gre寫作串講班輪課件1

ScoresGRE?revisedGeneralTest(teststakenonorScoresGRE?revisedGeneralTest(teststakenonorafterAugust1,2011)MeasureScoresReportedVerbalReasoning130–170,in1pointincrementsQuantitativeReasoning130–170,in1pointincrementsAnalyticalWriting0–6,inhalfpointincrementsScoring(ttp://)ScoresontheVerbalReasoningandQuantitativeReasoningsectionsofthecomputer-basedGREScoring(ttp://)ScoresontheVerbalReasoningandQuantitativeReasoningsectionsofthecomputer-basedGREGeneralTestdependonperformanceonthequestionsgivenandonthenumberofquestionsansweredinthetimeallotted.Thesesectionsarecomputer-adaptive,whichmeansthequestionspresentedareselectedtoreflecttheperformanceonprecedingquestionsandmeettherequirementsofthetestdesign.Testdesignfactorsthatinfluencewhichquestionsarepresentedinclude:thestatisticalcharacteristics(includingdifficultylevel)ofthequestionsalreadyansweredtherequiredvarietyofquestiontypestheappropriatecoverageofcontentForthecomputer-basedAnalyticalWritingsection,eachessayreceivesascorefromatleastonetrainedreader,usingasix-pointholisticscale.Inholisticscoring,readersaretrainedtoassignscoresonthebasisoftheoverallqualityofanessayinresponsetotheassignedtask.Theessayscoreisthenreviewedbye-rater?,acomputerizedprogramdevelopedbyETS,whichisbeingusedtomonitorthehumanreader.Ifthee-raterevaluationandthehumanscoreagree,thehumanscoreisusedasthefinalscore.Iftheydisagreebyacertainamount,asecondhumanscoreisobtained,andthefinalscoreistheaverageofthetwohumanscores.Thefinalscoresonthetwoessaysarethenaveragedandroundeduptothenearesthalf-pointinterval.AsinglescoreisreportedfortheAnalyticalWritingsection.TheprimaryemphasisinscoringtheAnalyticalWritingsectionisoncriticalthinkingandanalyticalwritingskillsratherthanongrammarandmechanics.Duringthescoringprocess,essayresponsesontheAnalyticalWritingsectionarereviewedbyETSessay-similarity-detectionsoftwareandbyexperiencedessayreaders.SoftwareandHardwareGREPOWERPREPSoftwareandHardwareGREPOWERPREPII( )903/6 v.s. 424/4903/6 v.s. 424/4CauseandEffect(causal≠CauseandEffect(causal≠casual)AcausesB.AisthecauseofB.ThecauseofAisB.[A],because[B].[A].Because[B].BecauseofA,[B].AmayresultinB.AmightresultfromB.TheresultofAisB.AistheresultofB.AisthereasonforB.ThereasonforAisB.Thereasonwhy[A]isthat[B].AisattributedtoB.ThearguerattributesAtoB.AisattributabletoB.Sb.imputesAtoB.Sb.creditsAtoB.AcontributestoB.Ahassignificantlycontributed,andthusiscausaltoB.AcanaccountforB.AaffectsB.AmaybringaboutB.AaboutbringsB.AgeneratesB.AdevisesB.AisduetoB.AhasimpactonB.AinfluencesB.AwillleadtoB.AmakesB.AisowingtoB.AisresponsibleforB.AendsinB.AushersAendsinB.AushersinB.[A].Accordingly,[B].[A],accordingly,[B].[A],andasaresult,[B].[A].Consequently,[B].[A].Correspondingly,[B].[A].Itfollowsthat[B].[A].Therefore/Then/Hence/Thus/So,[B].[A],forthat[B].[A]forthat[B].[A]for[B].[A],inthat[B].[A]inthat[B].[A]in[B].Sentence1.“Lifeexpectancy”istheaverageageatdeathofSentence1.“Lifeexpectancy”istheaverageageatdeathoftheentirelive-bornpopulation.Inthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,lifeexpectancyinNorthAmericawas40years,whereasnowitisnearly80years.Thus,inthosedays,peoplemusthavebeenconsideredoldatanagethatwenowconsidertheprimeoflife.ArgumentEvaluationWhatpointweakensthisargument?Theargumentisdiscussinglifeexpectancyovertheentirepopulationofthosebornalive.Theargumentreliesontheideathatif40yearswastheaveragelifeexpectancy,thentheusuallengthoflifemusthavebeenaround40.Butaveragescanbemisleading.Whatif,inthenineteenthcentury,thenumberofinfantsbornalivebutnotsurvivingtheirfirstyearwasfarhigherthanitistoday?Ifthiswereso,itwouldsignificantlyreducetheaverageageattimeofdeathofthepopulationasawhole—butofcoursethatpopulationcouldhavecontainedmanywholivedwellintotheirseventiesoreighties.Thus,ifweaddtheinformationthatfirst-yearinfantmortalitywasquitehigh150yearsago,thethat40yearswasconsideredoldthenwouldbemuchlesswellsupported.2.ScientistsproposeplacingseismicstationsonthefloorofthePacificOceantowarnthreatenedcoastalcommunitiesonthenorthwesterncoastoftheUnitedStatesofapproachingtidalwavescausedbyearthquakes.Sinceforewarnedcommunitiescouldtakestepstoevacuate,manyoftheinjuriesanddeathsthatwouldotherwiseoccurcouldbeavoidedifthegovernmentwouldimplementthisproposal.EvaluationofaPlanWhatwoulditbemostimportanttoknowindeterminingwhetherimplementingtheplanwillachieveitsdesiredresult,preventinginjuriesanddeaths?Communitiesmustactuallyevacuatefortheplantoachievethedesiredresult,andthatevacuationmustbethistohappen,theproposedseismicstations’warnincommunitiestoperformasafeevacuation.plishedwithoutitselfcausinginjuriesordeaths.Forustcomeearlyenoughtoenablethe3.Homeownersaged40to50aremorelikelytopurchaseicecreamandaremorelikelytopurchaseitinlargeramountsthanaremembersofanyotherdemographicgroup.Thepopularbeliefthatteenagerseatmoreicecreamthanadultsmust,therefore,befalse.ArgumentEvaluationAflawedassumptionunderliesthereasoning:theassumptionthatthebuyersoftheicecreamarealsotheeatersoftheicecream.Althoughthedemographicgrouphomeownersaged40to50purchasesmoreicecreamthandoesanyotherdemographicgroup,itisquitelikelythatmuchoftheicecreampurchasedbythosehomeownersisforconsumptionbyfamilymembersratherthanforexclusiveconsumptionbythepurchaser.Thisleavesopenthepossibilitythatteenagersmaycream.bethelargestconsumersofice4.Outsourcingisthepracticeofobtainingfrom4.Outsourcingisthepracticeofobtainingfromanindependentsupplieraproductorservicethatacompanyhaspreviouslyprovidedforitself.Sinceacompany’schiefobjectiveistorealizethehighestpossibleyear-endprofits,anyproductorservicethatcanbeobtainedfromanindependentsupplierforlessthanitwouldcostthecompanytoprovidetheproductorserviceonitsownshouldbeoutsourced.ArgumentEvaluationWhatweakensthisargument?Whencouldoutsourcingaserviceorproductresultinabusinessdisadvantageorlowerprofits?Itisclearthatthecompanymustgiveindependentsuppliersenoughinformationtoenablethemtoprovidethecontractedproductsandservices,butthismeansthatthecompanycanlosecontroloverwhohaspossessionofsuchcriticalinformation.Iftheinformationknowntothecompany’scompetitorsandgivesthemabusinessadvantage,thecompany’sprofitabilitymaybeharmedratherthanhelpedbyoutsourcing.Thispossibilityweakenstheargumentes5.Thechangingworldisincreasinglychangingallofusoncehavingchangedthisworldnotchangedbefore.6.Themoneythussavedcouldbebetterusedtoreplacetheexistingplantmachinerywithmoretechnologicallysophisticatedequipment,oreventobuildanadditionalplant.7.Weshould,therefore,considertransferringourinvestmentsfromColaLocatoEarlyBirdCoffee.8.Whichpointweakenstheargument?First,identifyacrucialunderlyingassumption.Theargumentassumes….Whatifthereisanotherreasonforthesimilarity?Whatifaculturethatcomestoanalreadyinhabitedsitetendstoadaptitsimplementstothestyleoftheresidentculture’simplements?Inthatcase,theMayanscouldhavecometo….9."Nooneisperfect."Therearefewamonguswhowoulddisagreewiththisfamiliarstatement.Certainthatperfectionisanimpossiblegoal,manypeoplewillinglyacceptflawsandingsinthemselvesandothers.Yetsuchbehaviorleadstofailure.Peoplecanonlysucceediftheytrytoachieveperfectionineverythingtheydo.10.Life,libertyandthepursuitofhappinessarerightsthatbelongtousasindividuals.Butourlives,ourfreedom,ourhappinessarebestenjoyed,bestprotected,andbestadvancedwhenwedoworktogether.11.Peopleareoftentoldtoobeytherules.Inreality,theserulesarenotpermanent:whatisrightatagivenpointintimemaybedeclaredwrongatanothertimeandviceversa.Theworldchangessorapidlythatrulesareout-of-datealmostassoonastheyarecreated.Peoplecannotrelyonestablishedguidelinestodeterminewhattheyshouldandshouldnotdo.——GregoryD.Foster12.SVO,SVO.SVO;SVO.12.SVO,SVO.SVO;SVO.SVO,andSVO.SVO:SVO.SVO–SVO.SVO,butSVO.13.SVO,becauseSVO.SVO.BecauseSVO.SVO.ButSVO.SVO.AndSVO.SVO,accordingly,SVO.14.However,SVO.SVO,however.SVO,however,SVO.SVO,andhowever,SVO.SVO,however,andSVO.SVO,andSVO,however.However,SVO.SVO.SVO;however,SVO.SVO,however;SVO.15.ThoughSVO,SVO.ThoughSVO,butSVO.ThoughSVO,SneverthelessVO.Though,SVO,SVO.Though,SVO,butSVO.SVO,though,butSVO.Issue分類 新題號(hào)數(shù)量behavior4behavior 78behavior 38behavior 82 97 100 124behavior 77education9education 40 47 90education 37education 17 68education 6 14 96 116education 81 95education 58education 135 136 137 140education 20 39education 73cognition3cognition 87cognition 33 56 109 131cognition 48 92criticalthinking10criticalthinking 34 49 76 79 118 146criticalthinking 42criticalthinking 66criticalthinking 13 46 70 102 112criticalthinking 143criticalthinking 30 83criticalthinking 36 72criticalthinking 23criticalthinking 24 29 52criticalthinking 108 110choice2choice 142choice 11 99idealism3idealism 51 71idealism 60Issue分類 新題號(hào)數(shù)量behavior4behavior 78behavior 38behavior 82 97 100 124behavior 77education9education 40 47 90education 37education 17 68education 6 14 96 116education 81 95education 58education 135 136 137 140education 20 39education 73cognition3cognition 87cognition 33 56 109 131cognition 48 92criticalthinking10criticalthinking 34 49 76 79 118 146criticalthinking 42criticalthinking 66criticalthinking 13 46 70 102 112criticalthinking 143criticalthinking 30 83criticalthinking 36 72criticalthinking 23criticalthinking 24 29 52criticalthinking 108 110choice2choice 142choice 11 99idealism3idealism 51 71idealism 60idealism 19success5success 61success 53 130success 85 94 147success 144success 28 113 120 121 127 145individuality3individuality 59individuality 45 138individuality 123 128innovation3innovation 41innovation 22 44 75 122innovation 27pastorpresent3pastorpresent 9pastorpresent 57pastorpresent 74 133 134modernization3modernization 2modernization 5 117modernization 119arts3arts 55arts 7arts 80 88democracy7democracy 50 86 115democracy 139democracy 65democracy 18democracy 21democracy 89democracy 12 25power6idealism 19success5success 61success 53 130success 85 94 147success 144success 28 113 120 121 127 145individuality3individuality 59individuality 45 138individuality 123 128innovation3innovation 41innovation 22 44 75 122innovation 27pastorpresent3pastorpresent 9pastorpresent 57pastorpresent 74 133 134modernization3modernization 2modernization 5 117modernization 119arts3arts 55arts 7arts 80 88democracy7democracy 50 86 115democracy 139democracy 65democracy 18democracy 21democracy 89democracy 12 25power6power 8 111 149power 104 107power 62power 141power 114power 16environment2environment 31 63 67environment 10 125 148technology7technology 26technology 132technology 1technology 64technology 101technology 91technology 43image1image 93imagination3imagination 54imagination 106 126imagination 105media3media 84media 4power 8 111 149power 104 107power 62power 141power 114power 16environment2environment 31 63 67environment 10 125 148technology7technology 26technology 132technology 1technology 64technology 101technology 91technology 43image1image 93imagination3imagination 54imagination 106 126imagination 105media3media 84media 41Aspeoplerelymoreandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate.當(dāng)人們?cè)絹?lái)越依賴技術(shù)去解決問(wèn)題，人類思考能力卻。2Tounderstandthemostimportantcharacteristicsofasociety,onemuststudyitsmajor1Aspeoplerelymoreandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate.當(dāng)人們?cè)絹?lái)越依賴技術(shù)去解決問(wèn)題，人類思考能力卻。2Tounderstandthemostimportantcharacteristicsofasociety,onemuststudyitsmajorcities.要想了解一個(gè)最重要的特征，人們必須研究這個(gè)主要的城市。3Educationalinstitutionshavearesponsibilitytodissuadestudentsfrompursuingfieldsofstudyinwhichtheyareunlikelytosucceed.教育機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任勸阻學(xué)生不要從事不太可能成功的科學(xué)研究。4Scandalsareusefulbecausetheyfocusourattentiononproblemsinwaysthatnospeakerorreformerevercould.是有裨益的，因?yàn)樗鼈冏屓藗冏⒁獾揭恍﹩?wèn)題，任何演說(shuō)家和家都無(wú)法做到的。5Claim:Governmentsmustensurethattheirmajorcitiesreceivethefinancialsupporttheyneedinordertothrive.Reason:Itisprimarilyincitiesthatanation'sculturaltraditionsarepandgenerated.結(jié)論：需要給主要城市提供財(cái)政支持，來(lái)保證其繁榮發(fā)展。原因：一個(gè)的文化傳統(tǒng)主要是在城市中得以傳承和發(fā)展。6Anationshouldrequireallofitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollege.在進(jìn)行大學(xué)教育以前，應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的課程。7Somepeoplebelievethatgovernmentfundingoftheartsisnecessarytoensurethattheartscanflourishandbeavailabletoallpeople.Othersbelievethatgovernmentfundingoftheartsthreatenstheintegrityofthearts.有些人認(rèn)為對(duì)藝術(shù)的資助會(huì)威脅到藝術(shù)的完整性。8Claim:Inanyfield—business,politics,education,government—thoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Reason:Thesurestpathtosuccessforanyenterpriseisrevitalizationthroughnewleadership.結(jié)論：如商業(yè)、政治、教育、，在任何領(lǐng)域中的掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在五年后就讓位。原因：對(duì)于，最可靠的成功途徑是通過(guò)新階層帶來(lái)革新。9Inanyfieldofendeavor,itisimpossibletomakeasignificantcontributionwithoutfirstbeingstronglyinfluencedbypastachievementswithinthatfield.任何研究領(lǐng)域，如果不首先接受該領(lǐng)域中過(guò)去成就的影響，就不可能會(huì)有意義的成功。10Nationsshouldpasslawstopreserveanyremainingwildernessareasintheirnaturalstate,eveniftheseareascouldbedevelopedforeconomicgain.應(yīng)該通過(guò)法令保護(hù)任何存留的原地區(qū)保持原狀，即便這些地區(qū)可以用作商業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)。11People'sbehaviorislargelydeterminedbyforcesnotoftheirownmaking.人們的行為多是被外界力量所左右，難以被自己控制。12Governmentsshouldofferafreeuniversityeducationtoanystudentwhohasbeenadmittedtoauniversitybutwhocannotaffordthetuition.對(duì)任何被大學(xué)錄取但無(wú)法承擔(dān)學(xué)費(fèi)的學(xué)生，應(yīng)該為他們提供大學(xué)教育。13Universitiesshould12Governmentsshouldofferafreeuniversityeducationtoanystudentwhohasbeenadmittedtoauniversitybutwhocannotaffordthetuition.對(duì)任何被大學(xué)錄取但無(wú)法承擔(dān)學(xué)費(fèi)的學(xué)生，應(yīng)該為他們提供大學(xué)教育。13Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent'sfieldofstudy.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個(gè)學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。14Anationshouldrequireallofitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollege.在進(jìn)行大學(xué)教育以前，應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的課程。15Educationalinstitutionsshouldactivelyencouragetheirstudentstochoosefieldsofstudythatwillpreparethemforlucrativecareers.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該積極鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生選擇那些為將來(lái)高收入工作鋪路的研究領(lǐng)域。16Somepeoplebelievethatinordertobeeffective,politicalleadersmustyieldtopublicopinionandabandonprincipleforthesakeofcompromise.Othersbelievethatthemostessentialqualityofaneffectiveleaderistheabilitytoremainconsistentlycommittedtoparticularprinciplesandobjectives.定具備持續(xù)堅(jiān)定自己原則和目標(biāo)的能力。者一17Formaleducationtendstorestrainourmindsandspiritsratherthansetthemfree.正規(guī)教育往往遏制學(xué)生的思維和精神，而不是思維和精神。18Thewell-beingofasocietyisenhancedwhenmanyofitspeoplequestionauthority.當(dāng)很多人都質(zhì)疑權(quán)威時(shí)，才會(huì)繁榮昌盛。19Governmentsshouldfocusonsolvingtheimmediateproblemsoftodayratherthanontryingtosolvetheanticipatedproblemsofthefuture.應(yīng)該把的精力放在解決當(dāng)務(wù)之急上，而不是試圖解決未來(lái)預(yù)期問(wèn)題上。20Somepeoplebelievethatcollegestudentsshouldconsideronlytheirowntalentsandinterestswhenchoosingafieldofstudy.Othersbelievethatcollegestudentsshouldbasetheirchoiceofafieldofstudyontheavailabilityofjobsinthatfield.有些人認(rèn)為大學(xué)生應(yīng)該根據(jù)自己的才能和領(lǐng)域。21Lawsshouldbeflexibleenoughtotakeaccountofvariouscircumstances,times,andplaces.法律應(yīng)該根據(jù)不同的環(huán)境、時(shí)期和地點(diǎn)而足夠靈活。22Claim:Thebestwaytounderstandthecharacterofasocietyistoexaminethecharacterofthemenandwomenthatthesocietychoosesasitsheroesoritsrolemodels.Reason:Heroesandrolemodelsrevealasociety'shighestideals.結(jié)論：了解一個(gè)特點(diǎn)的最好方法是， 這個(gè)標(biāo)榜的人物和模范榜樣的特點(diǎn)。原因：人物和模范榜樣揭示了一個(gè)的最高理念。23Governmentsshouldplacefew,ifany,restrictionsonscientificresearchanddevelopment.應(yīng)該盡量不去限制科學(xué)研究和發(fā)展。24Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactions23Governmentsshouldplacefew,ifany,restrictionsonscientificresearchanddevelopment.應(yīng)該盡量不去限制科學(xué)研究和發(fā)展。24Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.教育的最佳方式是贊揚(yáng)積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。25Governmentsshouldoffercollegeanduniversityeducationfreeofchargetoallstudents.應(yīng)該為所有的學(xué)生提供的大學(xué)教育。26Theluxuriesandconveniencesofcontemporarylifepreventpeoplefromdevelopingintotrulystrongandindependentindividuals.現(xiàn)活的奢華和便利，讓人們無(wú)法成為真正強(qiáng)大、的。27Inanyfieldofinquiry,thebeginnerismorelikelythantheexperttomakeimportantcontributions.在所有的研究領(lǐng)域中，新手要比更有可能獲得重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)。28Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisrepresentednotbytheachievementsofitsrulers,artists,orscientists,butbyt一個(gè)eralwelfareofitspeople.的偉大體現(xiàn)在的安樂(lè)上，而不是體現(xiàn)在者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上。29Thebestwaytoteach—whetherasaneducator,employer,orparent—istopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.無(wú)論是教育工作者、雇主，還是父母，教育的最佳方法是是贊揚(yáng)積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。30Teachers'salariesshouldbebasedontheirstudents'academicperformance.教師的薪水應(yīng)該基于學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)。31Societyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlyifthepotentialextinctionofthosespeciesistheresultofhumanactivities.應(yīng)該努力拯救瀕危物種，只要這些物種的是人類活動(dòng)的結(jié)果。32Collegestudentsshouldbasetheirchoiceofafieldofstudyontheavailabilityofjobsinthatfield.大學(xué)生應(yīng)該選擇那些就業(yè)前景好的研究領(lǐng)域。33Asweacquiremoreknowledge,thingsdonotemorecomprehensible,butmorecomplexandmysterious.當(dāng)人們獲得越來(lái)越多的知識(shí)情非但沒(méi)有變得更加透徹，反而更加復(fù)雜神秘。34Inanysituation,progressrequiresdiscussionamongpeoplewhohavecontrastingpointsofview.在任何情況下，持有不同意見(jiàn)的人討論過(guò)程中才會(huì)有進(jìn)步。35Educationalinstitutionsshoulddissuadestudentsfrompursuingfieldsofstudyinwhichtheyareunlikelytosucceed.教育機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任勸阻學(xué)生不要從事不太可能成功的科學(xué)研究。36Governmentsshouldnotfundanyscientificresearchwhoseconsequencesareunclear.不應(yīng)該資助任何后果不明的科學(xué)研究。37Societyshouldidentifythosechildrenwhohavespecialtalentsandprovidetrainingforthematanearlyagetodeveloptheirtalents.應(yīng)該甄別那些天資聰穎的孩子，并且年幼的時(shí)候就開(kāi)始提供訓(xùn)練培養(yǎng)它們的才能。38Itisprimarilythroughouridentificationwithsocialgroupsthatwedefine37Societyshouldidentifythosechildrenwhohavespecialtalentsandprovidetrainingforthematanearlyagetodeveloptheirtalents.應(yīng)該甄別那些天資聰穎的孩子，并且年幼的時(shí)候就開(kāi)始提供訓(xùn)練培養(yǎng)它們的才能。38Itisprimarilythroughouridentificationwithsocialgroupsthatwedefineourselves.我們主要通過(guò)認(rèn)同群體來(lái)自己。39Collegestudentsshouldbeencouragedtopursuesubjectsthatinterestthemratherthanthecoursesthatseemmostlikelytoleadtojobs.應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)大學(xué)生選擇自己感的課程，而不是那些容易找到工作的課程。40Claim:Whenplanningcourses,educatorsshouldtakeintoaccounttheinterestsandsuggestionsoftheirstudents.Reason:Studentsaremoremotivatedtolearnwhentheyareinterestedinwhattheyarestudying.結(jié)論：在編制教學(xué)課程時(shí)，教育工作者應(yīng)該考慮學(xué)生的和建議。原因：當(dāng)學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)的內(nèi)容感時(shí)，他們學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力更強(qiáng)。41Thegreatnessofindividualscanbedecidedonlybythosewholiveafterthem,notbytheircontemporaries.個(gè)人的偉大是由后來(lái)人評(píng)判，不是由同的人來(lái)評(píng)判。42Studentsshouldalwaysquestionwhattheyaretaughtinsteadofacceptingitpassively.學(xué)生應(yīng)該質(zhì)疑所學(xué)的知識(shí)，而不是的接受。43Theincreasinglyrapidpaceoflifetodaycausesmoreproblemsthanitsolves.如今節(jié)奏日益加快的生活解決的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)不及帶來(lái)的麻煩。44Claim:Itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.Reason:Thereputationofanyonewhoissubjectedtomediascrutinywilleventuallybediminished.結(jié)論：任何已經(jīng)不再可能將任何在世的人標(biāo)榜為的監(jiān)察，必定會(huì)聲名掃地。人物。原因：任何人45Competitionforhighgradesseriouslylimitsthequalityoflearningatalllevelsofeducation.追求高分?jǐn)?shù)嚴(yán)重地限制各階段的學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量。46Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent'sfieldofstudy.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個(gè)學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。47Educatorsshouldfindoutwhatstudentswantincludedinthecurriculumandthenofferittothem.教育工作者應(yīng)該發(fā)掘?qū)W生對(duì)課程的需求，并滿足他們。48Educatorsshouldteachfactsonlyaftertheirstudentshavestudiedtheideas,trends,andconceptsthathelpexplainthosefacts.學(xué)生應(yīng)該先學(xué)習(xí)有助于解釋知識(shí)的理念、趨勢(shì)和概念后，教育工作者再教學(xué)生知識(shí)。49Claim:Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfromthosewhoseviewscontradictourown.Reason:Disagreementcancausestressandinhibitlearning.結(jié)論：相比意見(jiàn)不同的人來(lái)說(shuō)，通常，我們從意見(jiàn)相同的人那里學(xué)的。原因：意見(jiàn)不統(tǒng)一會(huì)導(dǎo)致，阻礙學(xué)習(xí)。50Governmentofficialsshouldrelyontheirownjudgmentratherthanunquestioninglycarryoutthewillofthepeoplethey原因：意見(jiàn)不統(tǒng)一會(huì)導(dǎo)致，阻礙學(xué)習(xí)。50Governmentofficialsshouldrelyontheirownjudgmentratherthanunquestioninglycarryoutthewillofthepeopletheyserve.應(yīng)該依靠自己的判斷做決定，而不是不假思索地遵從大眾的意愿。51Youngpeopleshouldbeencouragedtopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsratherthanseekimmediatefameandrecognition.應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)年輕人追尋長(zhǎng)期的、現(xiàn)實(shí)的目標(biāo)，而不是尋求短期的聲名。52Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.教育的最佳方式是贊揚(yáng)積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。53Ifagoalisworthy,thenanymeanstakentoattainitarejustifiable.只要值得，不擇達(dá)到目的是合理的。54Inordertoewell-roundedindividuals,allcollegestudentsshouldberequiredtotakecoursesinwhichtheyreadpoetry,novels,mythology,andothertypesofimaginativeliterature.為了成為全面發(fā)展的，應(yīng)該要求所有的大學(xué)生選擇可以閱讀詩(shī)歌、小說(shuō)、神話等想象力文學(xué)的課程。55Inorderforanyworkofart—forexample,afilm,anovel,apoem,orasong—tohavemerit,itmustbeunderstandabletomostpeople.若是任何藝術(shù)作品（例如，、文學(xué)、雕塑或者歌曲）存在價(jià)值，都必須易于大多數(shù)人理解。56Manyimportantdiscoveriesorcreationsareaccidental:itisusuallywhileseekingtheanswertoonequestionthatwecomeacrosstheanswertoanother.很多重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)或創(chuàng)造都是偶然的：通常，人們?yōu)橐粋€(gè)問(wèn)題尋求時(shí)，通常獲得其他問(wèn)題的。57Themainbenefitofthestudyofhistoryistodispeltheillusionthatpeoplelivingnowaresignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedinearliertimes.研究歷史的最大益處在于打破這樣的幻想：現(xiàn)代人和歷史上的人有很大不同。58Learningisprimarilyamatterofpersonaldiscipline;studentscannotbemotivatedbyschoolorcollegealone.從根本上講，教育是個(gè)人的事情。學(xué)校不可能單方面激勵(lì)學(xué)生。59Scientistsandotherresearchersshouldfocustheirresearchonareasthatarelikelytobenefitthegreatestnumberofpeople.科學(xué)家和科研應(yīng)該研究更容易造福大眾的領(lǐng)域。60Politiciansshouldpursuecommongroundandreasonableconsensusratherthanelusiveideals.政治家應(yīng)該尋求共同點(diǎn)和理性的一致，而不是深?yuàn)W的理想。61Peopleshouldundertakeriskyactiononlyaftertheyhavecarefullyconsidereditsconsequences.人們?cè)趶氖禄顒?dòng)之前應(yīng)該認(rèn)真地考慮一下后果。62Leadersarecreatedbythedemandsthatareplacedonthem.者主要是由身負(fù)的責(zé)任所造就的。63Thereislittlejustificationforsocietytomakeextraordinaryefforts—especiallyatagreatcostinmoneyandjobs—tosaveendangeredanimalor者主要是由身負(fù)的責(zé)任所造就的。63Thereislittlejustificationforsocietytomakeextraordinaryefforts—especiallyatagreatcostinmoneyandjobs—tosaveendangeredanimalorplantspecies.特別是考慮到花費(fèi)代價(jià)和精力，對(duì)于任何，投入巨大的努力拯救瀕危的動(dòng)植物是不合理的。64Thehumanmindwillalwaysbesuperiortomachinesbecausemachinesareonlytoolsofhumanminds.人類智慧終將優(yōu)于，因?yàn)橹皇侨祟愔腔鄣墓ぞ摺?5Everyindividualinasocietyhasaresponsibilitytoobeyjustlawsandtodisobeyandresistunjustlaws.每個(gè)成員都有責(zé)任遵守公正的法律，違抗的法律。66Peoplewhoarethemostdeeplycommittedtoanideaorpolicyarealsothemostcriticalofit.對(duì)于一種想法或者政策最忠實(shí)的人往往是那些對(duì)其最嚴(yán)厲的人。67Somepeoplebelievethatsocietyshouldtrytosaveeveryplantandanimalspecies,despitetheexpensetohumansineffort,time,andfinancialwell-being.Othersbelievethatsocietyneednotmakeextraordinaryefforts,especiallyatagreatcostinmoneyandjobs,tosaveendangeredspecies.有些人認(rèn)為，救瀕危物種，應(yīng)該拯救所有瀕危的動(dòng)植物，盡管花費(fèi)人類的精力、時(shí)間和資金。也有人認(rèn)為， 沒(méi)有必要拯特別是需要花費(fèi)大量的資金和精力。68Somepeoplebelievethatthepurposeofeducationistofreethemindandthespirit.Othersbelievethatformaleducationtendstorestrainourmindsandspiritsratherthansetthemfree.有些人認(rèn)為教育的目的是思維和精神。也有人認(rèn)為正規(guī)教育往往遏制學(xué)生的思維和精神，而不是它們。69Somepeoplebelieveitisoftennecessary,evendesirable,forpoliticalleaderstowithholdinformationfromthepublic.Othersbelievethatthepublichasarighttobefullyinformed.有些人認(rèn)為政治向大眾隱瞞信息是有必要的，甚至是有益的。也有人認(rèn)為公眾有利。70Claim:Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent'smajorfieldofstudy.Reason:Acquiringknowledgeofvariousacademicdisciplinesisthebestwayto原因：接受真正的教育的最佳途徑是獲得各種學(xué)科知識(shí)。etrulyeducated.71Youngpeopleshouldbeencouragedtopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsratherthanseekimmediatefameandrecognition.應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)年輕人追尋長(zhǎng)期的、現(xiàn)實(shí)的目標(biāo)，而不是尋求短期的聲名。72Governmentsshouldnotfundanyscientificresearchwhoseconsequencesareunclear.不應(yīng)該資助任何后果不明的科學(xué)研究。73Collegesanduniversitiesshouldrequireallfacultytospendtimeworkingoutsidetheacademicworldinprofessionsrelevanttothecoursestheyteach.學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求所有的教員拿出時(shí)間，參與學(xué)術(shù)界以外與教學(xué)科目相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域工作。Knowingaboutthepastcannothelppeopletomakeimportantdecisionstoday.了解過(guò)去不能幫助人們?cè)诂F(xiàn)在做重要的決定。Inthisageofintensivemediacoverage,itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoKnowingaboutthepastcannothelppeopletomakeimportantdecisionstoday.了解過(guò)去不能幫助人們?cè)诂F(xiàn)在做重要的決定。Inthisageofintensivemediacoverage,itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.在這個(gè)無(wú)孔不入的，任何已經(jīng)不再可能將任何在世的人標(biāo)榜為人物。76Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfrompeoplewhoseviewscontradictourown.相比意見(jiàn)不同的人來(lái)說(shuō)，通常，我們從意見(jiàn)相同的人那里學(xué)的。77Themosteffectivewaytounderstandcontemporarycultureistoanalyzethetrendsofitsyouth.了解當(dāng)代文化最有效的方式是分析當(dāng)代年輕人的潮流。78People'sattitudesaredeterminedmorebytheirimmediatesituationorsurroundingsthanbysocietyasawhole.人們的態(tài)度是由即時(shí)環(huán)境決定，而不是整體環(huán)境。79Claim:Thebesttestofanargumentisitsabilitytoconvincesomeonewithanopposingviewpoint.Reason:Onlybybeingforcedtodefendanideaagainstthedoubtsandcontrastingviewsofothersdoesonereallydiscoverthevalueofthatidea.結(jié)論：最能說(shuō)明辯論效果的是，讓持有相反觀點(diǎn)的人信服。原因：面對(duì)疑問(wèn)和他人相反的觀點(diǎn)，只有一個(gè)人為某觀點(diǎn)辯護(hù)時(shí)，他才能發(fā)現(xiàn)某觀點(diǎn)的價(jià)值所在。80Nationsshouldsuspendgovernmentfundingfortheartswhensignificantnumbersoftheircitizensarehungryorunemployed.當(dāng)有公民為饑餓和失業(yè)所困時(shí)，需要中止對(duì)藝術(shù)的資助。81Allparentsshouldberequiredtovolunteertimetotheirchildren'sschools.所有的家長(zhǎng)都必須無(wú)償?shù)貫榈膶W(xué)?；ㄙM(fèi)時(shí)間。82Collegesanduniversitiesshouldrequiretheirstudentstospendatleastonesemesterstudyinginaforeigncountry.學(xué)院或大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生在國(guó)外至少留學(xué)一個(gè)學(xué)期。83Teachers'salariesshouldbebasedontheacademicperformanceoftheirstudents.教師的薪水應(yīng)該基于學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)。84Itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.任何已經(jīng)不再可能將任何在世的人標(biāo)榜為人物。85Somepeoplebelievethatinordertothrive,asocietymustputitsownoverallsuccessbeforethewell-beingofitsindividualcitizens.Othersbelievethatthewell-beingofasocietycanonlybemeasuredbytpeople.eralwelfareofallits有些人認(rèn)為，為了保證 只能通過(guò)民眾的安樂(lè)來(lái)衡量。民眾的安樂(lè)，的繁榮，86Somepeoplebelievethatgovernmentofficialsmustcarryoutthewillofthepeopletheyserve.Othersbelievethatofficialsshouldbasetheirdecisionsontheirown86Somepeoplebelievethatgovernmentofficialsmustcarryoutthewillofthepeopletheyserve.Othersbelievethatofficialsshouldbasetheirdecisionsontheirownjudgment.有些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該遵從大眾的意愿。也有人認(rèn)為依靠自己的判斷做決定。87Claim:Anypieceofinformationreferredtoasafactshouldbemistrusted,sinceitmaywellbeprovenfalseinthefuture.Reason:Muchoftheinformationthatpeopleassumeisfactualactuallyturnsouttobeinaccurate.原因：很多被人們稱作是事實(shí)的信息結(jié)果是錯(cuò)誤的。88Claim:Nationsshouldsuspendgovernmentfundingfortheartswhensignificantnumbersoftheircitizensarehungryorunemployed.Reason:Itisinappropriate—and,perhaps,evencruel—tousepublicresourcestofundtheartswhenpeople'sbasicneedsarenotbeingmet.結(jié)論：當(dāng)有公民為饑餓和失業(yè)所困時(shí)，需要中止對(duì)藝術(shù)的資助。原因：當(dāng)人們的基本需求得不到保障時(shí)，使用公共扶持藝術(shù)是不合適的，甚至是的。89Claim:Manyproblemsofmodernsocietycannotbesolvedbylawsandthelegalsystem.Reason:Lawscannotchangewhatisinpeople'sheartsorminds.結(jié)論：現(xiàn)代的很多問(wèn)題不能通過(guò)司法途徑解決。原因：法律無(wú)法改變?nèi)藗兊母星楹退枷搿?0Educatorsshouldtakestudents'interestsintoaccountwhenplanningthecontentofthecoursestheyteach.在編制教學(xué)內(nèi)容時(shí)，教育工作者應(yīng)該考慮學(xué)生的。91Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople'sefficiencysothattheyhavemoreleisuretime.技術(shù)進(jìn)步的首要目的是增加人們的效率，以便大家有閑暇的時(shí)間。92Educatorsshouldbasetheirassessmentofstudents'learningnotonstudents'graspoffactsbutontheabilitytoexplaintheideas,trends,andconceptsthatthosefactsillustrate.牢記知識(shí)。93Unfortunately,incontemporarysociety,creatinganappealingimagehastruthbehindthatimage.emoreimportantthantherealityor很不幸，在當(dāng)代，打造一個(gè)引人入勝的外表已經(jīng)變得