黑龍江大學(xué)跨文化交際英語復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)

黑龍江大學(xué)跨文化交際英語復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)跨文化考試總結(jié)考試構(gòu)成：一、單選1*10=10分。(Choosetheonethat)其中有一部分是書中的概念。二、判斷1*10=10分。(A—>true,B—>false)課后習(xí)題第二大題，其中某些題是變動的。要注重理解。三、搭配1*20=20分。matching四組搭配，概念的對應(yīng)，每一章課后的summary中的黑體字。四、閱讀理解1*20=20分。四篇。與課文中的專有詞有關(guān)。五、完型填空1*10=10分。六、案例分析3*5=15分。五個案例。書中案例有四個，課外一個。七、寫作15分。150+words?？梢詼蕚湟恍┛缥幕?、交際的文章。四十分鐘的寫作時間。8:00——8:40.作文提前收！注：前六大題是客觀題即選擇，只有寫作是主觀題。課后題：(課后題第一第二大題老師也讓多多關(guān)注，我這里就不多寫啦，除了課后第一第二大題，我這里都全啦)1、P28——P302、P58——P613、P95——P974、P124——P1265、P159——P1626、P194——P197 7、 P237——P240 8、 P270——P272 9、P304——P304——P306所有概念關(guān)鍵詞+考試范圍內(nèi)的CASE：Chapter1CultureKeywords(1)Culture(fromintellectualperspective):Cultureis“theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively"(從知性角度定義文化：作為整體的人類智力成就的藝術(shù)和 其 他 表現(xiàn)。) (2)Culture(fromanthropologicperspective):Cuitureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentia1coreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvaluesv.(從人類學(xué)角度定義文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行為模式構(gòu)成，這些模式通過符號獲得并傳播，這些符號由人類群體的特別成就構(gòu)成，包括具體的人工制品。文化的基本核心由傳統(tǒng)思想和與其相關(guān)的價值觀構(gòu)成。) (3)Culture(frompsychologicalperspective):cultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofhemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanothero(從心理學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是使一個人類群體成員區(qū)別于其他人類群體的思維的總體規(guī)劃。)Culture(fromsocialogicalperspective):Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperception一includingbothverbalandnonverballanguage,attitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior.(從社會學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是一種可習(xí)得的、基于群體的認知模式一一包括言語與非言語符號、態(tài)度、價值觀、信仰和非信仰系統(tǒng)以及行為。 )Culture(frominterculturalcommunicationperspective):isthedepositofknowledge,experience,belief,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.(從跨文化交際學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是個人和群體在種族發(fā)展過程中所獲得的知識、經(jīng)驗、信仰、價值觀、行為、態(tài)度、階級、宗教、時間觀、角色、空間觀、宇宙觀和藝術(shù)品的集合。 ) (6)CultureIdentity:referstoonessenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethniCgroup.(文化身份：認為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感(7)Subculturereferstoaculturethatexistswithindominantculture,andisoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.（亞文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其劃分通?；诮?jīng)濟地位、社會階層、民族、種族或地 理 區(qū) 域。）Subculturesexistwithindominantculture,andareoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.（8）Co-culture:referstogroupsorsocialcommunitiesexhibitingcommunicationcharacteristics,perceptions,values,beliefs,andpracticesthataresignificantlydifferentenoughtodistinguishthemfromtheothergroups,communities,andthedominantcuIture.（共文化：指具有獨特的交際特征、感知特點、價值觀、信仰和行為，區(qū)別于其他群體、社團以及主流文化的群體或社團。） （9）Subgroup:usuallydoesnotinvolvethesamelargenumberofpeopleandisnotnecessarilythoughtofasaccumulatingvaluesandpatternsofbehaviorovergenerationsinthesamewayasculturesdo.（亞群體：相對于亞文化和共文化群體，亞群體通常規(guī)模不大，也不一定有文化群體世代相傳積累的價值觀念和行為模式。）Case2:WhiteDressCaseanalysis:TheIndianwomenmightthinktheweddingceremonyisafuneraliftheyseethewesternbrideinwhitegown.Thecasereflectsthesimilesandmetaphorsinthetext.Cultureislikeaniceberg:wecanidentifythecolorofthedresswornbywomenindifferentcultures,butwedonotknowthevaluesunderneath.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin：peopleweardressofdifferentcolorsfordifferentcontextbuttheyusuallytakeitforgrantedandneveraskwhy.?⑹CuitureIdentity:referstoonessenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethniCgroup.（文化身份：認為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感覺。）Case4:Coconut-skating（用椰油保養(yǎng)地板的方法）Caseanalysis:Thecasereflectsthecharacteristicsofculture.Wecantellfromthecasethatcultureispervasiveanditslearned.Peoplemayinventdifferentwaysforthingsevenassimpleastheissueoffloormoping.ThePhilippinewomanmusthavelearnedthiswayofmoppingfromherownculture.Chapter2CommunicationandInterculturalCommunicationKeywords（1）Sender/Source:Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.（信息發(fā)出者/信息源：信息發(fā)出者/信息源指傳遞信息的人。） （2）Message:Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反應(yīng)的任何信號。） （3）Encoding:Itreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.（編碼：編碼指信息發(fā)出者選擇言語或用非言語的方式發(fā)出有目的的信息的行為。 ） （4）Channel/Medium：Itisthemethodusedtodeliveramessage. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指發(fā)送信息的方法。） （5）Receiver:Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage. （信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且賦予信息某些含義的人。） （6）Decoding:Itistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.（解碼：解碼指信息接受者賦予其收到的言語或符號信息意為。) (7)Feedback:Theresponseofareceivertoasender,smessageiscalledfeedback.(反饋：反饋指信息接收者對信息源信息所做出的反應(yīng)。) (8)Noise:Itisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoisephysiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.(干擾：干擾指妨礙信息交流的各種因素。包括外界干擾，生理干擾，心理干擾和語義干擾。) (9)Context:Acontextisthesettingorsituationwithinwhichcommunicationtakesplace,includingphysicalcontext,socialcontextandinterpersonalcontext.(語境：語境指交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境，包括自然語境，社會語境和人際語境。) (10)Interculturalcommunication:Itisthecommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.(跨文化交際：跨文化交際指的是那些在文化認知和符號系統(tǒng)上存在差異的人們之間的交際。這些差異足以改變整個交際事件。) (11)Internationalcommunication:ittakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized.(國際交流：國際交流是指發(fā)生在國家和政府之間而非發(fā)生在個人之間的交際；此種交際非常正式和儀式化。)(12)Interracialcommunication:Itoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(跨種族交際:跨種族交際是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者來 自不同的 種族 的交際。) (13)Interethniccommunication:Itisthecommunication betweenor amongpeople from different ethnicgroupsinacountryorculture.(跨民族交際：跨民族交際是指來自一個國家或文化內(nèi)部的不同民族群體的人們之間的交際。) (14)Intraculturalcommunication:itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.(文化內(nèi)交際：文化內(nèi)交際是指同一文化內(nèi)部的成員之間的交際。) (15)Communication:isderivedfromtheLatinwordcommunicare,meaningtosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherpartorshareofyourthouCase12:WhyDonghts,hopes,andknowledge.Case12:WhyDontYouEatthePizza?Thiscasecanreflecttheproblemsappearing during intercultural communication and howignoringculturaldifferencescanaffectcommunication.InMalaysia, where mostpeople are Muslims, peoplethinktheleft hand isusedonly for cleaning the bodyandthusit isdirtyandcan not beused to passfood.Knowingnothingabouttheculturaldifference,theAmericanstudentputshimselfinanembarrassingsituation.Chapter3CulturesInfluenceonPerceptionKeywords(1)Sensation:Itistheneurologicalprocessbywhichpeoplebecomeawareoftheirenvironment.(感覺：感覺是人們意識到周圍環(huán)境的神 經(jīng) 過程。) (2)Perception:Itistheprocessbywhichwebecomeawareofobjects,events,andespeciallypeopleandtheirbehaviorsthroughourvarioussensesandinvolveshigher-ordercognitionintheinterpretationofthesensoryinformation.(知覺：知覺是一種人們通過各種感覺來覺察事物、事件、人和人的行為的過程。它是解釋感覺信息更為高階的 認 知 過程。） （3）Selection:Itisaprocessinwhichwescreenoutwhatweneedfromallthestimuliandinformationaroundus.（選擇：選擇是從周圍選擇的刺激信息中篩選出所需要的信息的過程。） （4）Organization:Itistheprocessduringwhichweneedtoorganizeandimposestructureonwhatweobserveinameaningfulway.（組織： 組織是把從周圍選擇的刺激信息，以一種有意義的方式整理，組合的過程。） （5）Interpretation:Itreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedataandissynonymouswithdecoding.（釋義：釋義是賦予感覺信息意義的過程，類似于解碼過程。）Case 16: DifferentResponses toNoise Thiscasecanreflectdifferentculturecangivedifferentinfluenceson human sensation.Notwo ofpeople canassumethattheirsensationsarethesame,especiallywhentheycome from differentcultures.Different socialrealityandlivingconditionscanequipthemwithdifferentwaytosensetheworld.Soitisverycommonforthemtohavetotallydifferentsensationseventowardsthesamecondition.Inthiscase,theGermanprofessorandJapaneseprofessorhaveverydifferentresponsetothenoiseproducedbythesamemotorfortheheatingsystembecauseoftheirculturesandlivinghabits.Chapter4InterculturalCommunicationBarriersKeywords(1)Anxiety:Itoccursbecauseofnotknowingwhatoneisexpectedtodo,andfocusingonthatfeelingandnotbetotallypresentinthecommunicationtransaction.(焦慮：當人們不知道如何迎合他人對自己的期待，過多的關(guān)注自己情緒以至不能全心投入到交際事物中去時，就會產(chǎn)生焦慮。) (2)Uncertainty:Itreferstoourcognitiveinabilitytoexplainourownorothersfeelingsandbehaviorsininteractionsbecauseofanambiguoussituationthatevokesanxiety.(不確定：不確定是指人們無法從認知的角度去解釋交際活動中自己或他人的感覺及行為，這種認知角度解釋能力的欠缺是某種引起焦慮的含糊情境導(dǎo)致的。) (3)Assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference:Itreferstotheideathatpeoplecomingfromanotherculturearemoresimilartoyouthantheyactuallyareorthatanotherpersonssituationismoresimilartoyoursthanitinfactis.（假定一致性：假定一致性是指認為來自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的處境與自己的處境相似，而事實上卻并非如止匕。） （4）Ethnocentrism:Itreferstonegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofonesownculture.（種族或民主中心主義：是指從本國文化的標準出發(fā)，消極地審視另一文化。） （5）Stereotypes:Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定勢：文化定勢指基于明顯的或受到認可的群體身份，對目標群體中的個體成員所持有的正面或反面的判斷。） （6）Prejudice:Itreferstotheirrationaldislike,suspicion,orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation.（偏見：偏見是指對于某一特定群體、種族、宗教、或性取向的無端地憎惡和懷疑。） （7）Racism:Itreferstoanypolicy,practice,belief,orattitudethatattributescharacteristicsorstatustoindividualsbasedontheirrace.（種族主義：種族主義是指基于種族把性格特點或地位歸因于個人的任一政策、做法、信 仰 或 態(tài)度。）Case21:ADanishWomaninNewYorkThiscasecanreflectassumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference.Whencommunicatingwithpeoplefromanotherculture,oneislikelytoregardandtreatotherpeopleas“hispeoplevandtoassumetheremustbeonlyonewayofdoingthings：thatis"hisway”.Inthiscase,theDanishwomanassumesthatherbehaviorofleavingthebabyalone,whichiscommoninDenmark,isalsoappropriateinNewYork.Here,sheassumeswhatissuitableinherowncultureisalsoindisputableinanotherculture.Thatiswhythesmallconflicthappens.Case23:Girl-nessThiscasecanreflectoneofthetranslationproblems：thelackofconceptualequivalence,whichreferstoabstractideasthatmaynotexistinthesamefashionindifferentlanguages.Differentculturesmayattachdifferentmeaningstothesamethingorperson.Concerningthiscase,weshouldknowwhatyoungfemalescallthemselvesisverydifferentinChinafromtheStates.InChina,“girl”meanssomeonewhoisyoungandsingle.Inaway,itmakesafemalesoundmoredesirabletobecalledagirlratherthanawoman.Formostpeople, uwoman“meanssomeonewhoismarriedandwhoprobablyisnotyoung.Infact,mostsingleChinesefemales,suchasuniversitystudents,wouldbeinsultedtobecalled“women”?WhileintheWest,informal,publicsettings,itiscustomarytocallanywomanwhoispastpubertyawoman,eventhoughshemaynotbelegallyoldenoughtovote,marry,purchasealcoholicbeverages,driveacar,orsignacontract.Thisterminologybeeamewidespreadduringthe uwomensliberationmovementinthe1960s”?Thetermgirl“issometimesinterpretedtobedemeaningordisrespectful.Case24:AnUnfairDecisionThiscasereflectsprejudice,whichinvolves an unfair, biased, or intolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.Inthiscase,Mr.Biasdecided to select someone else,insteadofapplicantfromthecountryLevadel,fortheposition.ThatisjustbecauseheholdsprejudicetowardspeoplefromthecountryLevadel.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationKeywords(1)Verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.來自不同文化背景的人用言語進行的交際即言語 跨 文 化 交際(2)Dialectisaformoflanguagepeculiartoagroupofpeople,asdistinguishedfromtheliterary

languageofthewholepeople.方言是某一群體特有的語言，與

整個群體的言語不

同。(3)Sociolectreferstovariationintermsofs

ocialclassorstyle.(社會方言指由于社會階級或言語風(fēng)格不

同 而 產(chǎn) 生 的 方言。) (4)Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorlendslanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.洋涇浜，是一種特殊的語言變體，指為貿(mào)易等目的將兩種或幾種語言混合使用。(5)Whenapidginlanguagebeginstoacquirenativespeakersandbecomesthepermanentlanguageofaregion,itiscalledaCreole.當有人以洋涇浜為母語，并成為某一地區(qū)永久的語言是，它就成為克里奧耳語或混合語(6)Linguafrancareferstoaspecificlanguagethatisusedasaninternationalmeansofcommunication.通用語指作為國際間交流手段的一種特殊語言。(7)Tabooreferstoprohibitionofasetofbehaviorsthatshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyareoffensiveandimpolite.禁忌語指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不禮貌行為o (8)EuphemismisTabooslinguisticcounterpartbecauseitsubstitutestheoffensiveanddisturbingvocabulary.委婉語是替代具有冒犯性的不禮貌的禁忌語詞語。 (9 )Jargonreferstothespecialortechnicalvocabulariesdevelopedtomeetthespecialneedsofparticularprofessionssuchasmedicineandlaw.行話指演變而來的專門的或科技詞匯，用以滿足特殊職業(yè)的特殊需要，例如醫(yī)藥和法律。Case25:SuccessStoryOneofthesourcesofthefrustrationandmisunderstandingsthatoccurredinthiscasewasdifferentnotionsofwhatwasverballyrelevant.Inthiscase,Marywasexpectingamuchmoredirectresponsetoherquestion.Ms.Goshima,however,wasuncomfortablewiththequestionandfeltherresponseshouldbeveryindirectandestablishapropersenseofmodestybeforerevealingtheanswertothequestion.IfMaryhadbeenmorepatient,shewouldhaveeventuallyheardtheanswertoherquestion,butshewasnotreallypayingattentionwhenitfinallycamebecauseshefeltthatMs.Goshima'scommentsweren'treallyrelevanttoherquery.Chapter6Nonverba1InterculturalCommunicationKeywords（1）Nonverbalcommunication:Itreferstothemessagessentwithoutusingwords.（非言語交際：不運用言語語言傳遞信息被稱為非言語交際。）（2）Proxemics:Itreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.（時空行為：時空行為對空間關(guān)系的研究。） （3）Kinesics:Itreferstogestures,facialexpressions,eyecontact,bodypositions,bodymovement,andformsofgreetingandtheirrelationtocommunication.（身勢語行為：身勢語（也稱體態(tài)語），指手勢、面目表情、眼神交流、身體姿勢、肢體運動和問候方式以及和他們與交際的關(guān)系。） （4）Chronemics:Itisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.（時間行為：對于人們?nèi)绾卫斫夂屠脮r究。) (5)Paralanguage:Itisthesetofaudiblesoundsthataccompanyorallanguagetoaugmentitsmeaning.(輔助語行為：為增強其含義，伴隨言語語言產(chǎn)生的可聽到的聲音符號 系統(tǒng)。) (6)Haptics:Itreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.(觸覺行為：指通過身體接觸來交流。) (7)Chromatics:Itreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeoplesperceptions,behaviorsandimpressionsofothers.(色彩學(xué)：色彩學(xué)指對于影響人們認知、行為和他人印象的色彩的研究。) (8) Olfactics: It is the study of communicationviasmell.(氣味行為：研究氣味對于交流的影響的學(xué)科。) (9) Oculesics: It is the study of communicationssentbytheeyes.(目光語：對于由眼睛所傳達的信息的研究。不同的文化對于交際時眼神的接觸有不同的要求。)(10)Silencecuesaffectinterpersonalcommunicationbyprovidinganintervalinanongoinginteractionduringwhichtheparticipantshavetimetothink,checkorsuppressanemotion,encodealengthyresponse,orinaugurateanotherlineofthought.(11)Attirereferstoclothingandphysicalappearance.italsoservesasnonverbalsymbols. Case33:AreAmericansIndifferent?Thiscasecanreflectdifferentnonverbalcommunicationpatternsexistintheactualinterculturalcommunication,especiallyfacialexpressiondifferaccordingtodifferentcultures.ComparedtomostChinese,Americansliketosmilealotandtohavecausalandrichfacialexpressionsintheirdailylives,eventhoughtheyhavesomemisfortune.Inthiscase,becauseofthedifferentopinionsaboutfacialexpressionsininterculturalcommunication,theAmericanladytalkedaboutherfatherssicknessanddeathinasmilingwaytoshowshestillhastheoptimisticwaytotreatthefuturelife,whichismisunderstoodasbeingindifferentandselfishbytheChinese. Case36:DontPutYourHandonMyArmThiscasecanreflectdifferentcultureshavedifferentopinionstospatialrelations.Differentcultureshaveverydifferentopinionsaboutanindividualsunconsciouslystructuringthemicrospaceimmediatelysurroundingthephysicalbody.Someculturescanhaverdativelyclosedistancewhencommunicatingwhileotherculturescannot.Somewesternculturesconsiderbodytouchbetweenpeopleofthesamegendertobecultura1 tabooand asymbol of being homosexual.Inthiscase, Samisfromwestern cultures andknows thesocialtabooofbodytouchveryclearly,sohewouldnt letothers misunderstand Marks closebody distance and touchwithhim, eventhoughMarkfromChiledoesntknowtheculturaltabooatall. Chapter7CulturalPatternsKeywords（1）Culturalpattern:Sharedbeliefs,values,norms,andsocialpracticesthatarestableovertimeandthatleadtoroughlysimilarbehaviorsacrosssimilarsituationsareknownasculturalpatterns.（文化模式是指在相對穩(wěn)定的共有的信仰、價值觀、標準和社會實踐，這些文化模式在相似的情形下會使人產(chǎn)生相似的行為。） （2）Context ：Itistheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,andisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.（語境是指事件發(fā)生時周圍的信息，對事件的意義解讀具有重要參考價值。） （3）Highcontextcommunication:isoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage.（高語境交際是指在交際過程中大部分的信息靠交際人本身傳遞，只有少量信息被明確地用語言的形式傳遞。） （4）Lowcontextcommunication:isoneinwhichthemassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.（低語境交際是指大量的信息通過明確的語言編碼被傳遞的交際。） （5）Uncertaintyavoidance：dealswiththedegreetowhichmembersofaculturetrytoavoiduncertainty.（不確定性規(guī)避指某一文化的成員對于不確定性因素的規(guī)避程度。）（6）Powerdistance：istheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.（權(quán)力B巨離是指機構(gòu)或組織中權(quán)利較小的成員對權(quán)利被不平等分配的接受程度。） 3.BriefExplanationstotheCasesofthisChapterBelief:abeliefisanideathatpeopleassumetobetrueabouttheworld.Values:involvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Norms:arethesociallysharedexpectationsofappropriatebehaviors.Socialpractices:arethepredictablebehaviorpatternsthatmembersofaculturetypicallyfollow.Human-natureorientation:我真的不知道該怎么總結(jié)這個概念！大家自己看看吧，在書上P239(12)Person-natureorientation:consistsofthreecategaries:masteryovernature;harmonywithnature;subjugationtonature.Timeorientation:asfarastimeorientationisconcerned,culturesmaybelongto1,thepastorientation;2,thepresentorientation;3,thefutureorientation.Activityorientation:theactivityorientationinvolvesthreegroups:1,thedoingorientation;2,thebeingorientation;3,thebeing-in-becomingorientation.Relationalorientation:consistsofthreecategariesl,individualism;2,lineality;3,collateralityIndividualisticcultures:givemoreimportancetoindividuals'needswhentheydothingssuchassettinggoals.Collectivism:ischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishesbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.(18)Masculineandfemininecultures:沒看懂啊沒看懂??！ ！ 郁 悶！Case41:GettingFrustratedJaywasfrustratedinlargepartbecausemanyofthenormshewasusedtodidn ftapplyinSaudiArabia,andmanySaudinormsdidnotmakesensetohim.MuchofthebusinessdoneinSaudiArabiadependsonbaksheesh,atypeofkickbacktoamiddleman(anditisaman),whofacilitatescontactsbetweenpotentialbusinesspartners.Themiddlemanisdoingaserviceandexpectstogetpaidforit.Themorebaksheeshthepersongives,themorelikelyitisthatthepersonwillsucceed,becausethemiddlemanwillbesuretotreathimverywell.GivingbaksheeshisanormintheSaudibusinesscommunity.Inaddition,SaudisbelievethatGodgaveusmultifunctionalhandsandthatthehandisourbesttoolforeating.However,theyarealsoconcernedwithhygiene.Theyreservethelefthandforcleaningthemselvesandusetherighthandforeating.Saudishaveanumberofnormsrelatedtorestrictingmaleandfemaleinteractionthat,withinthecontextoftheirreligiousbeliefs,makeperfectsensebutwouldbeveryinappropriatetomostWesterners.Case43:TheImprovementDoesNotWorkFollowingtheirindividualisticorientations,Mr.PattersonandMr.Wymanwereperfectlycomfortablewiththeideaofcreatingteamleaderswithintheindividualsalesgroups.However,asParkYoungSammentions,doingsoupsettheharmonyofthegroups,whichinturnledtopoorperformance.IntheUnitedStates,workersareoftenmotivatedbytheopportunityforpromotionandadvancementasthisservestheindividualisticdriveforindividualachievement.Incollectivisticcultures,however,workersmaybemotivatedbybeingapartofacohesiveandproductiveteam.Individualismandcollectivismaretermsthatdescribewholecultures.Butculturesarenotpure.Membersofcollectivistculturesmaypracticeindividualistictendencieswhilemembersofindividualistculturesmayvaluecollectivistideals.Forexample,Denmarkisacountrywithbothcollectivisticandindividualistictendencies.InDenmark,individualfreedomisnurturedthroughadevotiontoestablishedtraditionsandcustoms.Regardingincomeandsocialrank,Danesarestaunchlyegalitarian.Atthesametime,however,Danesconsiderthemselvesfreetobenonconformistandtostandoutfromthegroup.Inthisway,DanesmaybeatthetheoreticalmidpointoftheindividualismandcollectivismcuIturalcontinuum.Case44:WhenShallWeMeetForDinner? UncertaintyavIntheoidanceorientationcanbeseeninthiscase.Inthedialoguepresentedbelow,KellyandKeikoareinteract!ngaboutadinnerinvitation.Kelly,fromtheUnitedStates,possessesarelativelylowuncertaintyavoidanceindex,whileKeiko,fromJapan,comesfromaculturewitharelativelyhighuncertaintyavoidanceindex.Inthedialogueabove,KeikoisconfusedbyKellyseasygoingattitudetowardtheeveningsplans.Comingfromahighuncertainty-avoidantculture,Keikowouldprefertoplanaheadtoavoiduncertaintyandprepareherscriptfortheevening.Kelly,ontheotherhand,isperfectlycomfortablemakingplansbasedonhowtheeveningprogresses.Withoutaplan,howwillKeikoknowhowtoact? Chapter8Cultura1InfluencesonContextsKeywordsCommunicationisnotdevoidofexternalinfluence:allhumaninteractionisinfluencedtosomedegreebythesocial,physical,andculturalsettingsinwhichitoccurs.Thisisknownasthecommunicationcontext.（交際無法脫離外部環(huán)境的影響：所有的人類交際都或多或少受到社會、物理和文化場景的影響。這些場景被稱為交際語

境。）Case48:GiftfromaChineseChinesepeople境。）Case48:GiftfromaChineseChinesepeoplelovegivinggifts.Usually,thevalueofthegiftisanindicationofhowimportantthereceiverisinthesenderseyes.Mostpeoplegivinggiftsareconcernedaboutwhetherthegiftwillbeseenasvaluableenough.Aninexpensivegiftmeansalossofface.Dongxiemayhaveapracticalreasoningivingtheginsengtohismanager,butmostChinesewilltakeitassomethingusualforasubordinatetodothistoamanageroutofasignofrespect.NorthAmericancompaniesdooccasionallyreceivegiftsoutofappreciationforthefriendshipandassistancethemanagermayprovide.Suchgiftsaretreasured;however,thevalueusuallyisfairlysmall,abottle of wine,a music CD, asmallbook,orothertokens.Case50:Refuseto Be Treated?In the casejustdescribed,theU.S.Americanmedicalteamsystemformakingsenseofthesituationdemandedthatpeoplebeseeninorderoftheseriousnessoftheirinjuriesori

llness.Eachpersonwasconsideredasworthwhileasthenext,andsoseriousnessofinjuryappearedtobeanaturalwaytodeterminewhowasseenfirst.However,theculturalsystemworkingforthoseontheVirginIslandsdemandedthateldersbeseenandtreatedfirst.Theirposition,age,andwisdomdemandedrespect.Foryoungermembersofthecommunitytogoaheadoftheminatimeofcrisiswasseenasextremelydisrespectful.Theconflictcenteredoneffortsbyeachsidetodowhattheyperceivedasgoodandmorallyresponsible.BecausetheU.S.Americanswereinabetterpositiontoadaptthananentirecommunitythathadjustsufferedgreatlossandwereunderextremestress,itwasgoodthattheywerewillingtodoso.Sadly,thisisnotalwaysthecase. Chapter9IntercuIturalAdaptationKeywords(1)Acculturation：Itreferstoanindividualslearningandadaptingtothenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.(文化適應(yīng)：文化適應(yīng)指人們學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)新文化的社會規(guī)范和價值觀念的過程。）(2)文化的社會規(guī)范和價值觀念的過程。）(2)Assimilation：Itisaprocessinwhic