors監(jiān)管者享有的法定權(quán)力Cross-borderbanking跨境銀行業(yè)4TheCorePrinciplescoverabrTheCorePrinciples核心原則Generalbutcomprehensive

具有概括性和全面性O(shè)nmanyissuesexistenceofaBaselCommitteedocument

對(duì)于許多問題，巴塞爾委員會(huì)已有文件Onotherissuesdocumentscontainingmoredetailedguidancearebeingdeveloped

對(duì)于其他問題，詳細(xì)的指引文件正在研究制定5TheCorePrinciples核心原則GeneraTheCompendium綱要6TheCompendium綱要6SupervisorsCanNotDoItAlone!!

僅靠監(jiān)管者并不能做到Soundandsustainablemacro-economicpolicies

良好的可持續(xù)的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策Awell-developedpublicinfrastructure

完善的公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Effectivemarketdiscipline有效的市場規(guī)則Proceduresforefficientresolutionofproblemsinbanks

有效解決銀行問題的程序Mechanismsforprovidinganappropriatelevelofsystemicprotection(orpublicsafetynet)

提供良好系統(tǒng)保護(hù)的機(jī)制（或公共安全網(wǎng)）7SupervisorsCanNotDoItAlonPreconditionsforEffectiveBankingSupervision:

有效銀行監(jiān)管的先決條件Clearresponsibilitiesandobjectivesforeachagency

每個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)都有明確的職責(zé)和目標(biāo)Operationalindependenceandadequateresources

獨(dú)立運(yùn)作并有足夠的資源Asuitablelegalframeworkforbankingsupervision

合適的銀行監(jiān)管法律框架Arrangementsforinformation-sharingamongsupervisors

監(jiān)管者信息共享的安排8PreconditionsforEffectiveBaLicensingProcess發(fā)照程序Thelicensingprocessiscriticaltoensuringthatparticipantsinthebankingsystemhavethenecessaryqualifications.Althoughthelicensingprocesscannotguaranteethatabankwillbewellrunafteritopens,itcanbeaneffectivemethodforreducingthenumberofunstableinstitutionsthatenterthebankingsystem.Clearandobjectivecriteriareducethepotentialforpoliticalinterferenceinthelicensingprocess.發(fā)照程序?qū)Υ_保銀行系統(tǒng)的參與者具備必要的條件至關(guān)重要。盡管它不能保證銀行開業(yè)后的良好運(yùn)作，但卻是減少銀行系統(tǒng)中不穩(wěn)定機(jī)構(gòu)的有效手段。清晰和客觀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有助于降低發(fā)放過程中政治干預(yù)的可能性。Supervisorsshouldalsomonitorsignificantchangesinownershipstructureaswellassignificantchangesinactivities(includingacquisitionsandinvestments).監(jiān)管者在監(jiān)督重要的業(yè)務(wù)變化（包括收購和投資）的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)該監(jiān)督重大的所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)的變動(dòng)。9LicensingProcess發(fā)照程序TheliceItemstoconsider需要考慮的事項(xiàng)proposedownershipstructure所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)operatingplan經(jīng)營計(jì)劃suitabilityofdirectorsandseniormanagers(fitandpropertest)

合適的董事及高管人員（資格測試）financialprojections,includingcapital

包括資本金在內(nèi)的財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)測forforeignbanks,thepriorapprovalofthehomecountrysupervisor

對(duì)外國銀行，首先應(yīng)獲得母國監(jiān)管當(dāng)局的批準(zhǔn)LicensingProcess發(fā)照程序10Itemstoconsider需要考慮的事項(xiàng)LicenArrangementsforOngoingBankingSupervision(SectionIV)

持續(xù)監(jiān)管的安排（第四部分）Thissectioncontains16ofthe25principlesandcoverstheessenceofongoingsupervision.Therearethreeprimarycomponents該部分包括16條原則，論述了持續(xù)監(jiān)管的基本內(nèi)容。主要有以下三個(gè)方面：Prudentialregulationsandrequirements審慎規(guī)定及要求Methodsofongoingbankingsupervision持續(xù)監(jiān)管的手段Informationrequirements信息要求11ArrangementsforOngoingBankiPrudentialRegulationsandRequirements

審慎規(guī)定及要求Capitaladequacy資本充足率Creditriskmanagement信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理Marketriskmanagement市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理“Other”riskmanagement其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理Internalcontrols內(nèi)部控制12PrudentialRegulationsandReqMethodsofOngoingBankingSupervision

持續(xù)監(jiān)管的手段On-siteandoff-sitesupervision現(xiàn)場和非現(xiàn)場檢查Regularcontactwithbankmanagement

與銀行管理層保持經(jīng)常性接觸Meansofcollecting,reviewingandanalyzingprudentialreportsandstatisticalreturnsonasoloandconsolidatedbasis

在單個(gè)和并表的基礎(chǔ)上收集、評(píng)估和分析審慎報(bào)告和統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表的手段Meansofindependentvalidation獨(dú)立核實(shí)的手段Abilityofsupervisorstosuperviseconsolidatedentity

監(jiān)管者有能力對(duì)集團(tuán)進(jìn)行并表監(jiān)管13MethodsofOngoingBankingSupInformationRequirements信息要求Accountingstandards會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則Scopeandfrequencyofreporting報(bào)告的范圍和頻率Confirmationoftheaccuracyofinformationsubmitted確認(rèn)上報(bào)信息的準(zhǔn)確性Disclosure信息披露14InformationRequirements信息要求AFormalPowersofSupervisors(SectionV)監(jiān)管者的法定權(quán)力（第五部分）Bankingsupervisorsmusthaveattheirdisposaladequatesupervisorymeasurestobringabouttimelycorrectiveactionwhenbanksfailtomeetprudentialrequirements,whenthereareregulatoryviolations,orwheredepositorsarethreatenedinanyotherway.銀行監(jiān)管者必須掌握完善的監(jiān)管手段，以便在銀行違背審慎要求、違法違規(guī)或者存款人受到威脅時(shí)，能夠及時(shí)采取糾正措施Variouscorrectivemeasures(thepunishmentshouldfitthecrime)不同的糾正措施（懲罰應(yīng)與罪行相符）Mild(extrareporting,specialaudits,etc.)溫和處理（特別報(bào)告，專項(xiàng)審計(jì)等）Morepunitive(fines,replacementofmanagers,suspensionofdividends)更具懲罰性的處理（罰款、更換管理人員、暫停分紅）Revocationoflicense吊銷執(zhí)照15FormalPowersofSupervisors(Cross-borderBanking(SectionVI)

跨國銀行（第六部分）Obligationsofhomecountrysupervisors

母國監(jiān)管當(dāng)局的職責(zé)Obligationsofhostcountrysupervisors

東道國監(jiān)管當(dāng)局的職責(zé)BasedonconceptscontainedintheBaselConcordatandthedocument“Thesupervisionofcross-borderbanking”

以巴塞爾協(xié)議和“跨國銀行監(jiān)管”等文件中的相關(guān)概念為基礎(chǔ)16Cross-borderBanking(SectionThechallengeforsupervisorsisQUALITYimplementationoftheCorePrinciples

對(duì)監(jiān)管者而言，面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是如何高質(zhì)量地實(shí)施核心原則TheCorePrinciplesareprovidingthenecessaryfoundationtoachieveasoundsupervisorysystem

核心原則為打造良好的監(jiān)管系統(tǒng)提供了必要的基礎(chǔ)LocalcharacteristicsneedtobetakenintoaccountinthespecificwayinwhichthePrinciplesareimplemented

實(shí)施核心原則應(yīng)考慮本國國情ThePrinciplesmaynotbesufficient,ontheirown,inmanycountries

對(duì)許多國家而言，核心原則也許并不足夠EachcountryshouldthereforeconsidertowhatextentthePrinciplesneedtobesupplementedtoaddressparticularconditionsorrisksprevailinginthelocalmarket

因此，每個(gè)國家都應(yīng)該思考如何完善這些原則，以便解決本國特有的一些問題17ThechallengeforsupervisorsInmanycountriesQUALITYimplementationwillbealongprocess,asitrequires

對(duì)許多國家而言，高質(zhì)量地實(shí)施核心原則將是一個(gè)長期過程，因?yàn)樗枰狝competentandmotivatedbodyofprofessionalsupervisors一支高素質(zhì)的專業(yè)監(jiān)管隊(duì)伍Abankingregulatoryframeworkthatsupportssoundbankingpractices一個(gè)推動(dòng)銀行穩(wěn)健經(jīng)營的監(jiān)管框架Asoundcreditculturethatincludesreasonablelendingpractices包含合理貸款實(shí)踐的良好信用文化Adequateaccounting,reportinganddisclosurerequirementsthatsupportfinancialtransparency有助于提高財(cái)務(wù)透明度的會(huì)計(jì)、報(bào)告和信息披露要求18InmanycountriesQUALITYimplWhathasbeenhappeningsince1997?

1997年以來發(fā)生了什么？"L'éxécutionc'esttout"–Napoleon“執(zhí)行就是一切”—拿破侖19WhathasbeenhappeningsinceStepstoAchievingImplementation

實(shí)施步驟Firststep:factfinding-identificationofareaswherechangeswillbenecessary第一步：實(shí)況調(diào)查—確認(rèn)必須變革的領(lǐng)域Inmanycountries,substantivechangesinthelegislativeframeworkarenecessary(thiscanbealengthyprocessasitisinthehandsofthepoliticians!)許多國家還有必要對(duì)法律框架進(jìn)行重大變革（由于立法掌控在政治家手中，因此這一過程可能比較漫長）Establishmentofatimetable確立時(shí)間表Externalpressures(especiallymarketforces)外部壓力（特別是市場力量）20StepstoAchievingImplementatRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞爾委員會(huì)在實(shí)施過程中的作用CreationoftheCorePrinciplesLiaisonGroup建立核心原則聯(lián)絡(luò)小組1998Survey(andfollow-upsurveys)1998年調(diào)查（以及隨后的調(diào)查）FurtherdetailedpaperstoprovidesupporttotheCorePrinciples為支持核心原則，進(jìn)一步細(xì)化了有關(guān)文件Developmentofcriteriafordeterminingadequacyofimplementation(“CorePrinciplesMethodology”)制定了確定充分實(shí)施程度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（核心原則方法論）CreationoftheFSI創(chuàng)立了FSIIssuanceoftheSelf-AssessmentGuide發(fā)布了自我評(píng)估指引21RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞爾委員會(huì)在實(shí)施過程中的作用TheCorePrinciplesLiaisonGroupconsistsof:核心原則聯(lián)絡(luò)小組包括：representativesfrom7G-10countries(France,Germany,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates)

10國集團(tuán)中7個(gè)成員國的代表（法、德、意、日、荷、英、美）representativesfrom15non-G-10countries(Argentina,Australia,Brazil,Chile,ChinaandHongKong,theCzechRepublic,Korea,India,Mexico,Russia,SaudiArabia,Singapore,SouthAfricaandWestAfrica)

非10國集團(tuán)15個(gè)國家代表（阿根廷、澳大利亞、巴西、智利、中國和香港、捷克、韓國、印度、墨西哥、俄羅斯、沙特、新加坡、南非和西非）representativesfromtheIMFandWorldBank國際貨幣基金組織和世行的代表TheLiaisonGroupprovidescriticalfeedbackonimplementationissues聯(lián)絡(luò)小組對(duì)實(shí)施中遇到的問題提供重要的反饋22RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞爾委員會(huì)在實(shí)施過程中的作用1998Survey-127countriesresponded(80%responserate)1998年的調(diào)查—共有127個(gè)國家給予了反饋（反饋率為80%）Problemswithselfassessments自我評(píng)估遇到問題Qualityofresponsesvariedgreatly反饋質(zhì)量參差不齊Lackofdirectiononwhatconstitutes“implementation”缺乏對(duì)于如何“實(shí)施”的指導(dǎo)Significantchangesarepresentlytakingplaceinthemajorityofsupervisorysystems目前，大多數(shù)國家的監(jiān)管體系正歷經(jīng)著重大變革Needforadequateresources,training需要充足的資源和培訓(xùn)23RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinFurtherdetailedpaperstoprovidesupporttotheCorePrinciples為支持核心原則，對(duì)有關(guān)文件進(jìn)行了細(xì)化Internalcontrols內(nèi)部控制Creditriskmanagement信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理Liquidityriskmanagement流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理Corporategovernance公司治理Accountingstandards會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則RoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞爾委員會(huì)在實(shí)施過程中的作用24FurtherdetailedpaperstoproTheAssessmentProcessand

theCorePrinciplesMethodology

評(píng)估程序和核心原則方法論

25TheAssessmentProcessand

theInitialProblemswithAssessments

評(píng)估的基本問題Self-assessmentsfoundtobeunsatisfactory發(fā)現(xiàn)自我評(píng)估不盡如意BaselCommitteelackedwillingnessandresourcestodoassessments巴塞爾委員會(huì)缺乏進(jìn)行評(píng)估所需的意愿和資源Peerreviewwaspoliticallycharged同行評(píng)估被認(rèn)為具有政治目的Privateconsultantscouldnotbestrictlyobjective私人顧問不可能非?？陀^IMFandWorldBanktookontheresponsibilityofconductingassessmentsbuttheirinitialassessmentsrevealedadditionalproblem國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行承擔(dān)了評(píng)估職責(zé)，但是他們初步評(píng)估揭露出其他問題26InitialProblemswithAssessmeProblemsencounteredbyIMFandWorldBank

國際貨幣基金組織和世行遇到的問題ToomanyPrinciplesweresubjecttointerpretation太多的原則需要解釋Comparabilityamongassessmentslacking評(píng)估缺乏可比性Non-supervisorsneededmoreguidanceinmakingdeterminations非監(jiān)管人員在決策時(shí)需要更多的指導(dǎo)Noclearmethodforpresentingtheirfindings沒有明確的展現(xiàn)結(jié)果的方法So,CPMethodologywasagreed因此，核心原則方法論被接受27ProblemsencounteredbyIMFanTheCorePrinciplesMethodology

核心原則方法論Developmentofcriteriafordeterminingadequacyofimplementation制定確定充分實(shí)施程度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Criteriadividedintotwocategories:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為兩類Essentialcriteria基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Additionalcriteria附加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IMF/WorldBankagreementonapproachtoassessments國際貨幣基金組織/世行同意評(píng)估的方法28TheCorePrinciplesMethodologObjectivesoftheIMF/WorldBankCorePrinciplesAssessments:

國際貨幣基金組織/世行核心原則評(píng)估的目標(biāo)

Determinewhetherbankingsupervisorsareabletosupervisethebankingindustryinanadequateandeffectivemanner確定銀行監(jiān)管者是否能夠以充分有效的方式對(duì)銀行業(yè)實(shí)施監(jiān)管Proposeacourseofactiontoaddressidentifiedweaknesses建議采取一系列行動(dòng)去解決發(fā)現(xiàn)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)29ObjectivesoftheIMF/WorldBaRequirementsforAssessors

對(duì)評(píng)估人員的要求Foureyesprincipleamust必須具備四只眼原則Atleastonehighlyexperiencedsupervisor至少有一位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的監(jiān)管人員Thesecondmusthavesomesupervisoryknowledge另外一名人員必須有一定的監(jiān)管知識(shí)Knowledgeoflanguageandculturealsoimportant語言和文化知識(shí)也很重要30RequirementsforAssessors

對(duì)評(píng)估KeyElementsoftheAssessmentProcess

評(píng)估程序的關(guān)鍵要素Genuinecooperationofsupervisoryauthorityiscritical監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的誠意合作至關(guān)重要Assessmentsmusttakeintoaccountthespecificsofeachcountry評(píng)估必須考慮各國的特點(diǎn)Theassessmentconsistsofacombinationofoff-siteandon-siteanalysis評(píng)估包括非現(xiàn)場和現(xiàn)場分析AssessmentisdonePrinciplebyPrinciplewithNOoverallassessmentorgradegiven評(píng)估應(yīng)該按照原則逐條進(jìn)行，不進(jìn)行總體評(píng)估和評(píng)級(jí)IFIsdonotwanttobecomeratingagenciesIFIs不想成為評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)Overallassessmentcanbeverypolitical總體評(píng)估可能政治化31KeyElementsoftheAssessmentTheFiveBuildingBlocks五個(gè)基礎(chǔ)Legalframework法律框架Prudentialregulatoryframework審慎監(jiān)管框架Organization組織Resources資源Enforcement執(zhí)行32TheFiveBuildingBlocks五個(gè)基礎(chǔ)LAssessmentCategories評(píng)估結(jié)果Compliant合規(guī)Largelycompliant,andeffortstoachievefullcomplianceunderway大部分合規(guī)，正向完全合規(guī)方面努力Largelycompliant大部分合規(guī)Materiallynon-compliant,andeffortstoachievecomplianceunderway基本不合規(guī)，正向合規(guī)方向努力Materiallynon-compliant基本不合規(guī)Non-compliant,andeffortstoachievecomplianceunderway不合規(guī)，正向合規(guī)方向努力Non-compliant不合規(guī)[Notapplicable][不適用]33AssessmentCategories評(píng)估結(jié)果CompReportofFindings評(píng)估結(jié)果報(bào)告Assessors’viewsoncapacityandwillingnesstocomply評(píng)估人員對(duì)合規(guī)能力和意愿的評(píng)價(jià)Mainaspectsofcomplianceandnon-compliance合規(guī)和不合規(guī)的主要內(nèi)容Actionplanproposed對(duì)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃的建議Supervisoryagency’sviewsonassessmentissues監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)評(píng)估問題的意見Resultsofassessmentsareconsideredthe“property”ofthecountrybeingassessed-disclosureispermittedonavoluntarybasis評(píng)估結(jié)果視為被評(píng)估國家的“財(cái)產(chǎn)”—自主決定是否對(duì)其進(jìn)行披露34ReportofFindings評(píng)估結(jié)果報(bào)告AssesIMF/WorldBankObservationstoDate

國際貨幣基金組織/世行目前的發(fā)現(xiàn)Regulatoryframeworksneedfurtherimprovements監(jiān)管框架需要進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)Keepingupwithindustrychangesiskey與銀行業(yè)改革保持一致是關(guān)鍵Supervisionistoooftencompliance-orientedandinsufficientlyrisk-based銀行監(jiān)管經(jīng)常以合規(guī)性為基礎(chǔ)，而不是以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為基礎(chǔ)Enforcementisweak:supervisorsoftenlackauthorityand/orcredibility執(zhí)行不力：監(jiān)管者缺少權(quán)威和/或可信度Inadequatestaffingandstaffcapacityisamajorconcern人員缺乏或能力不足是大問題ITsystemsneedmajorupgrading信息系統(tǒng)需要大幅更新35IMF/WorldBankObservationstoFrequentlyAskedQuestions常見問題WilltheCorePrinciplesbeamendedperiodically?核心原則會(huì)定期修改嗎？Supervisorsareworriedaboutthegoalpostsmoving監(jiān)管者擔(dān)心監(jiān)管目標(biāo)變動(dòng)ThereismorepossibilityforchangesintheMethodologydocument方法文件更有可能發(fā)生變化AresomePrinciplesmoreimportantthanothers?各條原則的重要性是否一樣？Willtheresultsoftheexternalassessmentseverbemadepublic?外部評(píng)估結(jié)果是否會(huì)公開？Whatarethemostcommonimpedimentstofullimplementation?全面實(shí)施的最常見阻礙是什么？Lackofresources,training,autonomy缺少資源，培訓(xùn)和自主權(quán)36FrequentlyAskedQuestions常見問CorePrinciplesforEffectiveBankingSupervision

有效銀行監(jiān)管的核心原則CorePrinciplesforEffectiveWhataretheCorePrinciples?

什么是核心原則？TheCorePrinciplesareasetofsupervisoryguidelinesorprinciplesaimedatprovidingageneralframeworkforeffectivebankingsupervision.TheyareintendedforG-10aswellasnon-G-10countries

核心原則是旨在提供有效銀行監(jiān)管總體框架的一套監(jiān)管指引或原則，該原則主要為十國集團(tuán)設(shè)計(jì)，對(duì)其他國家也適用Tobeusedasareferencedocumentbynationalsupervisorsandinternationalinstitutions

可供銀行監(jiān)管當(dāng)局和國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)參考ContributionoftheBaselCommitteetotheobjectiveof“strengtheningsupervisorystandardsinemerginganddevelopingcountries”

是巴塞爾委員會(huì)為實(shí)現(xiàn)“強(qiáng)化新興國家和發(fā)展中國家監(jiān)管標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”目標(biāo)而設(shè)計(jì)的38WhataretheCorePrinciples?

WhattheCorePrinciplesarenot

核心原則不是Aremedyforeconomicmismanagement

經(jīng)濟(jì)管理不善的補(bǔ)救措施Aguaranteethatnobankwillfail

銀行不會(huì)倒閉的保證Arigidsetofstandards一套僵化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)A“quickfix”一套能立竿見影的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)39WhattheCorePrinciplesarenTheCorePrinciplescoverabroadrangeoftopics

核心原則涉及一系列問題Preconditionsforeffectivebankingsupervision

有效銀行監(jiān)管的先決條件Licensingprocessandapprovalforchangesinstructure

發(fā)照程序和結(jié)構(gòu)變化的審批Arrangementsforongoingbankingsupervision

對(duì)銀行實(shí)施持續(xù)監(jiān)管的安排Formalpowersofsupervisors監(jiān)管者享有的法定權(quán)力Cross-borderbanking跨境銀行業(yè)40TheCorePrinciplescoverabrTheCorePrinciples核心原則Generalbutcomprehensive

具有概括性和全面性O(shè)nmanyissuesexistenceofaBaselCommitteedocument

對(duì)于許多問題，巴塞爾委員會(huì)已有文件Onotherissuesdocumentscontainingmoredetailedguidancearebeingdeveloped

對(duì)于其他問題，詳細(xì)的指引文件正在研究制定41TheCorePrinciples核心原則GeneraTheCompendium綱要42TheCompendium綱要6SupervisorsCanNotDoItAlone!!

僅靠監(jiān)管者并不能做到Soundandsustainablemacro-economicpolicies

良好的可持續(xù)的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策Awell-developedpublicinfrastructure

完善的公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Effectivemarketdiscipline有效的市場規(guī)則Proceduresforefficientresolutionofproblemsinbanks

有效解決銀行問題的程序Mechanismsforprovidinganappropriatelevelofsystemicprotection(orpublicsafetynet)

提供良好系統(tǒng)保護(hù)的機(jī)制（或公共安全網(wǎng)）43SupervisorsCanNotDoItAlonPreconditionsforEffectiveBankingSupervision:

有效銀行監(jiān)管的先決條件Clearresponsibilitiesandobjectivesforeachagency

每個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)都有明確的職責(zé)和目標(biāo)Operationalindependenceandadequateresources

獨(dú)立運(yùn)作并有足夠的資源Asuitablelegalframeworkforbankingsupervision

合適的銀行監(jiān)管法律框架Arrangementsforinformation-sharingamongsupervisors

監(jiān)管者信息共享的安排44PreconditionsforEffectiveBaLicensingProcess發(fā)照程序Thelicensingprocessiscriticaltoensuringthatparticipantsinthebankingsystemhavethenecessaryqualifications.Althoughthelicensingprocesscannotguaranteethatabankwillbewellrunafteritopens,itcanbeaneffectivemethodforreducingthenumberofunstableinstitutionsthatenterthebankingsystem.Clearandobjectivecriteriareducethepotentialforpoliticalinterferenceinthelicensingprocess.發(fā)照程序?qū)Υ_保銀行系統(tǒng)的參與者具備必要的條件至關(guān)重要。盡管它不能保證銀行開業(yè)后的良好運(yùn)作，但卻是減少銀行系統(tǒng)中不穩(wěn)定機(jī)構(gòu)的有效手段。清晰和客觀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有助于降低發(fā)放過程中政治干預(yù)的可能性。Supervisorsshouldalsomonitorsignificantchangesinownershipstructureaswellassignificantchangesinactivities(includingacquisitionsandinvestments).監(jiān)管者在監(jiān)督重要的業(yè)務(wù)變化（包括收購和投資）的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)該監(jiān)督重大的所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)的變動(dòng)。45LicensingProcess發(fā)照程序TheliceItemstoconsider需要考慮的事項(xiàng)proposedownershipstructure所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)operatingplan經(jīng)營計(jì)劃suitabilityofdirectorsandseniormanagers(fitandpropertest)

合適的董事及高管人員（資格測試）financialprojections,includingcapital

包括資本金在內(nèi)的財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)測forforeignbanks,thepriorapprovalofthehomecountrysupervisor

對(duì)外國銀行，首先應(yīng)獲得母國監(jiān)管當(dāng)局的批準(zhǔn)LicensingProcess發(fā)照程序46Itemstoconsider需要考慮的事項(xiàng)LicenArrangementsforOngoingBankingSupervision(SectionIV)

持續(xù)監(jiān)管的安排（第四部分）Thissectioncontains16ofthe25principlesandcoverstheessenceofongoingsupervision.Therearethreeprimarycomponents該部分包括16條原則，論述了持續(xù)監(jiān)管的基本內(nèi)容。主要有以下三個(gè)方面：Prudentialregulationsandrequirements審慎規(guī)定及要求Methodsofongoingbankingsupervision持續(xù)監(jiān)管的手段Informationrequirements信息要求47ArrangementsforOngoingBankiPrudentialRegulationsandRequirements

審慎規(guī)定及要求Capitaladequacy資本充足率Creditriskmanagement信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理Marketriskmanagement市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理“Other”riskmanagement其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理Internalcontrols內(nèi)部控制48PrudentialRegulationsandReqMethodsofOngoingBankingSupervision

持續(xù)監(jiān)管的手段On-siteandoff-sitesupervision現(xiàn)場和非現(xiàn)場檢查Regularcontactwithbankmanagement

與銀行管理層保持經(jīng)常性接觸Meansofcollecting,reviewingandanalyzingprudentialreportsandstatisticalreturnsonasoloandconsolidatedbasis

在單個(gè)和并表的基礎(chǔ)上收集、評(píng)估和分析審慎報(bào)告和統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表的手段Meansofindependentvalidation獨(dú)立核實(shí)的手段Abilityofsupervisorstosuperviseconsolidatedentity

監(jiān)管者有能力對(duì)集團(tuán)進(jìn)行并表監(jiān)管49MethodsofOngoingBankingSupInformationRequirements信息要求Accountingstandards會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則Scopeandfrequencyofreporting報(bào)告的范圍和頻率Confirmationoftheaccuracyofinformationsubmitted確認(rèn)上報(bào)信息的準(zhǔn)確性Disclosure信息披露50InformationRequirements信息要求AFormalPowersofSupervisors(SectionV)監(jiān)管者的法定權(quán)力（第五部分）Bankingsupervisorsmusthaveattheirdisposaladequatesupervisorymeasurestobringabouttimelycorrectiveactionwhenbanksfailtomeetprudentialrequirements,whenthereareregulatoryviolations,orwheredepositorsarethreatenedinanyotherway.銀行監(jiān)管者必須掌握完善的監(jiān)管手段，以便在銀行違背審慎要求、違法違規(guī)或者存款人受到威脅時(shí)，能夠及時(shí)采取糾正措施Variouscorrectivemeasures(thepunishmentshouldfitthecrime)不同的糾正措施（懲罰應(yīng)與罪行相符）Mild(extrareporting,specialaudits,etc.)溫和處理（特別報(bào)告，專項(xiàng)審計(jì)等）Morepunitive(fines,replacementofmanagers,suspensionofdividends)更具懲罰性的處理（罰款、更換管理人員、暫停分紅）Revocationoflicense吊銷執(zhí)照51FormalPowersofSupervisors(Cross-borderBanking(SectionVI)

跨國銀行（第六部分）Obligationsofhomecountrysupervisors

母國監(jiān)管當(dāng)局的職責(zé)Obligationsofhostcountrysupervisors

東道國監(jiān)管當(dāng)局的職責(zé)BasedonconceptscontainedintheBaselConcordatandthedocument“Thesupervisionofcross-borderbanking”

以巴塞爾協(xié)議和“跨國銀行監(jiān)管”等文件中的相關(guān)概念為基礎(chǔ)52Cross-borderBanking(SectionThechallengeforsupervisorsisQUALITYimplementationoftheCorePrinciples

對(duì)監(jiān)管者而言，面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是如何高質(zhì)量地實(shí)施核心原則TheCorePrinciplesareprovidingthenecessaryfoundationtoachieveasoundsupervisorysystem

核心原則為打造良好的監(jiān)管系統(tǒng)提供了必要的基礎(chǔ)LocalcharacteristicsneedtobetakenintoaccountinthespecificwayinwhichthePrinciplesareimplemented

實(shí)施核心原則應(yīng)考慮本國國情ThePrinciplesmaynotbesufficient,ontheirown,inmanycountries

對(duì)許多國家而言，核心原則也許并不足夠EachcountryshouldthereforeconsidertowhatextentthePrinciplesneedtobesupplementedtoaddressparticularconditionsorrisksprevailinginthelocalmarket

因此，每個(gè)國家都應(yīng)該思考如何完善這些原則，以便解決本國特有的一些問題53ThechallengeforsupervisorsInmanycountriesQUALITYimplementationwillbealongprocess,asitrequires

對(duì)許多國家而言，高質(zhì)量地實(shí)施核心原則將是一個(gè)長期過程，因?yàn)樗枰狝competentandmotivatedbodyofprofessionalsupervisors一支高素質(zhì)的專業(yè)監(jiān)管隊(duì)伍Abankingregulatoryframeworkthatsupportssoundbankingpractices一個(gè)推動(dòng)銀行穩(wěn)健經(jīng)營的監(jiān)管框架Asoundcreditculturethatincludesreasonablelendingpractices包含合理貸款實(shí)踐的良好信用文化Adequateaccounting,reportinganddisclosurerequirementsthatsupportfinancialtransparency有助于提高財(cái)務(wù)透明度的會(huì)計(jì)、報(bào)告和信息披露要求54InmanycountriesQUALITYimplWhathasbeenhappeningsince1997?

1997年以來發(fā)生了什么？"L'éxécutionc'esttout"–Napoleon“執(zhí)行就是一切”—拿破侖55WhathasbeenhappeningsinceStepstoAchievingImplementation

實(shí)施步驟Firststep:factfinding-identificationofareaswherechangeswillbenecessary第一步：實(shí)況調(diào)查—確認(rèn)必須變革的領(lǐng)域Inmanycountries,substantivechangesinthelegislativeframeworkarenecessary(thiscanbealengthyprocessasitisinthehandsofthepoliticians!)許多國家還有必要對(duì)法律框架進(jìn)行重大變革（由于立法掌控在政治家手中，因此這一過程可能比較漫長）Establishmentofatimetable確立時(shí)間表Externalpressures(especiallymarketforces)外部壓力（特別是市場力量）56StepstoAchievingImplementatRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞爾委員會(huì)在實(shí)施過程中的作用CreationoftheCorePrinciplesLiaisonGroup建立核心原則聯(lián)絡(luò)小組1998Survey(andfollow-upsurveys)1998年調(diào)查（以及隨后的調(diào)查）FurtherdetailedpaperstoprovidesupporttotheCorePrinciples為支持核心原則，進(jìn)一步細(xì)化了有關(guān)文件Developmentofcriteriafordeterminingadequacyofimplementation(“CorePrinciplesMethodology”)制定了確定充分實(shí)施程度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（核心原則方法論）CreationoftheFSI創(chuàng)立了FSIIssuanceoftheSelf-AssessmentGuide發(fā)布了自我評(píng)估指引57RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞爾委員會(huì)在實(shí)施過程中的作用TheCorePrinciplesLiaisonGroupconsistsof:核心原則聯(lián)絡(luò)小組包括：representativesfrom7G-10countries(France,Germany,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates)

10國集團(tuán)中7個(gè)成員國的代表（法、德、意、日、荷、英、美）representativesfrom15non-G-10countries(Argentina,Australia,Brazil,Chile,ChinaandHongKong,theCzechRepublic,Korea,India,Mexico,Russia,SaudiArabia,Singapore,SouthAfricaandWestAfrica)

非10國集團(tuán)15個(gè)國家代表（阿根廷、澳大利亞、巴西、智利、中國和香港、捷克、韓國、印度、墨西哥、俄羅斯、沙特、新加坡、南非和西非）representativesfromtheIMFandWorldBank國際貨幣基金組織和世行的代表TheLiaisonGroupprovidescriticalfeedbackonimplementationissues聯(lián)絡(luò)小組對(duì)實(shí)施中遇到的問題提供重要的反饋58RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinRoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞爾委員會(huì)在實(shí)施過程中的作用1998Survey-127countriesresponded(80%responserate)1998年的調(diào)查—共有127個(gè)國家給予了反饋（反饋率為80%）Problemswithselfassessments自我評(píng)估遇到問題Qualityofresponsesvariedgreatly反饋質(zhì)量參差不齊Lackofdirectiononwhatconstitutes“implementation”缺乏對(duì)于如何“實(shí)施”的指導(dǎo)Significantchangesarepresentlytakingplaceinthemajorityofsupervisorysystems目前，大多數(shù)國家的監(jiān)管體系正歷經(jīng)著重大變革Needforadequateresources,training需要充足的資源和培訓(xùn)59RoleoftheBaselCommitteeinFurtherdetailedpaperstoprovidesupporttotheCorePrinciples為支持核心原則，對(duì)有關(guān)文件進(jìn)行了細(xì)化Internalcontrols內(nèi)部控制Creditriskmanagement信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理Liquidityriskmanagement流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理Corporategovernance公司治理Accountingstandards會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則RoleoftheBaselCommitteeintheimplementationprocess

巴塞爾委員會(huì)在實(shí)施過程中的作用60FurtherdetailedpaperstoproTheAssessmentProcessand

theCorePrinciplesMethodology

評(píng)估程序和核心原則方法論

61TheAssessmentProcessand

theInitialProblemswithAssessments

評(píng)估的基本問題Self-assessmentsfoundtobeunsatisfactory發(fā)現(xiàn)自我評(píng)估不盡如意BaselCommitteelackedwillingnessandresourcestodoassessments巴塞爾委員會(huì)缺乏進(jìn)行評(píng)估所需的意愿和資源Peerreviewwaspoliticallycharged同行評(píng)估被認(rèn)為具有政治目的Privateconsultantscouldnotbestrictlyobjective私人顧問不可能非常客觀IMFandWorldBanktookontheresponsibilityofconductingassessmentsbuttheirinitialassessmentsrevealedadditionalproblem國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行承擔(dān)了評(píng)估職責(zé)，但是他們初步評(píng)估揭露出其他問題62InitialProblemswithAssessmeProblemsencounteredbyIMFandWorldBank

國際貨幣基金組織和世行遇到的問題ToomanyPrinciplesweresubjecttointerpretation太多的原則需要解釋Comparabilityamongassessmentslacking評(píng)估缺乏可比性Non-supervisorsneededmoreguidanceinmakingdeterminations非監(jiān)管人員在決策時(shí)需要更多的指導(dǎo)Noclearmethodforpresentingtheirfindings沒有明確的展現(xiàn)結(jié)果的方法So,CPMethodologywasagreed因此，核心原則方法論被接受63ProblemsencounteredbyIMFanTheCorePrinciplesMethodology

核心原則方法論Developmentofcriteriafordeterminingadequacyofimplementation制定確定充分實(shí)施程度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Criteriadividedintotwocategories:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為兩類Essentialcriteria基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Additionalcriteria附加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IMF/WorldBankagreementonapproachtoassessments國際貨幣基金組織/世行同意評(píng)估的方法64TheCorePrinciplesMethodologObjectivesoftheIMF/WorldBankCorePrinciplesAssessments:

國際貨幣基金組織/世行核心原則評(píng)估的目標(biāo)

Determinewhetherbankingsupervisorsareabletosupervisethebankingindustryinanadequateandeffectivemanner確定銀行監(jiān)管者是否能夠以充分有效的方式對(duì)銀行業(yè)實(shí)施監(jiān)管Proposeacourseofactiontoaddressidentifiedweaknesses建議采取一系列行動(dòng)去解決發(fā)現(xiàn)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)65ObjectivesoftheIMF/WorldBaRequirementsforAssessors

對(duì)評(píng)估人員的要求Foureyesprincipleamust必須具備四只眼原則Atleas