瘤胃中蛋白能量代謝機(jī)制課件

ProteinandEnergyMetabolisminRumenandTheirApplicationsinDiaryNutrition

瘤胃中蛋白、能量代謝機(jī)制及其在日糧營養(yǎng)中的應(yīng)用QingpingLiuPh.D.,KevinHalpinPh.D.InternationalIngredientCorporationSt.Louis,MO63026USAProteinandEnergyMetabolismOutline

提綱RuminantProteinNutritionRuminantEnergyNutritionInteractionofProteinandEnergyinRuminantNutritionMicrobialProteinanditsImportanceinruminantNutritionIntakeandMilkProductionRumenBitoticTManditsapplications反芻動物蛋白營養(yǎng)研究反芻動物能量營養(yǎng)研究反芻動物蛋白及能量間的互作效應(yīng)菌體蛋白及其在反芻動物營養(yǎng)中的重要性采食量及產(chǎn)奶量百泰-R及其應(yīng)用Outline

提綱RuminantProteinNutAnaerobicFermentationinRumen

瘤胃中的厭氧發(fā)酵ItisallaboutthebugsinrumenRumenvolumeoflactatingcow=120,000mlRumenbacteria:10,000,000,000/mlRumenprotozoa:1,000,000/mlRuemnfungi:1,000/mlFeedrumenbugs=feedthecows我們來看看這些瘤胃中的“小東西”泌乳牛的瘤胃體積=120,000/ml瘤胃細(xì)菌：10,000,000,000/ml瘤胃原蟲：1,000,000/ml瘤胃真菌:1,000/ml飼喂微生物=飼喂奶牛AnaerobicFermentationinRumeRuminantProteinNutrition

反芻動物蛋白質(zhì)營養(yǎng)Moreappropriate:RumenNitrogenMetabolism或者稱為瘤胃中氮的代謝更為恰當(dāng)RuminantProteinNutrition

反芻動GeneralInformation

一些常識Noproteasesinsaliva唾液中不含蛋白酶Norumensecretions瘤胃不分泌體液Microorganismsresponsibleforproteindigestioninrumen(andreticulum)在瘤胃（網(wǎng)胃）中微生物負(fù)責(zé)蛋白的消化Bacteria細(xì)菌Protozoa原蟲GeneralInformation

一些常識NoproSourcesofRumenNitrogen

瘤胃的氮來源Feed飼糧中Proteinnitrogen蛋白氮Proteinsupplements(SBM,CSM,grains,forages,silages...蛋白補(bǔ)充（豆粕,棉籽餅粕,谷物，粗飼料，青貯飼料）Nonproteinnitrogen(NPN)非蛋白氮Usuallymeansurea常規(guī)方法尿素However,from5%ofNingrainsto50%ofNinsilageandimmatureforagescanbeNPN然而，非蛋白氮在谷物中的含量約5%、青貯牧草以及未成熟牧草中約50%Endogenous(recycled)N內(nèi)源（循環(huán)）氮來源Saliva唾液Rumenwall瘤胃壁SourcesofRumenNitrogen

瘤胃的氮RuminalProteinDegradation

瘤胃降解蛋白的降解Fermentativedigestion（利用發(fā)酵消化）–enzymesofmicrobialorigin微生物分泌的酶MOproteases&peptidasescleavepeptidebondsandreleaseAA微生物蛋白酶及肽酶分裂肽鍵釋放出氨基酸AAdeaminatedbymicrobes,releasingNH3andC-skeleton

然后微生物將氨基酸脫氨基，分解為NH3

及碳架MO’suseNH3,C-skeletonandenergytosynthesizetheirownAA微生物利用NH3，碳架及能量用來合成其所能利用的氨基酸EnergyprimarilyfromCHO’s(starch,cellulose)能量主要來源于碳水化合物（淀粉，纖維素）FormationofNH3rapid...veryfewfreeAAinrumen瘤胃中NH3快速形成，游離氨基酸數(shù)量很少RuminalProteinDegradation

瘤胃NPNUtilization

非蛋白氮的利用Urea(andmostsourcesofNPN)rapidlydegradedtoNH3尿素（非蛋白氮的主要來源）迅速降解為氨MO’sdon’tcarewhereNH3comesfrom微生物只單純利用NH3，而不介意其來源NPNUtilization

非蛋白氮的利用Urea(aLimitationsofMicrobialProteinSynthesis

微生物蛋白合成的局限性Twomostlikelylimitations兩個最有可能的局限性Energyavailable可利用能量NH3available可利用的NH3Theseneedtobesynchronized兩者供應(yīng)必須同步Fordietscontainingurea,mayalsoneed含有尿素的日糧還需要一些營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)Sulfur(forS-containingAA)硫（合成含硫氨基酸）Branched-chainC-skeletons含有支鏈的碳鏈MOcannotmakebranched-chainC-chains微生物不能制造支鏈碳鏈Thesenormallynotaproblem通常這些不構(gòu)成問題LimitationsofMicrobialProteOverflowAmmonia

氨濃度過高時ShortageofenergyrelativetoavailableNH3相對于可利用NH3，能量呈現(xiàn)缺乏Liver:NH3

Urea肝臟：NH3

尿素Urearecycledorexcreted,dependingonanimalneeds尿素參與循環(huán)還是排出，取決于動物的需要Saliva唾液Rumenwall瘤胃壁OverflowAmmonia

氨濃度過高時ShortagProteinLeavingRumen

蛋白離開瘤胃途徑Microbialprotein微生物蛋白Escapeprotein(alsocalled“bypass”protein)瘤胃非降解蛋白（也稱為過瘤胃蛋白）Enterabomasum&smallintestine進(jìn)入皺胃及小腸Digestedbyproteolyticenzymessimilartononruminants、與單胃相同，通過蛋白酶進(jìn)行分解EscapevsBypassprotein過瘤胃蛋白的命名問題Technicallynot“bypass”從技術(shù)角度不適合稱為過瘤胃Reticulargroove食管溝ProteinLeavingRumen

蛋白離開瘤胃途徑ProteinUtilization

RuminantvsNonruminant

反芻動物與單胃動物對于蛋白的利用SimilaritiesandDissimilarities相同點及不同點ProteinUtilization

RuminantvRuminantvsNonruminant–Similarities

相同點Attissuelevel–MetabolicpathwayssimilarRuminanttissuescansynthesizedispensableAA3.CannotsynthesizeindispensableAAEssentialAAmustbeprovidedfromdigestivetract4.Tissueproteinsconstantlyundergoingturnover5.AAnotstored6.ConstantsupplyofAArequired1.組織水平上-代謝路徑相同2.反芻動物自身也可合成非必需氨基酸3.不能合成必需氨基酸

-必需氨基酸必須從消化道提供組織蛋白不斷經(jīng)歷分解再合成的循環(huán)氨基酸在體內(nèi)不儲備為滿足氨基酸需要，保證持續(xù)的供應(yīng)RuminantvsNonruminant–SimiCarbohydrateNutritionInRuminant

反芻動物碳水化合物營養(yǎng)CarbohydrateNutritionInRumiNutrientFractions營養(yǎng)組分

AminoAcids Protein Non-ProteinNitrogen FatFeedstuff飼料原料 Sugars&Starches-NFC Carbohydrate ADF CrudeFiber NDF Ash-Mineral蛋白脂肪碳水化合物礦物質(zhì)氨基酸非蛋白氮糖、淀粉-非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物酸性洗滌纖維中性洗滌纖維NutrientFractions營養(yǎng)組分 ACarbohydrateDigestion

inRuminants

反芻動物碳水化合物消化生理Ingestedfeedisexposedtoextensive攝取的飼料被分解，內(nèi)部營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)廣泛暴露pregastricfermentation前胃發(fā)酵Mostingestafermentedbymicrobesbeforeitisexposedtotypicalgastricandsmallintestinalenzymes許多營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)在接觸胃及小腸的酶前，已經(jīng)被微生物發(fā)酵Rumenfermentationishighlyefficient瘤胃發(fā)酵效率很高CarbohydrateDigestion

inRumReticulorumen瘤網(wǎng)胃

Favorableenvironmentforsurvivalandactivityofanaerobicmicrobes瘤胃內(nèi)環(huán)境有益于厭氧微生物的生存及活動

1billionbacteria/ml1000,000,000個細(xì)菌/mlWarm,moistenvironment溫暖濕潤的內(nèi)環(huán)境Fermentcellulose,starch,andsolublecarbohydrate發(fā)酵纖維素、淀粉、可溶性碳水化合物Almostallcarbohydrateisfermentedintherumen幾乎所有的碳水化合物都在瘤胃中發(fā)酵Some‘bypass’starchmayescapetothesmallintestine一些過瘤胃淀粉可能會到達(dá)小腸Donothavesalivaryamylase,buthaveplentyofpancreaticamylasetodigeststarch不分泌唾液淀粉酶，但分泌大量胰腺淀粉酶來消化淀粉Reticulorumen瘤網(wǎng)胃

FavorableenvMicrobialPopulations微生物Celluloyticbacteria(fiberdigesters)纖維分解菌

producecellulase-cleavesβ1→4linkages產(chǎn)生纖維素分解酶分解β1→4

糖苷鍵

preferpH6-7適宜pH6-7

utilizeNinformofNH3以氨源的形式利用氮

requireSforsynthesisofsulfur-containingaminoacids(cysteineandmethionine)

需要硫元素用于合成含硫氨基酸（met和cys）

produceacetate,propionate,littlebutyrate,CO2產(chǎn)生乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及CO2

predominateinanimalsfedroughagediets在以粗飼料為主的日糧中占主導(dǎo)地位MicrobialPopulations微生物CellulMicrobialPopulations微生物

Amylolyticbacteria(starch,sugardigesters)淀粉分解菌（消化淀粉和糖）digeststarch消化分解淀粉preferpH5-6適宜pH

5-6utilizeNasNH3orpeptides以NH3源及肽的形式利用氮producepropionate,butyrateandlactate產(chǎn)生丙酸、丁酸及乳酸predominateinanimalsfedgraindiets在以谷物為主的日糧中占主導(dǎo)地位rapidchangetograindietcauseslacticacidosis日糧快速改變?yōu)楣任镲暳先菀讓?dǎo)致酸中毒(pH快速降低

)(rapidlydecreasespH)Streptococcusbovis牛鏈球菌MicrobialPopulations微生物

AADPATPNADP+NADPHSugars糖CatabolismBiosynthesisGrowthMaintenanceReplicationMicrobialMetabolism微生物代謝VFACO2CH4Heatinrumen:煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（還原態(tài)）NADPH+三磷酸腺苷

ATP;VFA揮發(fā)性脂肪酸分解代謝生物合成代謝在瘤胃中生長維持ADPSugarsCatabolismBiosynthesBacterialDigestionofCarbohydrates

微生物對碳水化合物的消化Microbesattachto(colonize)fibercomponentsandsecreteenzymes微生物附著于纖維素上，并分泌酶Cellulose,hemicellulosedigestedbycellulasesandhemicellulases分泌纖維素酶及半纖維素酶用于分解纖維素及半纖維素ComplexpolysaccharidesaredigestedtoyieldsugarsthatarefermentedtoproduceVFA多糖類被消化用于產(chǎn)生糖類，后者發(fā)酵生成揮發(fā)性脂肪酸StarchesandsimplesugarsaremorerapidlyfermentedtoVFA淀粉及單糖類被迅速發(fā)酵生成揮發(fā)性脂肪酸Protozoaengulfstarchparticlespriortodigestingthem

原蟲在消化淀粉前先吞噬淀粉顆粒Rumen:瘤胃：BacterialDigestionofCarbohyRuminantCarbohydrateDigestion

反芻動物對碳水化合物的消化SmallIntestine小腸

Secretionofdigestiveenzymes分泌消化酶Digestivesecretionsfrompancreasandliver主要由胰腺及肝臟分泌消化液Furtherdigestionofcarbohydrates進(jìn)一步消化碳水化合物AbsorptionofH2O,minerals,aminoacids,glucose,fattyacids吸收水、礦物質(zhì)、氨基酸、葡萄糖、脂肪酸Bacterialpopulationfermentstheunabsorbedproductsofdigestion微生物發(fā)酵那些無法消化的組分AbsorptionofH2O,VFAandformationoffeces吸收水、揮發(fā)性脂肪酸，合成排泄物CecumandLargeIntestine盲腸及大腸RuminantCarbohydrateDigestioCarbohydrateDigestionRate

碳水化合物的消化率CompositionandDigestionofCarbohydrateFractions碳水化合物的組成及消化___________________________________________________________Composition組成RumenDigestion(%/h)瘤胃消化率%/h________________________________________Sugars糖類200-350OrganicAcids有機(jī)酸 1-2Starch淀粉10-40SolubleAvailableFiber可溶性可利用纖維40-60Pectins果膠Bglucansβ葡聚糖InsolubleAvailableFiber非可溶性可利用纖維2-10Cellulose纖維素Hemicellulose半纖維素UnavailableFiber(lignin)非可利用纖維素（木質(zhì)素）0_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________CarbohydrateDigestionRate

碳水糖類淀粉纖維素發(fā)酵時間糖類淀粉纖維素發(fā)酵時間VolatileFattyAcids

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸Carbohydrates VFA’sGlucoseMicrobialFermentation

Short-chainfattyacidsproducedbymicrobes3basictypes:3

種基本形態(tài)-Rumen,cecum,colonAceticacid(2c)乙酸Propionicacid(3c)丙酸Butyricacid(4c)丁酸碳水化合物微生物發(fā)酵揮發(fā)性脂肪酸葡萄糖瘤胃、盲腸、結(jié)腸中短鏈脂肪酸由微生物合成VolatileFattyAcids

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸CarVFAFormation

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸構(gòu)成2acetate+CO2+CH4+heat2propionate+water1butyrate+CO2+CH41GlucoseVFAsabsorbedpassivelyfromrumentoportalbloodProvide70-80%ofruminant’senergyneeds1分子葡萄糖2醋酸鹽熱量2丙酸鹽水1丁酸鹽揮發(fā)性脂肪酸由瘤胃被動吸收入血，提供反芻動物能量需要的70-80%

VFAFormation

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸構(gòu)成2acetatRumenFermentation

瘤胃發(fā)酵Gases(carbondioxideandmethane)areprimarybyproductsofrumenfermentation二氧化碳及甲烷是瘤胃發(fā)酵主要副產(chǎn)物Usuallythesegasesareeructatedorbelchedout-ifnot,bloatoccurs通常這些氣體都通過打嗝的形式排出，如果不能順利排出會造成瘤胃脹氣Bloatresultsinaseveredistensionoftherumenontheleftsideoftheruminantandcanresultindeath瘤胃脹氣會導(dǎo)致反芻動物左側(cè)瘤胃劇烈膨脹，嚴(yán)重時會死亡RumenFermentation

瘤胃發(fā)酵Gases(UsesofVFA

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的利用Acetate乙酸Energy能量Fattyacidsynthesis脂肪酸合成Propionate丙酸Energy能量Gluconeogenic糖異生–glucosesynthesis葡萄糖合成Butyrate丁酸Energy能量Rumenepithelialcellsconverttoketone瘤胃上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成酮體

Proportionsproduceddependsondiet

根據(jù)日糧組成不同，比例不同

UsesofVFA

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的利用Acetate乙AbsorptionofVFAs

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的吸收Noevidenceforactivetransport沒有證據(jù)證明是主動運輸吸收VFAmetabolismintherumenwall揮發(fā)性脂肪酸在瘤胃壁的代謝Cellsusemostofthebutyrate

fortheirownenergyneeds細(xì)胞利用了大部分丁酸用于自身的能量需要Acetateandpropionateare‘exported’toblood乙酸鹽與丙酸鹽被吸收入血AbsorptionofVFAs

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的吸收NoVFAProduction–MolarRatios

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的產(chǎn)生Forage:Grain粗精比Acetate乙酸Propionate丙酸Butyrate丁酸100:071.416.07.975:2550:5065.318.410.440:6059.825.910.220:8053.630.610.7VFAProduction–MolarRatios

RumenVFAProfiles

瘤胃揮發(fā)性脂肪酸概況乙酸丙酸乳酸纖維分解菌活性強(qiáng)淀粉分解菌活性強(qiáng)瘤胃pHRumenVFAProfiles

瘤胃揮發(fā)性脂肪酸概況乙MetabolismofVFA

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的代謝Overview綜述Acetateandbutyratearethemajorenergysources(throughoxidation)乙酸及丁酸是主要的能量來源（通過氧化途徑）Propionateisreservedforforgluconeogenesis丙酸主要儲備用于糖異生Acetateisthemajorsubstrateforlipogenesis乙酸是脂肪生成過程中最重要的底物Hencetheimportanceoffiberindairydietstomaintainmilkfatlevels因此粗纖維在日糧中的重要性主要是用來維持乳脂水平Propionateisalsolipogenic(thoughglucose)丙酸也可用于生成脂肪（通過生成葡萄糖）MetabolismofVFA

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的代謝OveMetabolismofVFAs

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸代謝VanSoest,1994AcetateButyratePropionate琥珀酰輔酶A脂肪乙酰乙酸β-羥基丁酸

乙酰輔酶A檸檬酸甘油丙酮蘋果酸乙酰輔酶A草酰乙酸磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸

乙酸丁酸丙酸MetabolismofVFAs

揮發(fā)性脂肪酸代謝VaGlucoseRequirements

葡萄糖需要Thereislessfluctuationinbloodglucoseinruminantsandbloodglucoseislowerat40-60mg/dl反芻動物血糖濃度波動很小，而且血糖一般低于40-60mg/dlReducedfluctuationdueto:血糖濃度穩(wěn)定的原因Eatmoreconstantlythanmonogastrics與單胃動物相比，采食過程更穩(wěn)定，持續(xù)時間長ContinuousVFAproduction揮發(fā)性脂肪酸不斷產(chǎn)生Continuousdigestaflow持續(xù)不斷的食物流Continuousgluconeogenesis持續(xù)的糖異生作用GlucoseRequirements

葡萄糖需要TherDigestiveFeature消化功能Ruminant反芻動物Nonruminant非反芻動物Salivaryamylase唾液淀粉酶Zero無High–primates高-靈長類Moderate-pig中-豬Low-carnivores低-肉食動物Pregastricfermentation前胃發(fā)酵High+很高Zero無Gastric胃Verylow很低Verylow很低PancreaticamylaseinSI小腸胰腺淀粉酶Lowtomoderate低-中等程度High高Glucoseabsorption

fromSI小腸葡萄糖吸收Zerotolow很低幾乎無High高PostSI小腸后段Low低LowtoHigh低-高CarbohydrateDigestionandAbsorption

碳水化合物的消化及吸收DigestiveFeatureRuminantNonruFats脂肪Increaseenergydensityinration增加日糧能量濃度Donotsupplyenergytomicrobes!!!!!并不為微生物提供能量?。。。?！Unpalatable,tendtodecreasefeedintake適口性差，容易降低采食量Over3%inrationwillsuppressfeedintake超過3%會降低采食量Cansupplementwith“rumenprotected”fats可以以過瘤胃脂肪形式補(bǔ)充Suppressmicrobialfunction抑制微生物生長及生理功能Form“soaps”inrumen瘤胃中以皂化脂肪形式存在PUFA’sgreaternegativeeffectthanSFA’s多不飽和脂肪酸的抑制效應(yīng)要高于飽和脂肪酸Decreasefiberdigestibility,slowrateofpassage降低纖維素的消化率，減緩瘤胃流通速率Oilseedsare“slow-release”formoffat,lessnegativeeffectsinrumen籽實類油屬于緩慢釋放性油脂，對瘤胃微生物的影響較小Fats脂肪IncreaseenergydensityOverviewofCarbohydratesandRuminants

反芻動物碳水化合物代謝綜述Diet

ProteinCarbohydrateFat_____________________________________________Rumen_____________________________________________Blood_____________________________________________TissueBacterialProteinAminoAcidsProteinStarchVFAPropionateAcetateButyrateGlucoseLactoseFattyAcidsFattyAcidsFat日糧蛋白碳水化合物脂肪瘤胃微生物蛋白淀粉揮發(fā)性脂肪酸脂肪酸乙酸丁酸丙酸血液氨基酸葡萄糖乳糖脂肪酸脂肪組織蛋白OverviewofCarbohydratesandFeedingOrder

飼喂程序Feedingforagebeforefeedingconcentrates(incomponent-fedherdswhereforagesandconcentratesarefedseparately)willbufferrumenbeforelargeamountsofacidsareproduced在飼喂精料前飼喂粗飼料（當(dāng)粗飼料與精飼料分開飼喂時）能夠保證瘤胃在大量酸產(chǎn)生前起到緩沖效果。Morestablerumenenvironment更加穩(wěn)定的瘤胃內(nèi)環(huán)境Betterforagedigestibility,fasterrateofpassage,andincreasedcowperformancecomparedtofeedingforagesafterconcentrates與先飼喂精料再飼喂粗飼料相比，能夠提高粗飼料消化率，提高瘤胃排空速度，提高奶牛的生產(chǎn)性能FeedingOrder

飼喂程序FeedingforaInteractionofProteinandEnergyinRuminantNutrition

反芻動物營養(yǎng)中的能量與蛋白的互作InteractionofProteinandEne發(fā)酵糖類淀粉纖維素時間發(fā)酵糖類淀粉纖維素時間RumenNH3FollowingProteinIngestion

采食蛋白后瘤胃氨濃度變化亞麻籽粕尿素豆粕魚粉采食后經(jīng)過時間RumenNH3FollowingProteinInRumenVFAfromCarbohydrateSources

瘤胃不同碳水化合物來源的揮發(fā)性脂肪酸濃度淀粉玉米破碎玉米纖維素時間揮發(fā)性脂肪酸RumenVFAfromCarbohydrateSoMatchingAvailableEnergywithRatesofProteinDegradation

蛋白降解與可利用能量的同步Tomaximizeefficiencyofmicrobialproteinsynthesisfromammonia,availableenergymustbepresent.為使微生物利用氨合成蛋白的效率最大化必須同時提供足夠的有效能MatchingAvailableEnergywithMatchingProteinand

EnergySources

同步蛋白與能量來源MatchingProteinand

EnergySRumenDegradableProtein

瘤胃降解蛋白(RDP)About60%ofproteinintherationshouldberumendegradable(RDP)tomeetneedsofmicrobes日糧中必須保證60%的蛋白為RDP以滿足微生物需要30%oftheproteinshouldberumensolubleforcomponent-fedherds日糧中蛋白的30%必須在瘤胃中可溶45%shouldberumensolubleinTMR-fedherds在全混合日糧中粗蛋白的45%必須是瘤胃可溶性蛋白Soybeanmealisrumensoluble豆粕屬于瘤胃可溶性蛋白源Cornglutenisaninsolubleproteinsource玉米蛋白粉屬于瘤胃不可溶性蛋白源RumenDegradableProtein

瘤胃降解蛋RumenUndegradableProtein(RUP)

瘤胃非降解蛋白Proteinthat“by-passes”rumendegradationtomeettheneedsofthecowthatarenotmetbymicrobialproteinproduction過瘤胃降解蛋白也許適合反芻動物自身需要，但并不適于微生物產(chǎn)生菌體蛋白Shouldbeabout40%oftotalnitrogenfed瘤胃非降解蛋白應(yīng)該在總?cè)占Z氮中占到40%Sourcesincludeheat-treatedsoybeans,fishormeatmeal,distillersgrains來源應(yīng)該包括熱處理豆粕，魚粉及肉粉以及酒糟OptimalLYS:METratiois3:1適宜的賴氨酸蛋氨酸比為3：1Typicallyrequiresoverfeedingproteintomeetmethionineneedsofcow通常需要過量的蛋白質(zhì)，以滿足奶牛蛋氨酸的需要CanmeetneedswithlowerRUPandsupplementalrumen-stablemethioninesupplements($$$)可以提供更低含量的RUP，同時提供過瘤胃保護(hù)性蛋氨酸RumenUndegradableProtein(RUNon-FiberCarbohydrates(NFC)

非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物Sugarsandstarches糖及淀粉ProduceVFA’s產(chǎn)生揮發(fā)性脂肪酸Rapidlydigested快速被消化CanchangerumenpHquickly!!快速改變瘤胃pH?。eetenergyneedsofmicrobes適宜的微生物的能量需要Requireabout38-40%inrationforthisneed需要從日糧來源提供38-40%Canbeachallengeinhigh-fatdiets可能被高脂肪日糧改變Onpaper,energyneedsofcowaremet,butrationisactuallyenergydeficientforoptimalrumenmicrobialsynthesis傳統(tǒng)研究認(rèn)為，奶牛日糧中的能量是適合的，但實際上為滿足最佳的瘤胃微生物合成，日糧中的能量是缺乏的Non-FiberCarbohydrates(NFC)

WhatAreNFC’s?

什么是非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物Non-FiberCarbohydrates(NFC’s)areextremelyimportantsugarandstarchcomponentsofadairyration.非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物是奶牛日糧中極其重要的組分NFC’saremorerapidlydegradedintherumenthanfibrouscarbohydrates.Theyprovideimmediatenecessaryenergyforrumenmicroorganismstosynthesizeproteinforcellgrowth.非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物與結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物相比降解更加快。它們?yōu)榱鑫肝⑸锖铣傻鞍准凹?xì)胞生長提供必須的能量NFC=100-(NDF+CP+Fat+Ash+Moisture)

NFC=100-(中性洗滌纖維+粗蛋白+脂肪+灰分+水)

WhatAreNFC’s?

什么是非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物NoOptimumNFCandSugarLevels

適宜的NFC及糖水平TheoptimumNFCisgenerallysetata40%oftherationdrymatter.日糧中適宜的NFC水平一般為40%，以絕干物質(zhì)計Aminimumlevelof35%NFCisgenerallyrecommendedtoassuremaximumefficiencyofmicrobialgrowth.一般建議采用最少35%的NFC水平，用以保證微生物合成的最大效率Amaximumlevelof45%isoftensettopreventdisruptionoffiberdigestionduetolowrumenpH.最高推薦量是45%，防止瘤胃pH過低破壞粗纖維的消化OptimumSugarlevelsintherationaretypicallyrecommendedtobebetween4to6%.建議適宜的糖類水平為4-6%OptimumNFCandSugarLevels

適WhyDifferentiateBetween

StarchandSugarinNFCFraction?

為什么淀粉及糖類在NFC中不同

Because….

因為Sugarsfermentmuchfasterintherumenthanstarches.糖類在瘤胃中的發(fā)酵速度要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)快于淀粉 Sugars–Digestedwithin30-60minutes Starches–Digestedwithin2-6hours

糖類-在30-60分鐘內(nèi)消化淀粉-在2-6個小時內(nèi)消化WhyDifferentiateBetween

StaRecentresearchindicatesthatacocktailofdifferentsugarsmayprovidesomebenefitsinrumendigestion,ascomparedtoasinglesugarsource.

近些年來的研究表明，使用不同類型的糖類復(fù)合使用，效果要好于單一的糖類RecentresearchindicatesthatFeedingavarietyofsugarsfeedsalloftherumenmicrobeswhichimprovesforagedigestionandutilization

飼喂不同種類糖能夠改善瘤胃微生物粗飼料的消化及利用率瘤胃中細(xì)菌種類多樣正是由于有細(xì)菌，瘤胃才能利用粗飼料和非蛋白氮細(xì)菌利用糖類供能來消化粗飼料不同的細(xì)菌利用糖的類型不同提供不同類型的糖能夠保證不同細(xì)菌數(shù)量都維持在正常水平從而采食更多的能量這樣能夠顯著的改善粗飼料的采食量FeedingavarietyofsugarsfeFermentationofCarbohydrateSubstrates

byRumenBacterialSpecies

不同瘤胃菌種的碳水化合物發(fā)酵底物Organism種類Glucose葡萄糖Fructose果糖Sucrose蔗糖Lactose乳糖Bacteroidessuccinogenes產(chǎn)琥珀酸擬桿菌+--+Ruminococcusflavefaciens黃色瘤胃球菌+-++Ruminococcusalbus白色瘤胃球菌++++Bacteroidesamylophilus嗜淀粉擬桿菌----FermentationofCarbohydrateSMicrobialProteinSynthesis

微生物蛋白合成Requiresthatammonia(frombreakdownofRDP)ispresentatthesametimeascarbonskeletons(fromthebreakdownofeithercomplexorsimplecarbohydrates)

需要氨（來源為RDP分解）與碳鏈（來源于簡單及復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的碳水化合物）“Nutrientsynchrony”營養(yǎng)同步性Mostcrucialwhenmealfeeding,lessofaproblemwhenrumenisalwaysfullofallfeeds(TMRfedwith24-hourfeedavailability)每日分餐飼喂時，營養(yǎng)的同步性問題非常關(guān)鍵；只有在24小時自由采食全混合日糧條件下，該問題才不那么重要MicrobialProteinSynthesis

微生SynchronousFeedingChallenges

同步飼喂的挑戰(zhàn)Solubleproteinsources(SBM)arerapidlybrokendowntoammoniawhichisprimarilyusedbyfiberdigesters(cellulolyticbacteria)可溶性蛋白源（如豆粕）很快降解為氨，并且很快用于分解纖維（纖維分解菌）Insolubleproteinsources(cornglutenmeal)areslowlybrokendowntopeptideswhicharemoreeffectivelyusedbystarchdigesters(amylolyticbacteria)非可溶性蛋白源（玉米蛋白粉）被緩慢分解成為肽，但對于淀粉分解菌來說，這樣反而利用效率更高Forexample,feedingNPNinarationhighinstructuralcarbohydrates(highforagediet)resultsinammoniamovingtobloodratherthanformingmicrobialprotein例如，如果結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物（粗飼料較多）日糧中非蛋白氮濃度過高，會導(dǎo)致氨吸收入血而不是形成微生物蛋白SynchronousFeedingChallengesRumenAmmonia

瘤胃氨Formedfromthebreakdownofrumendegradableprotein瘤胃蛋白降解后的一種存在形式RDPbrokendowntoammoniaandcarbonandthenre-formedintohigherqualitymicrobialproteins瘤胃降解蛋白分解成碳和氨然后重新合成為高品質(zhì)的菌體蛋白Shouldbebetween2and5mg/dl大概含量在2-5mg/dlHighammoniareflectsproblemwithformationofmicrobialproteins高濃度的氨說明了菌體蛋白的合成過程中有問題RumenAmmonia

瘤胃氨FormedfromtMilkUreaNitrogen(MUN)

乳中尿素氮Rumenammoniathatisabsorbedintothebloodstreamisconvertedtoureabytheliverandendsupinmilkandurine(someinsaliva)瘤胃氨被吸收進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)，然后再肝臟被轉(zhuǎn)化為尿素最終進(jìn)入乳及尿液（有時進(jìn)入唾液）OptimalMUNlevelsbetween12and14mg/dl適宜的MUN水平為12-14mg/dlHighcrudeproteinoralowNFC:CPratioincreasesMUN粗蛋白水平過高或者是NFC:CP比例過低都會導(dǎo)致MUNHighMUN(>20mg/dl)reflectsrationswithexcessproteinorinadequateNFC高M(jìn)UN水平(>20mg/dl)反應(yīng)了日糧中蛋白過高，而NFC水平不適宜MUNalsoincreaseswithexcessivebodyconditionlosses(moremuscleproteinbreakdown)asoccursinearlylactation但早期泌乳過程中體組織損失過大時（肌肉蛋白被降解）MUN水平也可能增加MustinterpretMUNcarefullyinearlylactationcows必須密切關(guān)注早期泌乳奶牛的MUNMilkUreaNitrogen(MUN)

乳中尿素氮ImportanceofMicrobialProtein

菌體蛋白的重要性ImportanceofMicrobialProteiRumenMicrobesandTheirProteinValue

瘤胃微生物及其蛋白價值Microbesasafeedsource作為反芻動物食物來源的微生物about50%protein50%的粗蛋白Over80%digestibility消化率高于80%Closertoaminoacidprofileofmilkthananyotherproteinsource與其他蛋白源相比更接近牛奶蛋白氨基酸組成Forcowproducing45kgmilk,80%ofproteinneedscanbemetbymicrobialprotein(~2.27kg/day)對于日產(chǎn)量45Kg的奶牛來說，80%的蛋白需要可由微生物來源的蛋白提供（~2.27kg/day）Dependsonqualityoffeedingprogram(largerange)依賴于飼喂程序的質(zhì)量（大范圍內(nèi)）DIRECTLYDETERMINESPROFITABILITYOFFEEDINGPROGRAM直接決定了飼喂程序的收益RumenMicrobesandTheirProteMicrobialProteinandTheirImpactsonProteinNutrition

微生物蛋白及其對蛋白質(zhì)營養(yǎng)的影響MicrobialpopulationhasprofoundeffectonAAreachingS.I.微生物極大影響了到達(dá)小腸的氨基酸組成AAprofileatS.I.differentfromdiet

a.達(dá)到小腸的氨基酸與日糧中不同Up-gradeslowqualitydietaryprotein能夠改善日糧中的低品質(zhì)蛋白Down-gradeshighqualitydietaryprotein但也降低了日糧中的高品質(zhì)蛋白EnablesruminantstouseNPNefficiently使得反芻動物能夠有效利用非蛋白氮Ruminantscanbeproductivewithoutasourceofdietarytrueprotein即使日糧中不含真蛋白，反芻動物也能保持較高的生產(chǎn)性能AnimalcansurviveonlowamountsofdietaryproteinbyrecyclingN(asurea)backtorumen

即使在日糧中蛋白很低的情況下，依靠瘤胃N循環(huán)（以尿素的形式）動物也可以存活

MicrobialProteinandTheirImMicrobialProteinandNitrogenMetabolism

微生物蛋白及氮代謝MicrobialpopulationhasprofoundeffectonAAreachingS.I.(cont.)微生物極大影響了到達(dá)小腸的氨基酸組成Whywesaynitrogenmetabolism(vsproteinmetab.)為什么我們稱之為氮代謝（與蛋白代謝相比）Microbialintervention微生物存在作用NH3formation氨形成Disadvantage:moreproteincanbedestroyedintherumenthanissynthesized缺點：瘤胃中蛋白的降解比合成高 Result=Netlossofprotein結(jié)果=蛋白的凈損失

Advantage:canhavemoreproteinleavingrumenthanisinthediet Result=Netgainofprotein優(yōu)點：進(jìn)入瘤胃的蛋白質(zhì)可以比流出瘤胃的多結(jié)果=蛋白的凈增加MicrobialProteinandNitrogenExample:MoreProteinLeavingRumenthanwasinDiet

例子：過瘤胃的蛋白增加Weston&Hogan(Australia)firsttoshowthisWeston&Hogan（澳大利亞）第一次試驗證實Fedsheep2dietscontaining20%and8%CP飼喂綿羊2種不同的日糧各含20%和8%蛋白

8%Wheatenhay,corn8%小麥、干草、玉米20%Lucerne(alfalfa),corn,PNM20%苜蓿、玉米、花生粕Dietssupportedidenticalwoolgrowth羊毛生長所需要的日糧是相同的Netgain凈增加Netloss凈損失13.8NenteringS.I.vsdiet與日糧中相比進(jìn)入小腸的NAA-NenteringS.I.(gm/day)進(jìn)入小腸的氨基酸-NNfed(gm/day)飼喂N8%CP20%CPMeasurement測量Example:MoreProteinLeavingMicrobialProteinandItsConsistency

微生物蛋白及其結(jié)合Inruminantnutrition–generallynotconcernedwithAAcompositionofdietaryprotein

在反芻動物營養(yǎng)中，我們通常不關(guān)心日糧蛋白的AA組成TypeoffeeddoesnotaffectAAcomp.ofbacteriaandprotozoaleavingrumen

日糧類型不會影響細(xì)菌氨基酸組成以及原生動物過瘤胃AAcomp.ofMO’sreachingduodenumstrikinglysimilarwhenmeasuredinlabsaroundtheworld到達(dá)十二指腸的氨基酸組成驚人的相似，世界各地的實驗室檢測結(jié)果證明了這點Biologicalvalue(BV)ofmicrobialprotein~80%

微生物蛋白的生物學(xué)價值~80%MicrobialProteinandItsConsFeedIntakeIsCrucialtoAnimalHealthandMilkProduction

對于反芻動物的健康及泌乳來說采食量是至關(guān)重要的因素FeedIntakeIsCrucialtoAnimTheeffectsofdecreasedfeedintakeinthetransitionperiodisfeltthroughouttheentirelactation.Thetoppanelrepresentsa30%decreaseinfeedintakewhilethebottompanelrepresentsa70%decreaseinfeedintake翻譯見下頁干奶期能量負(fù)平衡期能量正平衡期干物質(zhì)采食量產(chǎn)奶量機(jī)體能量平衡干奶期能量負(fù)平衡期能量正平衡期干物質(zhì)采食量產(chǎn)奶量機(jī)體能量平衡TheeffectsofTheeffectsofdecreasedfeedintakeinthetransitionperiodisfeltthroughouttheentirelactation.Thetoppanelrepresentsa30%decreaseinfeedintakewhilethebottompanelrepresentsa70%decreaseinfeedintake圍產(chǎn)期采食量下降對整個泌乳期都會產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。上部的圖展示了采食量降低30%的結(jié)果，而下方的圖展示了采食量降低70%的效果。Theeffectsofdecreasedfeed

DryMatterIntakeGuides

建議干物質(zhì)采食量

11kgofDMabovemaintenance-milkyield2-2.5kg

1kg以上干物質(zhì)用于維持產(chǎn)奶-2-2.5Kg2Ingeneral,5.9kgofDMformaintenance通常，5.9kg干物質(zhì)用于維持需要3MilkCows:奶牛 DMintake=(.0185xB.W.)+(.305xkg4%FCM)

干物質(zhì)采食量=(.0185x代謝體重）+

(.305xkg4%標(biāo)準(zhǔn)奶) 4%FCM=(0.4XkgMilk)+(15XkgFat)

4%標(biāo)準(zhǔn)奶=(0.4Xkg牛奶)

+(15Xkg脂肪)

4DryCows:DMIntake=(B.W.x.0185)

干奶期奶牛：干物質(zhì)采食量=(.0185x代謝體重）

DryMatterIntakeGuides

建議干物

DMIandMilkYield

干物質(zhì)采食量及產(chǎn)奶量

DMI,maintenance,andmilkproduction干物質(zhì)采食量，維持需要，以及產(chǎn)奶量 5.9kgHolsteinmaintenancetax5.9kg用于荷斯坦維持需要 (DMI–5.9kg)multipliedby2

（DMI-5.9Kg）×2 Example:(24kg–5.9kg)X2=36.3kgofmilk

例如(24kg–5.9kg)X2=36.3kg產(chǎn)奶量?DairyEfficiency:MilkyieldandDMI產(chǎn)奶效率：產(chǎn)奶與干物質(zhì)采食量間關(guān)系 kgofmilk/kgofDMI1kg牛奶/1kg干物質(zhì)采食量 Excellent>1.5極好水平>1.5

Concern<1.3低于1.3就需要注意 Example:34kgmilk/22.7kgDMI=1.5例如：34kg牛奶/22.7kgDMI=1.5

DMIandMilkYield

干物質(zhì)采食量及產(chǎn)奶量LowDryMatter(Energy)Intake干物質(zhì)采食量低（能量）的后果PoorImmuneFunctionEmptyRumenDisplaced

AbomasumMastitis/MetritisFatMobilizationFattyLiver/KetosisImpairedLiverFunction體脂動員脂肪肝/酮病肝臟機(jī)能減弱免疫機(jī)能減弱乳房炎/子宮炎瘤胃變空真胃移位LowDryMatter(Energy)IntakeDMIandPlasmaNEFA

干物質(zhì)采食量及血漿中非酯化脂肪酸302520151050-5-10-15-2011223344552004006008001000DMINEFADayrelativetocalving相對產(chǎn)犢日齡（前、后）NEFAuM/LDMIlb/dGrummer,1993DMIandPlasmaNEFA

干物質(zhì)采食量及血漿中MetabolicDisorders

代謝紊亂Thetransitionfromlategestation,non-lactatingtononpregnant,lactatingpresentssignificantchallengetothecow’ssystem從妊娠后期沒有泌乳到產(chǎn)犢后泌乳的過程對于奶牛來說要經(jīng)歷極大的挑戰(zhàn)Unfortunatelynutritionnamangementdoesnotmeetthesechallenges.Awiderangeofhealthproblemscanoccur.不幸的是，當(dāng)前的營養(yǎng)供給并不足以讓其克服挑戰(zhàn)。而由此產(chǎn)生了一系列健康問題。MetabolicDisorders

代謝紊亂ThetrMetabolicDisordersin8070HolsteinCowsinNewYorkState(Grohnetal,1995)

紐約州8070頭荷斯坦奶牛代謝病調(diào)查LactationalIncidence哺乳期的發(fā)病率Disorder疾病Risk,%發(fā)生率MediandayofOccurrence發(fā)生的平均時間/天Reta