語言學習題目有答案

PAGE19Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

1.

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________.

A.contact

B.communication

C.relation

D.community

2.

Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary？

A.tree

B.typewriter

C.crash

D.bang

3.

Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________.

A.interrogative

B.directive

C.informative

D.performative

4.

InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（歲歲）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform

A.Interpersonal

B.Emotive

C.Performative

D.Recreational

5.

Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation

A.Transferability

B.Duality

C.Displacement

D.Arbitrariness

6.

Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage

—Aniceday,isn’tit

—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.Emotive

B.Phatic

C.Performative

D.Interpersonal

7.

__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

A.Performance

B.Competence

C.Langue

D.Parole

8.

Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.

A.culturaltransmission

B.productivity

C.displacement

D.duality

9.

__________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

A.Psycholinguistics

B.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.Sociolinguistics

D.Appliedlinguistics

10.

__________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.

A.Linguistictheory

B.Practicallinguistics

C.Appliedlinguistics

D.Comparativelinguistics

II.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)

11.

Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.

12.

Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.

13.

Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.

14.

Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.

15.

Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.

16.

Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.

17.

F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.

18.

AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.

19.

Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.

20.

Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.

35.

WhydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageCanyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature（南開大學，2004）

36.

Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage（北京第二外國語大學，2004）

VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)

37.

Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific（青島海洋大學，1999）

1~5BACCC

6~10BACAC

11~15FFTFF

16~20FFFFF

31.

Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.

32.

Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.

33.

Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.

34.

Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.

35.

Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.

Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.

36.

Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.

37.

Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.

1.

Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

A.intonation

B.tone

C.pronunciation

D.voice

2.

Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).

A.allophone

B.phone

C.phoneme

D.morpheme

3.

Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.

A.analogues

B.tagmemes

C.morphemes

D.allophones

4.

Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.

A.glottis

B.vocalcavity

C.pharynx

D.uvula

5.

Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.

A.wide

B.closing

C.narrow

D.centering

6.

Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.

A.minimalpairs

B.allomorphs

C.phones

D.allophones

7.

Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds？

A.Acousticphonetics

B.Articulatoryphonetics

C.Auditoryphonetics

D.Noneoftheabove

8.

Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation

A.[n]

B.[m]

C.[b]

D.[p]

9.

Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels

A.[i:]

B.[u]

C.[e]

D.[i]

10.

Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating

A.Voiceless

B.Voiced

C.Glottalstop

D.Consonant

II.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)

11.

Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.

12.

Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.

13.

Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.

14.

[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.

15.

Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

16.

Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.

17.

Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.

18.

Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.

19.

ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.

20.

Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.

35.

Whatisacousticphonetics（中國人民大學，2003）

36.

Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation（南開大學，2004）

VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)

37.

Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青島海洋大學，1999）

(1)

voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop

(2)

lowfrontvowel

(3)

lateralliquid

(4)

velarnasal

(5)

voicedinterdentalfricative

~5

ACDAA

6~10DBABB

11~15TTTFF

16~20TTTFF

31.

Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.

32.

Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.

33.

Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

34.

Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.

phoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.thevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.Chapter3Lexicon

1.

Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.

A.lexicalwords

B.grammaticalwords

C.functionwords

D.formwords

2.

Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.

A.inflectional

B.free

C.bound

D.derivational

3.

Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.

A.three

B.four

C.five

D.six

4.

InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.

A.prefixes

B.suffixes

C.infixes

D.stems5.

Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.

A.derivationalaffix

B.inflectionalaffix

C.infix

D.back-formation6.

__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.

A.affixation

B.back-formation

C.insertion

D.addition7.

ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.

A.acronymy

B.clipping

C.initialism

D.blending8.

Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.

A.blending

B.clipping

C.back-formation

D.acronymy9.

Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.

A.agreement

B.agree

C.disagree

D.disagreement10.

Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.

A.lexeme

B.phoneme

C.morpheme

D.allomorph11.

Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12.

Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13.

Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14.

Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15.

Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16.

Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17.

Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18.

Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19.

Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20.

Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.35.

HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguageWhatarethey（廈門大學，2003）36.

WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds？

37.

MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武漢大學，2004）

I

II(1)

acronym

a.

foe

(2)

freemorpheme

b.

subconscious

(3)

derivationalmorpheme

c.

UNESCO

(4)

inflectionalmorpheme

d.

overwhelmed

(5)

prefix

e.

calculation1~5

AACBB

6~10BCADB11~15FTFTT

16~20FTFFF31.

Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32.

Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.

Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34.

Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.37.(1)c

(2)a

(3)e

(4)d

(5)bChapter4SyntaxThesentencestructureis________.

A.onlylinear

B.onlyhierarchical

C.complex

D.bothlinearandhierarchical2.

Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.

A.large

B.small

C.finite

D.infinite

3.

The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.

A.lexical

B.morphological

C.linguistic

D.combinational

4.

Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.

A.right

B.wrong

C.grammatical

D.ungrammatical

5.

A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.

A.coordinator

B.particle

C.preposition

D.subordinator

6.

Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.

A.recursive

B.grammatical

C.social

D.functional

7.

Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.

A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.

B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords

C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences

D.alloftheabove.

8.

Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________.

A.thecity

B.Rome

C.city

D.thecityRome

9.

Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.

A.endocentric

B.exocentric

C.subordinate

D.coordinate

10.

Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.”isa__________sentence.

A.simple

B.coordinate

C.compound

D.complex

11.

Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.

12.

Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.

13.

Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.

14.

Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.

15.

Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.

16.

InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.

17.

InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.

18.

Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.

19.

Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.

20.

Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.35.

Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction（武漢大學，2004）

36.

Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.（北京第二外國語大學，2004）

VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)

37.

DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:

Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.1~5DCDDD

6~10ADDBA

11~15TTTTF

16~20FTFTT31.

Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.

32.

ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.

33.

Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.

34.

Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure..ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.

35.

Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.

36.

(1)more|beautifulflowers

(2)morebeautiful|flowers

胡壯麟《語言學教程》（修訂版）測試題——第五章：意義1.

Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.

A.Plato

B.Bloomfield

C.GeoffreyLeech

D.Firth

2.

“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.

A.theconceptualistview

B.contexutalism

C.thenamingtheory

D.behaviorism

3.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue

A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.

C.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.

D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.

4.

“CanIborrowyourbike”_______“Youhaveabike.”

A.issynonymouswith

B.isinconsistentwith

C.entails

D.presupposes

5.

___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.

A.Predicationanalysis

B.Componentialanalysis

C.Phonemicanalysis

D.Grammaticalanalysis

6.

“Alive”and“dead”are______________.

A.gradableantonyms

B.relationalantonyms

C.complementaryantonyms

D.Noneoftheabove

7.

_________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

A.Reference

B.Concept

C.Semantics

D.Sense

8.

___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.

A.Polysemy

B.Synonymy

C.Homonymy

D.Hyponymy

9.

Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.

A.homonyms

B.polysemies

C.hyponyms

D.synonyms

10.

Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.

A.grammaticalrules

B.selectionalrestrictions

C.semanticrules

D.semanticfeatures

II.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)

11.

DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.

12.

Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

13.

Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.

14.

Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.

15.

Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.

16.

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.

17.

Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.

18.

Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.

19.

“Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.

20.

Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.1~5ABDDB

6~10CACDA

II.

11~15FFTFT

16~20TFTTT胡壯麟《語言學教程》（修訂版）測試題——第七章：語言、文化和社會

1.

_______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.

A.Psycholinguistics

B.Sociolinguistics

C.Appliedlingu