肺炎課件上課用

肺炎課件上課用演示文稿第一頁，共八十二頁。優(yōu)選肺炎課件上課用第二頁，共八十二頁。嬰幼兒上感、2種特殊類型上感的特點支氣管肺炎臨床表現(xiàn)、重癥肺炎特點支氣管肺炎的診斷、治療支氣管哮喘的臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷和治療重點第三頁，共八十二頁。IntroduceInpediatricoutpatient,6o%patientsareacuterespiratoryinfections.Inpediatricward,25%patientsarePneumonia.Thefirstcauseofchildren’sdeathinChinaisPneumonia.Pneumoniaistheworld'sleadingcauseofdeathamongchildren.Itkillsnearlytwomillionchildrenunderagefiveeveryyear.第四頁，共八十二頁。Whychildrenaresosusceptibletoacuterespiratoryinfections?第五頁，共八十二頁。breathedin(inspired)breathedout(expired)NasopharynxOrapharynxLarynxEpiglottisTracheaRightbronchiLeftbronchiAlveoli第六頁，共八十二頁。anatomic

physiologicalfeatures

Thechildren’srespiratorylumensarenarrow,bloodflowisabundant.Thechildren’srepertoryabilityislow.Thechildren’slocalimmunityislow.第七頁，共八十二頁。ChildrenRespiratorySystemPhysiologicFeatureRespiratoryrateNeonate40-44/min<1year30/min2-3years24/min4-7years22/min8-14years20/min第八頁，共八十二頁。ChildrenRespiratorySystemPhysiologicFeatureRespiratorytypeAbdominalrespirationThoracicabdominalrespiration

第九頁，共八十二頁。

Ｐhysicalexaminationinspection

ChangeofrespiratoryrateCyanosisThreedepressionssign

ＡuscultationExamineMethod第十頁，共八十二頁。

Ａuscultation吸氣喘鳴（inspiratorystrider）呼氣喘息（expiratorywheeze）哮鳴音中、粗濕羅音細濕羅音ExamineMethod第十一頁，共八十二頁。急性上呼吸道感染（AURI）

AcuteUpperRespiratoryInfection第十二頁，共八十二頁。EtiologyＶirus：Ｏccupy90%

Ｂacteria：Ｓecondary

Streptococuspyogens

PneumococcuＨaemophilusinfluenzae第十三頁，共八十二頁。CommonAURILocalsymptomismildIninfantandtoddlerSystemicsymptomissevereComplicationsarecommonClinicalManifestations第十四頁，共八十二頁。SchoolageTympanitis,sinusitisAbscessofpharynxposterior-wallLaryngitis,bronchitisInfant,toddlerPneumoniaGlomerulonephritisRheumaticfeverComplications第十五頁，共八十二頁。CommonAURIＰhysicalexamination

Congestionofpharyngealportion,antiadoncus(咽部充血，扁桃體腫大)Lymphadenectasisinsubmaxilla(有時下頜、淋巴結(jié)腫大)Rashwhenenterovirusinfection(腸道病毒感染時可出現(xiàn)皮疹)ClinicalManifestations第十六頁，共八十二頁。SpecialAURI柯薩奇病毒A組感染夏秋好發(fā)高熱、咽痛、流涎咽腭弓、軟腭處有皰疹皰疹破潰后可形成潰瘍病程1周左右ClinicalManifestationsHerpangina皰疹性咽峽炎第十七頁，共八十二頁。Pharyngo-conjunctivalfever咽結(jié)合膜熱

腺病毒3，7型所致春夏發(fā)病，可小流行發(fā)熱、咽炎、結(jié)合膜炎咽部充血、結(jié)合膜充血，頸部、耳后淋巴結(jié)腫大病程1~2周ClinicalManifestationsSpecialAURI第十八頁，共八十二頁。Antivirusdrugs中藥Ribovirin3-5daysAntibioticsPenicillinCephalosporin

Macrocycliclactone3-5daysSeversymptomatic;SecondarybacteriaaffectionTreatment第十九頁，共八十二頁。DefervesceDrugs：對乙酰氨基酚，布洛芬PhysicsmethodsFebrilconvulsionCalmStopconvulsionDefervesceTreatment中國0-5歲兒童急性發(fā)熱診斷處理指南2008第二十頁，共八十二頁。嬰幼兒上感、2種特殊類型上感的特點支氣管肺炎臨床表現(xiàn)、重癥肺炎特點支氣管肺炎的診斷、治療支氣管哮喘的臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷和治療重點第二十一頁，共八十二頁。Pneumonia肺炎

第二十二頁，共八十二頁。ChildrenfamiliardiseaseIntroductionPneumoniaaffects156millionchildrenundertheageof5yrsLeadingcauseofmortalityinunder5yrsMostofthesedeaths–preventableMosteffectiveintervention-EarlydiagnosisandappropriatemanagementThehospitalizationnumberofinfantandtoddleris39.5timesofschoolageWilliamsetal.LancetInfectDis,2002

World’sbiggestkiller第二十三頁，共八十二頁。IntroductionPneumonia(18%)anddiarrhea(15%)aretheleadingkillersinchildren.Theytooknearly3millionchildrenlivesin2008alone.(兩種疾病在2008年一年就奪走三百萬兒童的生命)?Inchildrenages0-59months:0-59月的兒童?Pneumoniacausednearly1.6mdeaths?Diarrheacausedmorethan1.3mdeathsBlacketal,Lancet2010第二十四頁，共八十二頁。PneumoniaisaninflammationoftheparenchymaofthelungsItiscausedbymicroorganismsornoninfectiouscausesManifestedbyfever,cough,tachypnea,respiratorydistressandralesDefinition第二十五頁，共八十二頁。OncourseofillnessOnanatomicbasisBronchopneumoniaLobarpneumoniaInterstitialpneumonia

Acute：<1monthChronic：>3monthsDeferred：1~3monthsClassification1第二十六頁，共八十二頁。OnanatomicbasisBronchopneumoniaLobarpneumoniaInterstitialpneumonia

第二十七頁，共八十二頁。OntheetiologyMycoplasmaChlamydia,parasites,fungiNoninfectionscausesClassification3第二十八頁，共八十二頁。OntheseverityofillnessMildsymptomaticSeveresymptomaticBesidessymptomsofrespiratorysystem,concomitantmanifestationsofotherorgansystemsarepresentClassification4第二十九頁，共八十二頁。ontypicalofclinicalmanifestationTypicalpneumoniauntypicalpneumoniaSevereacuterespiratorysyndrome,(SARS)coronavirusClassification5第三十頁，共八十二頁。OnOccurrenceRegionCommunityAcquiredPneumoniaCAPHospitalAcquiredPneumoniaHAPClassification6第三十一頁，共八十二頁。支氣管肺炎

Bronchopneumonia第三十二頁，共八十二頁。EtiologyvirusMaincauseofpneumoniaindevelopedcountryRSVbacteriaMaincauseofpneumoniaindevelopingcountryS.pneumoniae

第三十三頁，共八十二頁。PathologyCommonBroncho-pneumoniahyperaemia、edema、inflammatoryeffutionofalveolusInterstitialpneumoniahyperaemia、edema、inflammatoryeffutionofbronchiawall、bronchiolewall、alveoluswall第三十四頁，共八十二頁。第三十五頁，共八十二頁。第三十六頁，共八十二頁。Pathologicphysiology氣道炎癥循環(huán)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)水電解質(zhì)消化系統(tǒng)肺A壓增高中毒性心肌炎心衰代酸中毒性腸麻痹胃腸粘膜屏障功能腦水腫顱壓呼酸K+↑水鈉儲留毒血癥通氣不足PaO2↓,PaCO2↑

換氣障礙PaO2↓第三十七頁，共八十二頁。ClinicalmanifestationMild

symptomaticrespiratorysystemfeverrespiratory

distressnasalflaring,retractions,cyonosistachypnea

cough

rales<2monthsRR≧60次/分2-12monthsRR≧50次/分1-5yearsRR≧40次/分>5yearsRR≧30次/分Rapidbreathing

第三十八頁，共八十二頁。Clinicalmanifestation<2monthsRR≧60次/分2-12monthsRR≧50次/分1-5yearsRR≧40次/分>5yearsRR≧30次/分第三十九頁，共八十二頁。ClinicalmanifestationSeveresymptomaticcircularsystemsymptomCardiacmuscleinflammationHeartfailure第四十頁，共八十二頁。ClinicalmanifestSeveresymptomaticHeartfailure呼吸突然加快，>60次/分心率突然增快

嬰兒>180次/分幼兒>160次/分突然煩躁不安、面色發(fā)灰心音明顯低鈍，奔馬率，頸靜脈怒張肝大肋下3cm以上尿少、下肢浮腫第四十一頁，共八十二頁。ClinicalmanifestnervalsystemLighthypoxia：irritability，lethargySeverhypoxia：hydrocephalusdigestivesystemalimentarycanalbleedingPoisoningintestinepalsySeveresymptomatic第四十二頁，共八十二頁。ClinicalmanifestDICBp四肢涼，脈速弱，出血SLADHNa+

≤130mmol/L滲透壓<270mOsm/LEdemaSeveresymptomatic第四十三頁，共八十二頁。ComplicationsComplicationpneumatocelepyopneumothoraxempyema第四十四頁，共八十二頁。LaboratorydataBloodbloodroutinebacteriainfect：WBC↑、N↑leftshiftofnucleusvirusinfect：WBC↓、L↑abnormallymphcellbacteriainfect：CRP↑virusinfect：CRPnormalCRPNBTbacteriainfect：〉10%virusinfect：〈10%PathogenyvirusseparateGermiculturesputumforGramstainandculture第四十五頁，共八十二頁。LaboratorydataX-rayshadowofdotandspoteemphysemaatelectasis第四十六頁，共八十二頁。支氣管肺炎正常胸片第四十七頁，共八十二頁。大葉性肺炎正常胸片第四十八頁，共八十二頁。fever,cough,tachypnea,respiratorydistressandralesX-raydiagnosis第四十九頁，共八十二頁。Differentiationacute

bronchitisrales、tachypneaforeignbodiesinbronchihistoryofforeignbodies、suddencough、respiratorydistress、lowerofbreathtoneorwheezingtuberculosishistoryofTBcontact、PPDtest、PPD-IgGIgM、X-ray、rales第五十頁，共八十二頁。TreatmentgeneraltreatmentBalanceofwaterandelectrolyte3%Nacl12ml/L→↑Na+10mmol/L

Temperature18-20℃

Humidity60%Foodnutritive第五十一頁，共八十二頁。TreatmentControlinfectionvirus：noidealdruglikevirozolmycoplasma、chlamydiaselecterythromycinbactrria：theprincipleofsensitivityefficiency、fullperiodoftreatment,firstselectPeniccilin第五十二頁，共八十二頁。Treatment抗生素使用原則

根據(jù)藥敏選藥adoptsensitivedrugsonthebasisofpathogenicbacterium用下呼吸道濃度高的藥物adoptdrugswhichcanfinallyinfiltratelungtissue足量足療程重癥靜脈給藥inseverecase,drugsshouldbeadministedbyvein

,fulldose,fullperiod

第五十三頁，共八十二頁。

Bacteria,thecommonestpathogenDespitevariationinstudyresults,S.Pneumoniae,Staphaureus,Hinfluenzae

IdentifiedasmajorpathogensindevelopingcountriesPneumonia:Microorganisms第五十四頁，共八十二頁。

Pneumonia:microorganismsMixedinfection:8-40%(Viral/bacterialormorethan1bacteria)

MostcommoncombinationSpneumoniae+RSVorSpneumoniae+MycoplasmaKabirARML.AetiologyofALRTIininfancy’2003第五十五頁，共八十二頁。Organismisolationrate:11.69%Staphaureus (42%)

StrepPneumoniae (20%)

HInfluenzae (7%)

Paeroginosa (5.3%) comingup- previouslynot recognizedSeverepneumoniaEvaluationAntimicrobialResearch(SPEAR)’2007Allweresusceptibleto3rdgencephalosporin第五十六頁，共八十二頁。Treatmentfullperiodoftreatmentaftertemperaturenormal5~7daysorclinicalsymptomdisappearing3daysMycoplasma

pneumonia：2~3weeksStaphylococusaureus：aftertemperaturenormal2weeks，fullperiodis6weeks第五十七頁，共八十二頁。treatagainstsymptomsTreatmentoxygentreatPaO2↓：dyspnea、

cyanosis、asthmasuppress、"toxicappearance,"methods:bynosecanal0.5~1L/min，40%；byveil2~4L/min,50%~60%mechanismventilate（

respirefailture）holdingrespiratory

tractunobstructedremovesputum、pulverization、relievespasmensureliquidabsorb第五十八頁，共八十二頁。TreatmenttreatofothersympdefervescecalmtreatofwindysupplyKaliumPoisoningintestinepalsy：fasting、decompressofstomachandintestine酚妥拉明0.5mg/kgivgtt

10%GS20mltreatagainstsymptoms第五十九頁，共八十二頁。TreatmenttreatofHeartfailure鎮(zhèn)靜給氧強心：西地蘭減輕心臟負荷

treatagainstsymptoms第六十頁，共八十二頁。Treatment中毒性腦病治療脫水：甘露醇改善通氣擴血管藥物：酚妥拉明，654-2止痙：安定，魯米那糖皮質(zhì)激素：地塞米松神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)

treatagainstsymptoms第六十一頁，共八十二頁。Treatment糖皮質(zhì)激素應用適應癥：①喘憋重,呼吸衰竭②全身中毒癥狀重③感染性休克

④腦水腫琥珀酸氫化可的松5~10mg/kg.d地塞米松0.1~0.3mg/kg.d

ivgtt2~3次/日×3~5天甲基強的松龍2~4mg/kg.次第六十二頁，共八十二頁。ResponsetotreatmentinotherwiseuncomplicatedCAP?Fever-fallsin2daysLeucocytosis-decreasesin4daysPhysicalfindingspersistslightlylongerChestradiographicabnormalitiesmaytake4-12weekstoresolve第六十三頁，共八十二頁。Whatifpatientsfailstorecover?Youshouldconsider--NoninfectiousconditionResistancetodrugNewnosocomialpathogen第六十四頁，共八十二頁。病毒性肺炎呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎腺病毒肺炎2歲，2~6月多見喘憋、呼吸困難，可合并呼衰、心衰哮鳴音，細濕羅音小點片狀影，肺氣腫肺不張間質(zhì)性肺炎6月~2歲中毒癥狀重，稽留熱，咳劇，喘憋，呼吸困難出現(xiàn)晚，濕羅音或肺實變

胸片改變出現(xiàn)早，肺氣腫，片狀影或融合年齡癥狀胸片體征第六十五頁，共八十二頁。細菌性肺炎葡萄球菌肺炎新生兒，嬰幼兒急、重、快，弛張熱或稽留熱，咳嗽，呼吸困難，呻吟，易致遷徒化膿病灶，并發(fā)膿胸，膿氣胸，肺大皰中細濕羅音，出現(xiàn)早，皮疹浸潤影，持續(xù)時間較長，易變，可見多發(fā)性肺膿腫，膿胸，膿氣胸等<4歲慢，重，發(fā)熱，痙攣性咳嗽，呼吸困難，發(fā)紺。易致遷徒化膿病灶，易并發(fā)膿胸濕羅音或?qū)嵶兇笕~性肺炎、支氣管肺炎、肺實變年齡癥狀體征胸片革蘭陰性桿菌肺炎第六十六頁，共八十二頁。肺炎支原體肺炎年長兒，嬰幼兒發(fā)熱、刺激性咳嗽，多系統(tǒng)病變不明顯，嬰幼兒可有呼吸困難，喘憋，哮鳴音，濕羅音肺門影增濃；支氣管肺炎改變；間質(zhì)性肺炎；均一實變影<6月起病慢，無發(fā)熱，先URI癥狀后咳、喘、氣促，部分伴結(jié)膜炎濕羅音，持續(xù)時間長間質(zhì)性炎癥，過度充氣、片狀影，持續(xù)時間長年齡癥狀體征胸片沙眼衣原體肺炎支衣原體肺炎

第六十七頁，共八十二頁。支原體肺炎第六十八頁，共八十二頁。

支氣管哮喘

bronchialasthma

第六十九頁，共八十二頁。發(fā)展史asthma-喘息，2000年前就有對哮喘的詳細描述過去認為是一種平滑肌功能異常性疾病80年代以來通過支氣管黏膜活檢，認識到哮喘是氣道慢性炎癥性疾病第七十頁，共八十二頁。Definitionchronicairwayinflammationairwayhyperreactivity(AHR)reversibleairwayobstructionmanifestedbywheezing,respiratorydistress,cough第七十一頁，共八十二頁。特征氣道慢性炎癥：此為哮喘主要特征可逆性的氣流受限：指氣流受限可被支氣管擴張劑所逆轉(zhuǎn)氣道高反應性：對正常氣道無反應或很小反（AHR）應的刺激產(chǎn)生收縮反應第七十二頁，共八十二頁。pathologynakedeye：emphysema,mucusblotscope:inflammatorycellinfiltrate，glandhyperplasiabasalmembrancethickening第七十三頁，共八十二頁。病理生理急性支氣管痙攣：速發(fā)型哮喘反應（IgE依賴）氣道壁腫脹：遲發(fā)型哮喘反應（炎癥誘導）粘液栓形成：難治療的氣流受限氣道重塑：不可逆的氣道狹窄核心氣流受限第七十四頁，共八十二頁。atopy是指對普通環(huán)境中常見的變應原產(chǎn)生IgE介導反應的易感性，有明顯的家族遺傳傾向。特應性哮喘、過敏性鼻炎、濕疹、食物過敏等導致哮喘發(fā)生最確定的危險因素第七十五頁，共八十二頁。pathogenesisimmunityfactoratopy,IgE↑nerveenergyfactorinductionfactorinfectionofrespiratorytractmanykindsofallergen-

adrenalglandnerve

-

adrenalglandnerve

Pneu